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Drugs and Disease > The Adrenal Hormones > Flashcards

The Adrenal Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the adrenal gland?

A

On top of the kidneys

Triangle shape

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2
Q

What is the adrenal gland made up of?

A

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medulla

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3
Q

What does the adrenal gland do?

A

Secrete different types of hormones

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4
Q

What type of compounds do the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Steroid compounds

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5
Q

Give some examples of the steroid compounds produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

Glucocoticoids e.g. cortisol
Mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone
Sex hormones e.g. testosterone

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6
Q

What type of compounds do the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Catecholamines

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7
Q

Give some examples of the catecholamines produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

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8
Q

What happens in zone glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex ?

A

Secretion of aldosterone

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9
Q

What happens in zone fasiculata and reticularis?

A

cortisol

adrenal androgens

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10
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation?

A

Adr and to a lesser extent NA

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11
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete in response to?

A

Stress preparing for “fight or flight”

Priming the body for intense physical activity

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12
Q

What does the adrenal medulla stimulate release of?

A

Metabolic “fuels”
Glucose from the liver
Fatty acids from adipose tissue

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13
Q

What are the actions of Adr in these tissues mediated by?

A

Elevations in cyclic AMP levels

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14
Q

How do Adr and NA maintain blood pressure?

A

Ionotropic effects on the heart (increases heart rate) and vasoconstrictor (contracts blood vessels)

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15
Q

How are people with hypertension treated?

A

Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (‘beta blockers’) to reduce HR

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16
Q

What does failure of the adrenal medulla cause?

A

Hypotension

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17
Q

What is hypotension?

A

Low blood pressure

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18
Q

What is hypertension?

A

High blood pressure

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19
Q

What are examples of tumours of the adrenal medulla?

A

Pheochromocytoma or neuroblastoma

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20
Q

What do tumours of the adrenal medulla cause?

A

Secretion of catecholamines causing hypertension and must be removed by surgery

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21
Q

What are adrenocortical hormones?

A

Steroid hormones

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22
Q

What is adrenocortical hormones structure based on?

A

Cholestrol

23
Q

What are exampels of adrenal Corticosteroids?

A

Mineralocorticoids- aldosterone
Glucocotortoids- Cortisol
Sex hormone- androgens

24
Q

What do adrenal Corticosteroids act on?

A

Intracellular nuclear receptors

25
Q

What leads to the transcription of genes?

A

Receptor plus hormone unfolds and binds to DNA hormone response elements

26
Q

What does the receptor plus hormone unfold and bind to?

A

DNA at HRB (Hormones Response Elements)

27
Q

What does the receptor hormone complex do once bound to DNA?

A

Increases RNA polymerase activity
Increase production of specific mRNAs
Increases protein synthesis

28
Q

What are nuclear (or cytoplasmic) receptors?

A

Soluble proteins localised within the cytoplasm or the nucleoplasm

29
Q

What does the nuclear receptor have to pass through?

A

Plasma membrane

Usually by passive diffusion

30
Q

What are the typical ligand?

A

Lipophilic hormones, with steroid hormones (e.g. testosterone, progesterone and cortisol) and derivatives of vitamin A and D among them

31
Q

What happens when the ligand is binding?

A

Nuclear receptors pass through the nuclear membrane into the nucleus genes activity

32
Q

What are specific Hormone Responsive Elements (HREs)?

A

A short sequence of DNA within the promoter of a gene that is able to bind a specific hormone receptor complex and therefore regulate transcription

33
Q

What happens when ligands bind to receptors which unfold?

A

Bind receptor binds to DNA
RN polymerase activity increases
Specific mRNA is produced within minutes
Protein synthesis- effects in hours to days

34
Q

How does Oestrogen Receptor Agonists activate nuclear receptors?

A

For hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women (conjugated equine oestrogens)

35
Q

What is glucocorticoid receptor agonist for?

A

For inflammation (hydrocortisone,; dexamethasone)

36
Q

What is mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist for?

A

For oedema due to liver cirrhosis and for heart failure (spironolactone)

37
Q

What are oestrogen receptor antagonists?

A

For the prevention and treatment of breast cancer (tamoxifen)

38
Q

What are androgen receptor antagonists?

A

Treatment of prostate cancer (Bicalutamide/Casodex)

39
Q

What are agonists?

A

Agonist drugs mimic the effects of neurotransmitters naturally found in the human brain

40
Q

What are antagonists?

A

In contrast to agonist drugs which bind to the neurotransmitters in the brain, antagonist drugs do the opposite: they block the brain’s neurotransmitters

41
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Regulate salt and water metabolism
Retains Na+ in exchange for K+
Retains water

42
Q

What is the production of aldosterone regulated by?

A

Renin/Angiotensin system

43
Q

What is the aldosterone antagonist?

A

Spironolactone- used as a Potassium sparing diuretic

44
Q

What does aldosterone act on?

A

Distal renal tubules to increase Na+ reabsorption and concomitantly, increased excretion of K+ and H+

45
Q

Where are aldosterone nuclear receptors?

A

Only occur in the kidneys

46
Q

What is spironolactone?

A

Competitive antagonist of aldosterone at these receptors

47
Q

What’s the effect of interaction of the aldosterone?

A

Receptor complex with DNA is to increase the number of Na+ channels in the membrane of the renal cell

48
Q

What are the three main actions of glucocorticoids?

A

Metabolic
Negative feed-back on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects

49
Q

What are the metabolic actions of glucocorticoids?

A

Carbohydrates- decreased uptake of glucose, increased protein breakdown to glucose- hyperglycaemia
Proteins- increased breakdown, reduced synthesis
Fat- increased breakdown, redistribution

50
Q

What is used to combat stress?

A

Raise plasma glucose levels to provide energy

51
Q

What does the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity reduce?

A

Blood vessel dilation and leakage
Production of mediators
Inflammatory/ immune cells activity

52
Q

What is anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity?

A

Glucocorticoids inhibit Phospholipase A2

This block production of Arachidonic Acid, Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes from cell membrane phospholipid

53
Q

When is suppression of inflammation and immune response?

A 
Asthma
Allergic responses
Autoimmune disease
Inflammatory conditions
Organ transplant
Cancer therapy
54
Q

What are the adverse effects of glucocorticoids?

A 
Suppression of response to infection
Suppression of endogenous glucocorticoid synthesis
Metabolic effects
Osteoporosis
Cushing’s syndrome

Drugs and Disease (25 decks)

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