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The 20 Principles All Animal Trainers Must Know > The 20 Principles All Animal Trainers Must Know > Flashcards

The 20 Principles All Animal Trainers Must Know Flashcards

1
Q

_______ inhibitors require an association between an unconditioned inhibitor and a neutral stimulus

A

Conditioned

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2
Q

_________ inhibitors do not require conditioning because they are dependent on the primary aversives for a particular organism.

A

Unconditioned

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3
Q

Dogs react better to our body language than to _____ signals.

A

Sound

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4
Q

A _____ can by definition do nothing but increase an aspect of behavior

A

Reinforcer

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5
Q

An _____ by definition does nothing but decrease an aspect of behavior.

A

Inhibitor

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6
Q

All reinforcers and inhibitors are _____ (i.e. only work in particular circumstances)

A

Conditional

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7
Q

Failing to plan is planning to _____.

A

Fail

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8
Q

We ____ too much and _____ too little

A

Talk / say

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9
Q

First axiom: A _____ is everything that intentionally produces or maintains a behavior of a receiver.

A

Signal

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10
Q

A signal produces a _____.

A

Behavior

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11
Q

A behavior produces a ______

A

Consequence

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12
Q

All signals are _____.

A

Conditional

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13
Q

A good signal is ____ and unequivocal (unambiguous, not left to doubt.)

A

Clear

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14
Q

A _____ is everything that unintentionally produces or maintains a behavior.

A

Cue

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15
Q

A _____ is a signal that changes the behavior of the receiver in a specific way with no variations or only extremely minor variations.

A

Command

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16
Q

_____ and _____ are examples of commands, either stopping the behavior or continuing. There is not much room in the middle (if any)

A

Yes / No

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17
Q

Sometimes _____ and _____ work against one another.

A

Signals / cues

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18
Q

Second axiom: All signals have a ______ and a _____.

A

Meaning / form

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19
Q

The meaning of a _____ indicates the behavior that the ______ aims to produce and maintain.

A

Signal

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20
Q

The _____ of a signal is what prompts the behavior.

A

Form

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21
Q

Third axiom: A ______ (a desired stimulus) is everything that increases the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of a certain behavior when presented or removed either simultaneously or immediately after that behavior takes place.

A

Reinforcer

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22
Q

A _____ ______ is everything that increases the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of a certain behavior when presented either simultaneously or immediately after that behavior takes place.

A

Positive reinforcer

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23
Q

A ______ ______ is everything that increases the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of a certain behavior when withdrawn either simultaneously or immediately after that behavior takes place.

A

Negative reinforcer

24
Q

______ Reinforcers are semi-conditioned.

A

Verbal

25
Q

In _____ conditioning (Pavlovian) a particular stimulus elicits a particular response if all the conditions are the same.

A

Respondent

26
Q

In _____ conditioning (Skinner), we associate a stimulus (signal) with a response by means of a consequence (a reinforcer or inhibitor).

A

Operant

27
Q

The ______-Reinforcer is a manipulation of the positive reinforcer by substantially increasing its magnitude within a session. It is a one-off increase in reinforcement within a session.

A

Jackpot

28
Q

Fourth axiom: An ______ is everything that decreases the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of a behavior when presented or removed either simultaneously or immediately after that behavior takes place.

A

Inhibitor

29
Q

A ______ ______ (an aversive) is everything that decreases the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of a behavior when presented either simultaneously or immediately after that behavior takes place.

A

Positive inhibitor

30
Q

A ______ inhibitor is everything that decreases the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of a behavior when removed either simultaneously or immediately after that behavior takes place.

A

Negative

31
Q

There are three aspects of a behavior that we can change: its ______, ______, and/or ______.

A

Frequency / intensity / duration

32
Q

There are four ways to increase an aspect of a behavior:

  1. ______ the behavior
  2. Do not _____ the behavior
  3. Create _____ to show the behavior.
  4. Do not _____ behavior that is incompatible with the behavior you want.
A
  1. Reinforce 2. inhibit 3. opportunities 4. reinforce
33
Q

There are four ways to decrease an aspect of a behavior:

  1. ______ the behavior
  2. Do not ______ the behavior (extinction)
  3. Prevent ______ to show the behavior (forgetting)
  4. ______ a behavior that is incompatible with the behavior you want to decrease.
A
  1. Inhibit 2. reinforce 3. opportunities 4. Reinforce
34
Q

Important note: Reinforcers and inhibitors are always subject to three distinct conditions: 1. The _____ , 2. The _____, and 3. The ______. It may work in one dog, but not with another.

