Tfn Flashcards
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A motivational theory comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.
List the five levels of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy from bottom to top.
- Physiological needs
- Safety needs
- Love and belonging needs
- Esteem needs
- Self-actualization
What are self-fulfillment needs in Maslow’s hierarchy?
Self-actualization, which involves achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities.
What defines deficiency needs?
Needs that arise due to deprivation and motivate people when they are unmet.
What are growth needs in Maslow’s theory?
Needs that do not stem from a lack of something but from a desire to grow as a person.
True or False: Deficiency needs must be fully satisfied before growth needs can be addressed.
False. Satisfaction of needs is not an ‘all-or-none’ phenomenon.
What happens when a deficit need is ‘more or less’ satisfied?
It will go away, and activities become directed towards meeting the next set of needs.
What are the physiological needs according to Maslow?
- Air
- Food
- Drink
- Shelter
- Clothing
- Warmth
- Sex
- Sleep
What do safety needs include?
- Protection from elements
- Security
- Order
- Law
- Stability
- Freedom from fear
What motivates love and belongingness needs?
Feelings of belongingness and the need for interpersonal relationships such as friendship and intimacy.
How does Maslow classify esteem needs?
- Esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence)
- Desire for reputation or respect from others (status, prestige)
What is self-actualization?
Realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.
What are some characteristics of self-actualized people?
- Perceive reality efficiently
- Accept themselves and others
- Spontaneous in thought and action
- Problem-centered
- Highly creative
Fill in the blank: The need for ________ is most important for children and adolescents according to Maslow.
respect or reputation
What is the significance of peak experiences in self-actualization?
They refer to moments of intense joy, euphoria, and fulfillment.
What did Maslow propose about the order of needs in his hierarchy?
The order is not rigid and may vary based on external circumstances or individual differences.
What are cognitive needs according to Maslow’s expanded hierarchy?
Knowledge and understanding, curiosity, exploration, need for meaning and predictability.
What are aesthetic needs in Maslow’s expanded hierarchy?
Appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form.
What are transcendence needs?
Motivation by values that transcend beyond the personal self, such as service to others or mystical experiences.
What is Sullivan’s threefold classification of experience?
- Prototaxic
- Parataxic
- Syntaxic
Describe prototaxic experience.
Discrete series of momentary states of the sensitive organism, similar to the ‘stream of consciousness’.
What does parataxic experience involve?
Seeing causal relationships between events that occur simultaneously but are not logically related.
What is syntaxic experience?
Consensually validated symbol activity, especially of a verbal nature, that produces logical order among experiences.
What does Sullivan emphasize regarding foresight in cognitive functioning?
It depends upon one’s memory of the past and interpretation of the present.
What are the two main sources of tension in Sullivan’s theory?
- Needs of the organism
- Anxiety
What are the two main sources of tension according to Sullivan?
- Tensions arising from the needs of the organism
- Tensions resulting from anxiety
Define ‘needs’ in the context of Sullivan’s theory.
Physiochemical requirements of life that produce a disequilibrium in the economy of the organism.
How do needs arrange themselves according to Sullivan?
In hierarchical order; lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs can be accommodated.
What is the consequence of prolonged failure to satisfy needs?
A feeling of apathy that produces a general lowering of tensions.
What is anxiety according to Sullivan?
The experience of tension resulting from real or imaginary threats to one’s security.
How does severe anxiety affect an individual?
It reduces efficiency in satisfying needs, disturbs interpersonal relations, and produces confusion in thinking.
List the six stages in the development of personality according to Sullivan.
- Infancy
- Childhood
- Juvenile Era
- Preadolescence
- Early Adolescence
- Late Adolescence
What characterizes the infancy stage in Sullivan’s theory?
Oral zone interaction, transition from prototaxic to parataxic cognition, and the organization of personification.
What is a key feature of the childhood stage?
The emergence of articulate speech and the need for playmates.
What happens during the juvenile era according to Sullivan?
Acquisition of social subordination to authority figures and development of competitiveness and cooperation.
What is the main focus during early adolescence?
Development of a pattern of heterosexual activity and the emergence of lust dynamism.
What does the late adolescence stage involve?
Initiation into social living and citizenship, stabilization of the self-system, and learning effective sublimations of tensions.
What does Sullivan mean by ‘therapist as a participant observer’?
The therapist participates in the interpersonal situation and has their own apprehensions to deal with.
