Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition and disease > The 10 major dietary studies > Flashcards

The 10 major dietary studies Flashcards

1
Q

What type study is the 7 country study?

A

A prospective epidemiological cohort study?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Start and finish dates of the 7 country study?

A

1958 till present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What were they studying in the 7 country study?

A

Looked at diet, lifestyle and incidence of coronary heart disease in different cohorts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who were the participants of the 7 country study?

A

12763 Middle aged men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where were the participants from in the 7 country study?

A

From 16 cohorts across 7 countries which were:

  • USA
  • ITALY
  • GREECE
  • FINLAND
  • JAPAN
  • NETHERLANDS
  • YUGOSLAVIA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who was the leader of the 7 country study?

A

Ancel keys from the uni on Minnesota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Contrversy about the 7 country study?

A

Was bout eh design and results of the study. They said they hand picked 7 countries they already had data on but is not true.
This study was not perfect but revealed important infomation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why were those countries picked for the 7 country study?

A

They chose 16 regions that showed the greatest variation in diet and CVD.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Some of the main findings in the 7 country study about what counties as a whole had the highest and lowest rates of CVD?

A
  • In the mediterranean and asian regions (greece, japan and italy) heart disease was found to be lowest.
  • In the USA and finland is was found to be highest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Death rates and fat intake - Finland vs Crete (7 country)

A

Death rates in Finland from heart diseases were many times higher than Crete despite Crete having similar fat intake (higher MUFA).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

7 country study overview?

A

The first large cross-sectional study of almost 13,000 people in seven countries was conducted in the late 1950’s by Ancel Keys. It showed that countries with the highest saturated fatty acid intake such as Finland and USA had the highest blood cholesterol levels and highest heart disease death rates.
Mediterranean and Asian countries tended to have lower blood cholesterol and lower CVD, even though some like Greece and Italy had high fat intake (mostly monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) eg. Olive oil).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Relationship between saturated fat intake and CHD? (7 Country)

A

There is only a correlation- not causation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most surprising findings in the 7 country study?

A

Was the health and diet connection of people living in Crete.

  • Consumed up to 40% of their calories from fat
  • The fat was mono (olive oil) and poly (some omega 6 and much omega 3 from fish and lean meat)
  • Had the highest life expectancy
  • Diet was almost all fresh food
  • Refined starches and sugars were rare
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The diet and 15 year death rate in the 7 country study?

A

In 15 cohorts of the Seven Countries - Study, comprising 11,579 men aged 40-59 years 2,288 died in 15 years.

  • Death rates differed among cohorts. Differences in mean age, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and smoking habits “explained” 46% of variance in death rate from all causes, 80% from coronary heart disease, 35% from cancer, and 45% from stroke.
  • Death rate differences were unrelated to cohort differences in mean relative body weight, fatness, and physical activity.
  • Death rates were related positively to average percentage of dietary energy from saturated fatty acids, negatively to dietary energy percentage from monounsaturated fatty acids, and were unrelated to dietary energy percentage from polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and alcohol
  • All death rates were negatively related to the M:S ratio. Inclusion of that ratio with age, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and smoking habits as independent variables accounted for 85% of variance in rates of deaths from all causes, 96% coronary heart disease, 55% cancer, and 66% stroke.
  • CHD death rates were low in cohorts with olive oil as the main fat.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of study was the Lyon diet heart study?

A

A randomised control trial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When did the Lyon diet heart study start?

A

1992

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What the the Lyons diet heart study aim to investigate?

A
  • The protective effects of a Mediterranean diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who were the participants and how were they divided in the Lyon heart study?

A

Took 605 male and female heart attack survivors and divided them into two groups.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In the lyon heart study what was the difference between the two groups?

A
  • One group was advised to eat the standard AHA prudent low fat diet suggested from heart disease patients
  • They other was advsited to eat a mediterranean style diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What did the AHA western diet in the lyon study consist of?

