The 20 Principles All Animal Trainers Must Know Flashcards
_______ inhibitors require an association between an unconditioned inhibitor and a neutral stimulus
Conditioned
_________ inhibitors do not require conditioning because they are dependent on the primary aversives for a particular organism.
Unconditioned
Dogs react better to our body language than to _____ signals.
Sound
A _____ can by definition do nothing but increase an aspect of behavior
Reinforcer
An _____ by definition does nothing but decrease an aspect of behavior.
Inhibitor
All reinforcers and inhibitors are _____ (i.e. only work in particular circumstances)
Conditional
Failing to plan is planning to _____.
Fail
We ____ too much and _____ too little
Talk / say
First axiom: A _____ is everything that intentionally produces or maintains a behavior of a receiver.
Signal
A signal produces a _____.
Behavior
A behavior produces a ______
Consequence
All signals are _____.
Conditional
A good signal is ____ and unequivocal (unambiguous, not left to doubt.)
Clear
A _____ is everything that unintentionally produces or maintains a behavior.
Cue
A _____ is a signal that changes the behavior of the receiver in a specific way with no variations or only extremely minor variations.
Command
_____ and _____ are examples of commands, either stopping the behavior or continuing. There is not much room in the middle (if any)
Yes / No
Sometimes _____ and _____ work against one another.
Signals / cues
Second axiom: All signals have a ______ and a _____.
Meaning / form
The meaning of a _____ indicates the behavior that the ______ aims to produce and maintain.
Signal
The _____ of a signal is what prompts the behavior.
Form
Third axiom: A ______ (a desired stimulus) is everything that increases the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of a certain behavior when presented or removed either simultaneously or immediately after that behavior takes place.
Reinforcer
A _____ ______ is everything that increases the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of a certain behavior when presented either simultaneously or immediately after that behavior takes place.
Positive reinforcer
A ______ ______ is everything that increases the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of a certain behavior when withdrawn either simultaneously or immediately after that behavior takes place.
Negative reinforcer
______ Reinforcers are semi-conditioned.
Verbal
In _____ conditioning (Pavlovian) a particular stimulus elicits a particular response if all the conditions are the same.
Respondent
In _____ conditioning (Skinner), we associate a stimulus (signal) with a response by means of a consequence (a reinforcer or inhibitor).
Operant
The ______-Reinforcer is a manipulation of the positive reinforcer by substantially increasing its magnitude within a session. It is a one-off increase in reinforcement within a session.
Jackpot
Fourth axiom: An ______ is everything that decreases the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of a behavior when presented or removed either simultaneously or immediately after that behavior takes place.
Inhibitor
A ______ ______ (an aversive) is everything that decreases the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of a behavior when presented either simultaneously or immediately after that behavior takes place.
Positive inhibitor
A ______ inhibitor is everything that decreases the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of a behavior when removed either simultaneously or immediately after that behavior takes place.
Negative
There are three aspects of a behavior that we can change: its ______, ______, and/or ______.
Frequency / intensity / duration
There are four ways to increase an aspect of a behavior:
- ______ the behavior
- Do not _____ the behavior
- Create _____ to show the behavior.
- Do not _____ behavior that is incompatible with the behavior you want.
- Reinforce 2. inhibit 3. opportunities 4. reinforce
There are four ways to decrease an aspect of a behavior:
- ______ the behavior
- Do not ______ the behavior (extinction)
- Prevent ______ to show the behavior (forgetting)
- ______ a behavior that is incompatible with the behavior you want to decrease.
- Inhibit 2. reinforce 3. opportunities 4. Reinforce
Important note: Reinforcers and inhibitors are always subject to three distinct conditions: 1. The _____ , 2. The _____, and 3. The ______. It may work in one dog, but not with another.
- individual 2. behavior 3. moment
Fifth axiom: We never, ever reinforce or inhibit an _______, only the behavior.
Individual
A _____-______ is a variation of a negative inhibitor. It is a non-presentation of a positive reinforcer. It increases one aspect of a behavior and it therefore is not an inhibitor, but instead a reinforcement procedure.
Non-reinforcer
A _____ is a variation of negative inhibition, which involves the positive reinforcer (usually unconditioned, but not necessarily) being withheld rather than removed. _____ encourages the receiver to offer recently reinforced behavior, hence enhancing active participation in the learning process.
Tease
A __ (_____ _____) is a signal (stimulus) which conveys to the receiver that a reinforcer might be available if a specific behavior is displayed.
SD (discriminative stimulus)
A _____-_____ is the absence of a particular signal (stimulus) to which we want to condition a specific behavior.
Non-SD
A __ (_-_____) is a signal (stimulus) which conveys to the receiver that no reinforcer is available for any particular behavior.
SΔ (S-delta)
A __ (_-_____) is a signal (stimulus) indicating no reinforcer is available for the behavior being offered, but that another behavior in the same class may be reinforced.
Sβ (S-beta)
A __ (_-_____) is a (guiding) signal that induces the receiver to display a specific response. A __ may eventually become a SD.
Sγ (S-gamma)
An _____ signal is a temporary signal we may need to provide in a successive approximation to the goal. It is normally a Sγ . ______ signals are dismissed later on, or gradually changed into the final signal. We should minimize the amount of time we use _____ signals or they may become part of the signal and make the final signal harder to reach.
Auxiliary
A __ (_-_____) is a signal (stimulus functioning as a conditioned inhibitor) which conveys to the receiver that a inhibitor is imminent and will follow as a consequence of a particular behavior (conditioned response.)
Sπ (s-pi)
In ethology, an __ is a warning, a threat.
Sπ
A reinforcement schedule (__) indicates the frequency at which a behavior is reinforced. Different reinforcement schedules produce particular patterns and rates of behavior. The most common are _____ (CRF) and _____ reinforcement (IRF.)
RS / continuous / intermittent
A _____ reinforcement schedule (_____) reinforces a behavior every time. This leads to rapid rates in behavior.
Continuous / CRF
An _____ reinforcement schedule (______) reinforces a behavior when it occurs, but not every time. The most common are variable interval and variable duration.
Intermittent / IRF
_____ is a procedure in operant conditioning which involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.
Shaping
______ chaining is a training procedure you train front to back. Ex: to retrieve, run after the object, pick it up, run it back, drop it.
Forward
_____ chaining is training back to front. We teach a dog to retrieve by: releasing the object on signal, keep the object in mouth in front of you, run back to us with the object, run after the object on signal.
Backward
In _____ chaining, we add in the step prior once the current step has been shown with confidence. Very efficient for complex chains of behavior.
Backward
_____ in Pavlovian conditioning is the process of repeatedly presenting a CS (conditioned stimulus) without the US (unconditioned stimulus). _____ in operant conditioning is the procedure of withholding the reinforcers that maintain a certain behavior.
Extinction
_____ is a deterioration in learned behavior following a period without practice.
Forgetting
_____ prevention involves altering the environment to prevent unwanted behavior from occurring. This is particularly useful to avoid undesired behavior from recurring, or so extinguishing a behavior.
Response