What are the four stages of the psychiatric interview according to Sullivan?
- Formal inception
- Reconnaissance
- Detailed inquiry
- Termination
What is the purpose of the interview in Sullivan’s theory?
To derive conclusions about the interviewee through interpersonal processes.
Who developed General Systems Theory?
Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1936.
What is a key principle of a systems approach?
A system is greater than the sum of its parts.
What does Kurt Lewin’s Change Theory identify?
Driving forces, restraining forces, and equilibrium.
What are the three stages of Lewin’s Change Theory?
- Unfreezing
- Change
- Refreezing
What is the unfreezing stage in Lewin’s Change Theory?
The process of making it possible for people to let go of an old, counterproductive pattern.
Define ‘movement’ in the context of Lewin’s Change Theory.
The shift of behavior toward a new and more healthful pattern.
What does the refreezing stage involve?
Establishing the change as the new habit or standard operating procedure.
What are the main areas of developmental theory?
- Biophysical development
- Psychoanalytic/Psychosocial development
- Cognitive development
- Moral development
What does Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development emphasize?
The impact of social experience on personality development across the lifespan.
What does Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development emphasize?
The sociocultural determinants of development through eight stages of psychosocial conflicts.
How many stages are in Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?
Eight stages.
What is the primary conflict in Stage One of Erikson’s theory?
Trust vs Mistrust.
What is the developmental task in Stage One?
Learn to trust caregivers and develop a sense of security.
What virtue emerges from successfully completing Stage One?
Hope.
What is the primary conflict in Stage Two of Erikson’s theory?
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt.
What developmental skills are focused on in Stage Two?
Basic self-care activities and making choices.
What virtue emerges from successfully completing Stage Two?
Will.
What is the primary conflict in Stage Three of Erikson’s theory?
Initiative vs Guilt.
What happens if children do not succeed in Stage Three?
They may develop a sense of guilt and self-doubt.
What virtue emerges from successfully completing Stage Three?
Purpose.
What is the primary conflict in Stage Four of Erikson’s theory?
Industry vs Inferiority.
What do children seek to develop in Stage Four?
A sense of pride in their accomplishments.
What virtue emerges from successfully completing Stage Four?
Competence.
What is the primary conflict in Stage Five of Erikson’s theory?
Identity vs Role Confusion.
What is crucial for adolescents to develop in Stage Five?
A sense of personal identity.
What virtue emerges from successfully completing Stage Five?
Fidelity.
What is the primary conflict in Stage Six of Erikson’s theory?
Intimacy vs Isolation.
What is essential for developing intimate relationships in Stage Six?
A strong sense of personal identity.
What virtue emerges from successfully completing Stage Six?
Love.
What is the primary conflict in Stage Seven of Erikson’s theory?
Generativity vs Stagnation.
What does successful resolution of Stage Seven lead to?
The virtue of care.
What is the primary conflict in Stage Eight of Erikson’s theory?
Integrity vs Despair.
What is the focus during Stage Eight?
Reflecting on life and assessing past experiences.
What virtue emerges from successfully completing Stage Eight?
Wisdom.
True or False: Erikson believed that each stage of psychosocial development is independent of the others.
False.
What is the first stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
Obedience-and-Punishment Orientation.
What characterizes Stage 2 of Kohlberg’s moral development?
Instrumental Orientation.
What is the focus of pre-conventional morality?
External consequences and authority rules.
What is the highest level of moral reasoning in Kohlberg’s theory?
Post-conventional morality.
Fill in the blank: The virtue achieved in Stage 4 of Erikson’s theory is _______.
Competence.
Fill in the blank: The virtue achieved in Stage 6 of Erikson’s theory is _______.
Love.
Fill in the blank: The virtue achieved in Stage 8 of Erikson’s theory is _______.
Wisdom.
What is the developmental focus of young adulthood in Erikson’s stages?
Exploring personal relationships and intimacy.
What does successful completion of Stage 7 involve?
Contributing to society and future generations.
What is the focus of Stage 2 in Kohlberg’s moral development theory?
The focus is on the ‘what’s in it for me?’ position, where right behavior is defined by individual interests.
In Stage 2 reasoning, how is concern for others characterized?
Concern for others is based on a ‘you scratch my back, and I’ll scratch yours’ mentality.
What is the main characteristic of Level 2: Conventional in moral development?