A
  • Low fat and predominantly plant based
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

They lyon diet heart study was meant to last 5 years but stopped after 2 years. Why?

A

The differences in the two groups was so massive they had to stop for ethical reasons. The mediterranean style diet was so much better and found to have had 70% lower death rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What did they find about cancer rates int he lyon study?

A

Discovered that cancer rates among the mediterranen was 61% lower then in the other group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of study in the GISSI-prevenzione study?

A

A prospective secondary RCT

This Italian study was also a secondary study of surviving heart attack patients. Like the Lyon Diet Heart Study it was also an intervention trial. Subjects were given either Vitamin E or fish oil (containing EPA (20:5n-3) & DHA (22:6-n3)) or both.
There was over 11,000 patients in this trial.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does GISSI stand for?

A

Italian group for the study of the survival of myocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What was the purpose of the GISSI study?

A

To invesgiate the effects of omega 3 fatty acids and vit E in cardiovascular events post myocardial infarction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Dates of the GISSI study?

A

1993-1995

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How many patients were in the GISSI study?

A

11324

28
Q

What qualified the patients to be in the GISSI study?

A

The patients must have survived a recent myocardial infaction

29
Q

What were the 4 treatment groups in the GISSI?

A
  1. Patient received 1 g of fish oil (containing 85% EFP and DHA in ratio of 1.2 : 1
  2. Patients received 300mg of vit E (synthetic a-tocopherol)
  3. Patients received a combination of omega 3 and vit E
  4. Control group, patients did not recieve treatment
30
Q

In the GISSE study what did treatment of omega 3 fatty acids result in?

A
  • 45% reduction on the risk of having a sudden fatal heart attack
  • 30% decrease from overall CV mortality
  • Vit E was found to have no benefit and its effects on fatal CV event requires further exploration
31
Q

What type of study was the Ni-HON-SAN study?

A

Prospective cohort

32
Q

What did the Ni-HON-SAN study investigate?

A

Dietary, lifestyle and disease differences between middle aged japanese men living in japan, hawaii and san fancisco.

33
Q

In the Ni-HON-SAN study how many people were investigated?

A

A total of 11,989 subjects was examined, with 2,141 from Japan (80% response rate), 8,006 from Hawaii (72% response rate) and 1,842 from California (68% response rate).

34
Q

After 5 years what was the main finding of the Ni-HON-SAN study?

A
  • Found that japanese men living in japan following a more traditional diet and lifestyle practice had low blood cholesterol levels and very rates of heart disease.
  • The partly westernised japanese living in hawaii had high blood cholesterol level and almost twice the rate of CVD
  • Fully westernised japanese living is S.F had the high blood cholesterol level and almost 3X the rate of heart disease
35
Q

What did the Ni-HON-SAN study conclude?

A

Becuase there was no genetic differences between the study participant, researchers concluded the migration and the adoption of western diet and lifestyle were the main reasons behind the differences in blood cholesterol and heart disease rates

36
Q

Hypothesis of the Ni-HON-SAN study?

A

That CVD risk levels and disease rates among migrants approached those of the host populations and their differences were thus primarily environmental in origin, not genetic

37
Q

What type of study was The Multiple risk factor intervention trial (MRFIT) ?

A

The MRFIT study was a prospective investigation into coronary heart disease (CHD) . A primary prevention trail

38
Q

What was the MRFIT designed to do ?

A

To assess the combined influence of blood pressure (BP), serum cholesterol level, and cigarette smoking on death from coronary heart disease

39
Q

How many people did the data come from and who? MRFIT

A

Data on factors and mortality came from 356222 men ages 35-57 with no history of MI recorded

40
Q

What were the main findings in MRFIT?

A
  • Strong graded relationships between serum cholesterol levels above 4.65 mmol/L, systolilc BP above 110 and diastolic BP above 70mm/hg and mortality due to CHD was evident
  • Smokers with serum cholesterol and systolic BP levels in the ighest quantities had CHD death rate that were approx 20 times greater than non-smoking men with systolic BP and cholesterol levels in the lowest quintile
41
Q

MRFIT Finding over view

A

High blood cholesterol and high blood pressure both related to increased risk of heart attacks. Smokers with these 2 risk factors were 20 times more likely to have a heart attack.