A
  1. individual 2. behavior 3. moment
35
Q

Fifth axiom: We never, ever reinforce or inhibit an _______, only the behavior.

A

Individual

36
Q

A _____-______ is a variation of a negative inhibitor. It is a non-presentation of a positive reinforcer. It increases one aspect of a behavior and it therefore is not an inhibitor, but instead a reinforcement procedure.

A

Non-reinforcer

37
Q

A _____ is a variation of negative inhibition, which involves the positive reinforcer (usually unconditioned, but not necessarily) being withheld rather than removed. _____ encourages the receiver to offer recently reinforced behavior, hence enhancing active participation in the learning process.

A

Tease

38
Q

A __ (_____ _____) is a signal (stimulus) which conveys to the receiver that a reinforcer might be available if a specific behavior is displayed.

A

SD (discriminative stimulus)

39
Q

A _____-_____ is the absence of a particular signal (stimulus) to which we want to condition a specific behavior.

A

Non-SD

40
Q

A __ (_-_____) is a signal (stimulus) which conveys to the receiver that no reinforcer is available for any particular behavior.

A

SΔ (S-delta)

41
Q

A __ (_-_____) is a signal (stimulus) indicating no reinforcer is available for the behavior being offered, but that another behavior in the same class may be reinforced.

A

Sβ (S-beta)

42
Q

A __ (_-_____) is a (guiding) signal that induces the receiver to display a specific response. A __ may eventually become a SD.

A

Sγ (S-gamma)

43
Q

An _____ signal is a temporary signal we may need to provide in a successive approximation to the goal. It is normally a Sγ . ______ signals are dismissed later on, or gradually changed into the final signal. We should minimize the amount of time we use _____ signals or they may become part of the signal and make the final signal harder to reach.

A

Auxiliary

44
Q

A __ (_-_____) is a signal (stimulus functioning as a conditioned inhibitor) which conveys to the receiver that a inhibitor is imminent and will follow as a consequence of a particular behavior (conditioned response.)

A

Sπ (s-pi)

45
Q

In ethology, an __ is a warning, a threat.

A

Sπ

46
Q

A reinforcement schedule (__) indicates the frequency at which a behavior is reinforced. Different reinforcement schedules produce particular patterns and rates of behavior. The most common are _____ (CRF) and _____ reinforcement (IRF.)

A

RS / continuous / intermittent

47
Q

A _____ reinforcement schedule (_____) reinforces a behavior every time. This leads to rapid rates in behavior.

A

Continuous / CRF

48
Q

An _____ reinforcement schedule (______) reinforces a behavior when it occurs, but not every time. The most common are variable interval and variable duration.

A

Intermittent / IRF

49
Q

_____ is a procedure in operant conditioning which involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

A

Shaping

50
Q

______ chaining is a training procedure you train front to back. Ex: to retrieve, run after the object, pick it up, run it back, drop it.

A

Forward

51
Q

_____ chaining is training back to front. We teach a dog to retrieve by: releasing the object on signal, keep the object in mouth in front of you, run back to us with the object, run after the object on signal.

A

Backward

52
Q

In _____ chaining, we add in the step prior once the current step has been shown with confidence. Very efficient for complex chains of behavior.

A

Backward

53
Q

_____ in Pavlovian conditioning is the process of repeatedly presenting a CS (conditioned stimulus) without the US (unconditioned stimulus). _____ in operant conditioning is the procedure of withholding the reinforcers that maintain a certain behavior.

A

Extinction

54
Q

_____ is a deterioration in learned behavior following a period without practice.

A

Forgetting

55
Q

_____ prevention involves altering the environment to prevent unwanted behavior from occurring. This is particularly useful to avoid undesired behavior from recurring, or so extinguishing a behavior.

A

Response

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