TFN Flashcards
Developed the first theory of nursing.
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Focused on changing and manipulating the environment in order to put the patient in the best possible conditions for nature to act.
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Introduced the Interpersonal Model.
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
She defined nursing as a therapeutic, interpersonal process which strives to develop a nurse-patient relationship in which the nurse serves as a resource person, counselor and surrogate.
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
Defined nursing as having a problem-solving approach, with key nursing problems related to health needs of people; developed list 21 nursing problem areas
FAYE ABDELLAH
Developed the three elements – client behavior, nurse reaction and nurse action – compose the nursing situation. She observed that the nurse provide direct assistance to meet an immediate need for help in order to avoid or to alleviate distress or helplessness.
IDA JEAN ORLANDO
Described the Four Conservation Principles.
conservation of energy
conservation of structured integrity
conservation of personal integrity
conservation of social integrity
MYRA LEVINE
Developed the Behavioral System Model.
1. Patient’s behavior as a system that is a whole with interacting parts
2. how the client adapts to illness
3. Goal of nursing is to reduce so that the client can move more easily through recovery.
DOROTHY JOHNSON
Conceptualized the Science of Unitary Human Beings. She asserted that human beings are more than different from the sum of their parts; the distinctive properties of the whole are significantly different from those of its parts.
MARTHA ROGERS
Emphasizes the client’s self care needs; nursing care becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental or social needs.
DOROTHEA OREM
Nursing process is defined as dynamic interpersonal process between nurse, client and health care system.
IMOGENE KING
Stress reduction is a goal of system model of nursing practice. Nursing actions are in primary, secondary or tertiary level of prevention
BETTY NEUMAN
Presented the Adaptation Model. She viewed each person as a unified bio-psychosocial system in constant interaction with a changing environment. The goal of nursing is to help the person adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role function and interdependent relations during health and illness.
SISTER CALLISTA ROY
Introduced the notion that nursing centers around three components: person (core), pathologic state and treatment (cure) and body(care).
LYDIA HALL
Conceptualized the Human Caring Model. She emphasized that nursing is the application of the art and human science through transpersonal caring transactions to help persons achieve mind-body-soul harmony, which generates self-knowledge, self-control, self-care and self-healing.
JEAN WATSON
Introduced the Theory of Human Becoming. She emphasized free choice of personal meaning in relating to value priorities, co-creating of rhythmical patterns, in exchange with the environment and contranscending in many dimensions as possibilities unfold.
ROSEMARIE RIZZO PARSE
eveloped the Transcultural Nursing Model. She advocated that nursing is a humanistic and scientific mode of helping a client through specific cultural caring processes (cultural values, beliefs and practices) to improve or maintain a health condition
MADELEINE LENINGER
Abstract ideas or mental images of phenomena or reality
Often called the “building blocks” of theories
Concepts
A pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world
Include notions of reality that are largely unconscious or taken for granted
Paradigm
Concepts that can be superimposed on other concepts
Metaparadigm
Four major metaparadigms in nursing
Person
Environment
Health
Nursing
Supposition or system of ideas proposed to explain a given phenomenon
Attempt to explain relationships between concepts
Offer ways to conceptualize central interests of a discipline
Theory
also known as The Lady with the Lamp
Environmental Theory
Florence Nightingale (1860)
Defined nursing as: “the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery”
Florence Nightingale (1860)
FIVE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A HEALING ENVIRONMENT
OF NIGHTINGALE
- Ventilation
- Light
- Warmth
- Control noise
- Control odor
The Perspective Theory of Nursing
Ernestine Wiedenbach (1964)
“My thesis is that nursing art is not comprised of rational nor reactionary actions but rather of deliberative action.”
Ernestine Wiedenbach (1964)
According to Wiedenbach there are four elements to clinical nursing:
(1) philosophy,
(2) purpose,
(3) practice,
(4) art.
“The Nightingale of Modern Nursing”
“The 20th century Florence Nightingale.”