42
Q

In the MRFIT was were the main predictors of death?

A
  • Systolic and diastolic BP, serum cholesterol level, and cigarettes per day were significant predictors of death due to CHD in all age groups. Systolic BP was a stronger predictor than diastolic BP
  • Of all CHD deaths, 46% were estimated to be excess deaths attributable to serum cholesterol levels greater than or equal to 4.65 mmol/L
43
Q

MRFIT and the relationship between risk on coronary artery disease and cholesterol?

A
  • Showed a continuous relationship between coronary arter disease and cholesterol
  • For ten years of cholesterol reduction there was about 30% reduction in the disease levels
  • At 2 years: fatalities reduced by 7% fro a 10% cholesterol reduction
44
Q

What type of study was the CARDIA study?

A

The CARDIA Study was a prospective cohort study of young men and women (~5,000) in four cities across the USA. It started in 1986 and there have been periodic follow up examinations since.

45
Q

What as the aim of the CARDIA study?

A

To examine how heart disease develops in adults

46
Q

When did the CARDIA start and how many people and who?

A

Started in 1986 with a group of 55115 black and white mena nd women aged 18-30 year.
The study is still going

47
Q

Where was the CARDIA study conducted?

A

Birmingham, AL; Chicago, IL; Minneapolis, MN; and Oakland, CA.

48
Q

In the CARDIA study what data was collected?

A
  • Physical measurments
  • Dietary patterns
  • Exercise patterns
  • Behavioural variables
  • Phychological variables
  • Medical and family history
  • Insulin and glucoe
  • Echocardiography
  • Tomography
  • Untrasound
49
Q

Major areas of discovery in the CARDIA study?

A
  • Racial inequities in cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes.
  • The role of diet, physical activity, and fitness in body composition, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, inflammation, lipids, blood pressure.
  • The role of psychosocial factors (e.g., stress, discrimination, social support) on health.
  • Social and environmental determinants of health, including health care access.
  • The influence of genetics on health.
    Women’s health with a special focus on pregnancy-related issues.
50
Q

Overall findings in the CARDIA study?

A
  • Lifestyle changed related to cholesterol in 20s can impact your health in your 40s
  • Maintaining high activity levels in young adult hood can help lessen weight gain
  • Early adult risk factor level predict heart disease.
51
Q

What type of study is the DIet and reinfarction trial (DART)?

A

Secondary RCT

The DART trial was a secondary intervention study of ~2,000 men in Wales. It involved an intervention regarding type of dietary advice given.

52
Q

How was the diet and reinfarction trial study conducted (DART)?

A

Has a factorial design, subjects being randomised independently to receive advice or no advice regarding three diet factors:

  • A reduction in total fat and an increase in polyunsaturated fat intake
  • An increase in fatty fish intake
  • An increase in cereal fibre intake

Detailed questionnaires were completed by each subject after 6 months. The results suggest compliance with the advice

53
Q

Results of the DART trial?

A

Found that fish oil reduces CHD mortality, the effect being greatest during the period of recovery from an acute myocardial infarction. It seems likely that the protection is at least partly attibutable to a reduction in the indcidence of fatal arrhythmia by n-3 fatty acids.

The only dietary advice which appeared to have any health benefit was the advice to eat fatty fish (high in omega-3) which gave almost a 30% reduction in mortality after 2 years.

54
Q

What type of study is the Framingham heart study?

A

A prospective, cohort study with some intervention

55
Q

What was the objective of the framingham study?

A

To identify the common factors or characteristics that contribute to CVD by following its development over a long period of time in a large group of participants who had not yet developed overt sympotoms of CVD or suffered a heart attack or stroke

56
Q

Framingham study overview?