A child’s sense of morality is tied to personal and societal relationships.
What do children seek in Stage 3: Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation?
Children want the approval of others and act to avoid disapproval.
In Stage 4: Law-and-Order Orientation, how are rules perceived?
Rules are seen as important for maintaining a functioning society and are accepted blindly.
What distinguishes Level 3: Post-conventional moral reasoning?
Morality is defined in terms of abstract principles and values, with a belief that some laws are unjust.
What is the perspective on laws in Stage 5: Social-Contract Orientation?
Laws are viewed as social contracts that should be changed when they do not promote the general welfare.
What characterizes Stage 6: Universal-Ethical-principal Orientation?
Action is determined by self-chosen ethical principles that are abstract and universal.
What trend in moral reasoning is supported by cross-sectional data in Kohlberg’s theory?
Older individuals tend to use higher stages of moral reasoning compared to younger individuals.
What is the significance of technological competency in nursing according to Rozzano Locsin?
It represents the harmonious coexistence between technology and caring in nursing.
What is the main assumption of Locsin’s ‘Technological Competency as Caring in Nursing’ theory?
Persons are caring by virtue of their humanness.
How does technology contribute to nursing care according to Locsin?
Technology is used to know the wholeness of persons moment to moment.
What is the role of ‘knowing’ in the nursing process as described by Locsin?
It is guided by technological knowing, appreciating persons as participants in their care.
What does Dr. Carolina Agravante’s CASAGRA Transformative Leadership Model focus on?
It focuses on leadership in nursing that can challenge the changing world.
What is the relationship between the care complex and leadership behavior in Agravante’s model?
The care complex is significantly related to the leadership behavior of nursing faculty.
What are the three parts of the servant-leader formula in the CASAGRA model?
Care complex primer, retreat workshop on Servant leadership, and seminar workshop on Transformative Teaching.
What prompted the development of the CASAGRA Transformative Leadership Model?
The need for nursing educators to adapt to technological, educational, and social changes.
What is a limitation of the CASAGRA Transformative Leadership Model?
It is limited to Roman Catholic and Christian nursing educators.
What does the CASAGRA transformative leadership model limit?
Only Roman Catholic and Christian nursing educators
The model does not consider the various religions present in the Philippines.
What is the main focus of Dr. Carmelita C. Divinagracia’s study?
The effects of COMPOSURE behaviours of the advanced practitioner on the recovery of selected patients at the Philippine Heart Center.
List the COMPOSURE behaviours identified in Divinagracia’s study.
- Competence
- Presence and Prayer
- Open-mindedness
- Stimulation
- Understanding
- Respect
- Relaxation
- Empathy
Define ‘Competence’ in the context of COMPOSURE behaviours.
In-depth knowledge and clinical expertise demonstrated in caring for patients.
What does ‘Presence and Prayer’ refer to in nursing measures?
Being with another person during times of need, including therapeutic communication and reciting prayers.
What does ‘Open-mindedness’ entail in nursing?
Being receptive to new ideas and considering patient’s preferences and opinions.
What is ‘Stimulation’ in the context of nursing measures?
Providing encouragement that conveys hope, guidance, and positive remarks.
How is ‘Understanding’ manifested in nursing?
Conveying interest and acceptance of the patient’s condition and entire being.
What does ‘Respect’ involve in nursing care?
Acknowledging the patient’s presence and using preferred naming in addressing them.
Define ‘Relaxation’ as described in the study.
A form of exercise involving alternate tension and relaxation of selected muscle groups.
What is ‘Empathy’ in the nursing context?
Accurately sensing another person’s inner experience and communicating understanding.
What does the term ‘Patient Wellness Outcome’ refer to?
The perceived wellness of selected orthopaedic patients after receiving nursing care.
Identify the two categories of patient wellness outcomes.
- Biobehavioral
- Physiologic
What are examples of Physiologic Wellness Outcomes?
Vital signs, bone pain sensation, and complete blood count.
What does Biobehavioral Wellness Outcome encompass?
Perceived wellness in terms of physical, intellectual, emotional, and spiritual aspects.
True or False: Many illnesses are curable and only temporarily affect health.
True
Fill in the blank: COMPOSURE behaviours are inspired by the principle of _______.
[holistic care]
What is the significance of the nurse’s presence from patient admission to discharge?
It fosters mutual trust, acceptance, and satisfying relationships.