Virginia Henderson (1897-1996
VIRGINIA described the nurse’s role as:
o SUBSTITUTIVE (doing for the person)
o SUPPLEMENTARY (helping the person)
o COMPLEMENTARY (working with the person) - with the goal of helping the person
become as independent as possible
Patient-Centered Approaches
21 nursing problems
Faye Glen Abdellah (1960)
“First woman to become a surgeon general as a nurse”
Faye Glen Abdellah (1960)
States that nursing is the use of the problem-solving approach with key nursing problems
related to the health needs of people.
ABDELLAH’S THEORY
Theory of Human Caring
Margaret Jean Watson (1979)
The value of altruism (regard for others as a personal action) is learned at an early age. It is a value shared with parents. One’s own life experiences are learning opportunities
FORMATION OF A HUMANISTIC-ALTRUISTIC VALUE SYSTEM.
this provides a basis for looking into the healing power of belief, or the spiritual dimension, when curing is not possible.
INSTALLATION OF FAITH-HOPE.
Nurses promote “health and higher level functioning only when they perform person-to-person relationships as opposed to
manipulative relationships
CULTIVATION OF SENSITIVITY TO SELF AND OTHERS
both verbal and nonverbal, is a mode of accomplishing a helping-trust relationship to establish rapport and caring.
DEVELOPMENT OF A HELPING-TRUST RELATIONSHIP.
According to Watson, it is important to facilitate awareness of both negative and positive feelings to improve on one’s level of awareness.
PROMOTION AND ACCEPTANCE OF THE EXPRESSION OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEELINGS.
nurses have in assessing the issue of developing a scientific base because most of our time is dedicated to the performance of nursing tasks such as procedures and treatments.
SYSTEMATIC USE OF THE SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM-SOLVING METHOD FOR DECISION MAKING.
Through this factor, persons (clients) gain control over their own health because it provides them with both information and
alternatives.
PROMOTION OF INTERPERSONAL TEACHING-LEARNING.
Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing
Dorothea Orem (1971).
theory is based on the belief that the individual has a need for self-care actions and that nursing can assist the person in
meeting that need to maintain life, health, and well-being.
SELF-CARE DEFICIT THEORY OF NURSING
Orem’s 3 related theories:
(1) THE THEORY OF SELF-CARE
(2) THE THEORY OF SELF-CARE DEFICIT
(3) THE THEORY OF NURSING SYSTEMS
comprises the practice of activities that maturing and mature persons initiate and perform, within time frames, on their own behalf in the interest of maintaining life
Theory of Self Care
consists of activities that individuals carry out on their own behalf.
SELF-CARE
The human’s acquired ability or power to engage in self-care.
SELF-CARE AGENCY
Can be defined as “the reasons for which self-care is undertaken;
SELF-CARE REQUISITES
The Theory of Self-Care has three components:
Universal self-care needs
Developmental self-care needs
Health deviation
The Science of Unitary Human Beings, and Principles of Hemeodynamics
Martha Rogers (1970)
volving creature interacting with the environment in an open, adaptive manner-achieve maximum health in his environment
LIFE PROCESS MODEL
“Nursing is an art and science that is humanistic and humanitarian. It is directed toward the unitary human and is concerned with the nature and direction of human development.”
Martha Rogers (1970)
BEHAIORAL SYSTEM MODEL
Dorothy Johnson (1971)
“Each individual has a predisposition to act, with reference to the goal, in certain ways rather than in other ways”
Dorothy Johnson (1971)
The optimal functioning of the affiliative subsystem allows “social inclusion, intimacy, and the formation and maintenance of a strong social bond”.
ATTACHMENT OR AFFILIATIVE
“succoring” behaviors that precipitate nurturing
behaviors from other individuals in the environment.
DEPENDENCY
Relates to the behaviors surrounding the intake of food.
o It is related to the biological system, however, the emphasis for nursing, from Johnson’s perspective,
INGESTIVE
Relates to behaviors surrounding the excretion of waste products from the body.
ELIMINATIVE
Relates to behaviors concerned with protection and self-preservation.