A

The Framingham Heart Study is possible the most famous and ongoing prospective cohort study ever conducted. It began in 1948 and is still going. Several hundred research papers have been published from this study revealing many relationships between diet, lifestyle and health.

57
Q

Who were the “original cohort” of people in the framingham study and how did it work?

A
  • 5209 men and women between the ages of 30 and 62 from the town of framingham
  • Began the first round of extensive physical examination and lifesyle interviews thay they would later analyze for common patterns related to CVD development
  • Since 1984 the subjects have continues to return to the study every 2 years for detailed medical history, physical exam and lab tests
58
Q

Framingham offspring cohort and generation III cohort?

A
  • In 1971 the study enrolled a second generation group- 5124 of the origional participants adult children and spouces to participate in eimilar examinations
  • A 3rd generation (children of the offspring cohort) is curently being recuited and examined, seeking to further understand how genetic factors relate to CV disease. These perticipants are being given and extensive CV exam simmilar to tehir parents and grandparents. The goal is to recruit and examine 3500 grandchildren of the origional cohort
59
Q

Over 500 papers have appeared from the framingham study that had lead to the identification of many CVD risk factors. What are they?

A

This study has identified high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, obesity, diabetes and physical inactivity as major risk factors for CVD.

  • High blood pressure
  • High blood cholesterol
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes
  • Physical inacitivity
  • Blood triglyceride levels and HDL cholesterol
  • Gender and age
  • Psychosocial issues
  • Homocystine levels
60
Q

What is the Framingham risk score?

A
  • The study developed a risk assessment tool tp determine an individuals chances of developing CVD
  • The Framingham risk scoring systems give an est of the probability that the person will develop CV within a specific amount of time (usually under 10-30 years)
  • Also indiciated who is most likely to benefit from prevention
61
Q

Issues with the framingham study?

A

Unfortunatly there are many websites by self proclaimed experts claim that the cholesterol-CVD connection reported in the study is wrong. These people are ignorant.

62
Q

What type of study in the nurses health study?

A

Is a prospective cohort study

63
Q

What was the aim of the nurses study?

A

To study the relationship between the use of oral contraceptived and cigarette smoking and the rick of major illness.
Over time the range of thestudy has broadened overtime to evalutate the implications of various lifestyle factors such as exercise on womens health

In the Nurses Health Study, ~130,000 women were recruited in 1976 for this prospective cohort study. The main initial aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the use of oral contraceptives and smoking in regard to risk of major illness.

64
Q

Who were the participants of the nurses study and how many people?

A

in 1976 the study comprised of 121700 female nurses between the ages of 30-55.

65
Q

How did the nurses study work?

A

Participant received detailed questionnaires every two yeats in which they reported medical histories and daily lifestyle habits.
A second cohort was anrolled in 1989 as the nurses health study 11 established by dr walter willett of harvard public health school. Assessed risk factors for cancer and CVD

66
Q

Major findings of the Nurses health study (1 and 2)?

A
  • birth control pills do not increase non-smoking risk of heart disease
  • Women who take oestrogen after menopause decrease their risk of heart disease but increase risk of breast cancer
  • Increased dietary calcium intake among post menopausal women is not protective against fractures
  • WOmen who drink moderate amounts of slcohol (1-3 drinks per week) cut their risk of heart attack in half. but, increase risk of breast cancer by one third
  • Limiting fat intake and eating more high fiber food does not reduce womens risk of breast cancer
  • Women who take folic acid tables have 75% reduced risk of colon cancer
  • A mediterranien diet reduced risk of incided CHD and stroke. Fish intake reduced risk of stroke. Nut and wholegrain consumption reduced risk of CHD. Refined carbs and trans fat increases risk
67
Q

Overview of findings from nurses study?

A

Major findings included birth control pills are not related to heart disease. Post menopausal oestrogen supplementation decreased the risk of heart attacks but raise the risk of breast cancer.

Nutrition and disease (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions