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*LCRS Endocrinology Y1* > The Adrenals and their Hormones > Flashcards

The Adrenals and their Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Embedded on the superior poles of each of the two kidneys

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2
Q

How many arteries supply each adrenal gland?

A

Many

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3
Q

Describe the drainage of each Adrenal gland:

A

Left adrenal drains into Renal vein

Right Adrenal drains into IVC

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4
Q

Describe the zones of the adrenal glands from outside to in:

A

Zona Glomerulosa

Zona Fasciculata

Zona Reticularis

Adrenal Medulla

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5
Q

What does the medulla produce?

A

Catecholamines

(adrenaline/noradrenaline)

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6
Q

What does each layer of the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Glomerulosa:

Aldosterone

Fasciculata and Reticularis:

Cortisol (+sex)

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7
Q

What is the adrenal capsule?

A

Tough and fibrous capsule surrounding outside of gland

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8
Q

What is the vessel that drains all hormones from the medulla?

A

Tributary of Central Vein

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9
Q

Which cells in the medulla produce which hormones in which ratio?

A

Chromatin cells produce catecholamines

80% Adrenaline : 20% Noradrenaline

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10
Q

What are the classes of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

Corticosteroids:

Mineralocorticoids - Aldosterone

Glucocorticoids - Cortisol

Sex steroids - Androgens and oestrogens

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11
Q

How is cholesterol for use in steroid hormone synthesis stored in the adrenal glands?

A

Delivered by lipoproteins

Stored in fatty droplets as fatty acid esters ready to be liberated by esterase

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12
Q

Describe the levels of Aldosterone and Cortisol that are free and bound in the blood:

A

Aldosterone:

Free: 40%

Corticosteroid-binding globulin: 15%

Albumin: 45%

Cortisol:

Free: 10%

Corticosteroid-binding globulin: 80%

Albumin: 10%

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13
Q

At what time of day is more cortisol produced?

A

Morning

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14
Q

How much more cortisol is made than aldosterone?

A

1000x

(never enough aldosterone in blood to outcompete cortisol)

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15
Q

What receptors can Cortisol and Aldosterone bind to?

A
  • Cortisol can bind to glucocorticoid receptors AND mineralocorticoid/aldosterone receptors
  • Aldosterone only binds to MC(AS) receptors
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16
Q

What does Aldosterone do?

A
  • Stimulates Na+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and cortical collecting duct
    • This is particularly important in the kidneys but is also important in sweat glands, gastric glands and colon)
  • Stimulates K+ and H+ secretion in the distal convoluted tubule and cortical collecting duct
    • So it will have an effect on pH regulation of the blood
17
Q

What are Juxtaglomerular cells?

A

They line the afferent arteriole leading to the PCT (of kidneys) and are specialised smooth muscle cells that can release renin enzymes when blood pressure decreases

18
Q

What stimulates JG cells to secrete renin?

A

Sympathetic nerves

19
Q

What are Macula Densa cells?

A

Cells present in the ascending limb of the loop of henlé which can detect sodium.

When there is low BP, more sodium is reabsorbed, so cells release prostaglandins to stimulate JG cells to secrete renin

20
Q

What is Renin?

A

An enzyme released into blood by JG cells that cleaves angiotensinogen produced by the liver

21
Q

Describe what stimulates Aldosterone production:

A
  1. Angiotensinogen produced in liver
  2. Renin catalyses reaction of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
  3. Blood enters lungs allowing Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to convert AGTI to AGTII which stimulates aldosterone production
  4. AFTII enters Zona Glomerulosa of Adrenal cortex to stim Aldosterone production
22
Q

Where is AGTI converted to AGTII, and by which enzyme?

A

Lungs

ACE

23
Q

What stimulates Cortisol production?

A

ACTH

(adrenocorticotrophic hormone)

Activates PKA in Adrenal cortex, which activates StAR…

24
Q

Describe the method of Aldosterone action:

A
  1. Aldosterone binds to mineralocorticoid receptors intracellularly, increasing transcription of proteins involved in Na+ reabsorption
  2. Increases number of sodium channels on the distal tubule cells, allowing influx to the cells from the lumen
  3. It also increases the number of Na+/K+-ATPase pumps on the basolateral membrane, allowing sodium to be transported to the interstitium to maintain the sodium concentration gradient
  4. Low blood sodium / low blood pressure activates renin-angiotension system
  5. Causes water reuptake as well, because this requires the sodium’s osmotic gradient
25
Q

What are the effects of Cortisol?

A

Stimulates peripheral protein catabolism

Hepatic gluconeogensis

Fat metabolism

Enhances effects of glucagon and catecholamines

Stimulates glycogenolysis

Overall effect is to increase blood glucose concentration.

26
Q

How does the kidney prevent cortisol outcompeting Aldosterone?

A

Converts it to inactive Cortisone

*LCRS Endocrinology Y1* (11 decks)

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