AGGRESSIVE
Provokes behaviors that attempt to control the environment.
o Intellectual, physical, creative, mechanical, and social skills are some of the areas that Johnson recognizes.
ACHIEVEMENT
Adaptation Model
Sister Callista Roy (1979)
theory is grounded on humanism with the belief that a person has his own creative power and has coping abilities to enhance wellness.
Adaptation Model
transpires through neutral, chemical and endocrine processes like
the increase in vital signs-sympathetic response to stress
Regulator Subsystem
on the other hand, occurs through cognitive-emotive processes.
Cognator Subsystem
System Model in Nursing Practice
Betty Neuman (1972)
based on stress and the client’s reaction to the stressor. In this
model the client is the individual, group, family, or community.
Neuman systems model
Goal Attainment Theory
Systems Framework: Interacting and Open Systems Model
Imogene King (1971)
Assumption 2
o Focus is on the person and the three interacting systems:
i. Personal
ii. Interpersonal
iii. Social
She defined Nursing as “interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an individual who is sick or in need of health services and a nurse especially educated to
recognize, respond to the need for help.”
Hildegard Peplau (1952)
Foundation of Peplau’s framework
- Humane treatment
- Dignity & respect
- Healing discussion
Dynamic Nurse-Patient Relationship
o Nursing Process Discipline
Ida Jean Orlando (1961)
“The role of the nurse is to find
out and meet the patient’s immediate need for help. The patient’s presenting behavior may
be a plea for help, however, the help needed may not be what it appears to be.”
Ida Jean Orlando (1961)
Human To Human Relationship Model
Joyce Travelbee (1926-1973)
“The nurse is responsible for helping the patient avoid and alleviate the distress of unmet
needs.”
Joyce Travelbee (1926-1973)
Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality
Madeleine Leininger (1985)
Transcultural Nursing Model
Madeleine Leininger (1985)
Leininger presents three intervention
modes:
o Culture care preservation and maintenance
o Culture care accommodation, negotiation, or both
o Culture care restructuring and repatterning.
Theory of Human Becoming
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse (1981)
“Nursing is a scientific discipline, the practice of which is a performing art.”
Rosemarie Rizzo Parse (1981)
Life Perspective Rhythm Model
Joyce Fitzpatrick
The Theory of Nursing as Caring: A Model for Transforming Practice
Anne Boykin & Savina Schoenhofer
Health as Expanding Consciousness
Focus
Margaret Newman
the information of the system; the capacity of the system to interact with the environment
Consciousness
Humanistic Nursing
Josephine Paterson and Loreta Zderad
Core, Care, and Cure Model
Lydia hall
The Conservation Principles: A model for Health
Myra Levine (1977)
Model on Novice to Expert
Patricia Benner
“The nurse-patient relationship is not a uniform, professionalized blueprint but rather a kaleidoscope of intimacy and distance in some of the most dramatic, poignant, and
mundane moments of life.”
Patricia Benner
No experience (e.g., nursing student). Performance is limited, in- flexible, and governed by context-free rules and regulations rather than experience.
STAGE I: NOVICE
Demonstrates marginally acceptable performance. Recognizes the meaningful “aspects” of a real situation. Has experienced enough real situations to make
judgments about them.
STAGE II: ADVANCED BEGINNER
Has 2 or 3 years of experience. Demonstrates organizational and planning abilities.
Differentiates important factors from less important aspects of care. Coordinates
multiple complex care demands.
STAGE III: COMPETENT
Has 3 to 5 years of experience. Perceives situations as wholes rather than in terms of parts, as in Stage II. Uses maxims as guides for what to consider in a situation. Has holistic understanding of the client, which improves decision making. Focuses on
long-term goals.
STAGE IV: PROFICIENT
Performance is fluid, flexible, and highly proficient; no longer re- quires rules, guidelines, or maxims to connect an understanding of the situation to appropriate action. Demonstrates highly skilled intuitive and analytic ability in new situations. Is inclined to take a certain action because “it felt right.”
STAGE V: EXPERT
