Textiles and Leather Flashcards
1
Q
A flexible artificial material made up of a network natural/artificial fibers (thread or yarn) formed by weaving, knitting, or pressed into felt.
A
Textile
2
Q
Any material made through the various processes such as weaving, knitting, crocheting or bonding.
A
Fabric
3
Q
Any material made of interlacing fibers.
A
Textile
4
Q
Refers to a finished piece of fabric that can be used for varying purposes such as a bed cover, etc.
A
Cloth
5
Q
_____ fabrics dating from 5000 BC have been discovered in Egypt.
A
Linen
6
Q
Textiles that have been found from the Early Bronze Age in Scandinavia and Switzerland.
A
Woolen Textiles
7
Q
Has been spun and woven in India since 3000 BC
A
Cotton
8
Q
Has been woven in China since at least 1000 BC.
A
Silk
9
Q
This is the basic element of the textile. It is a fine, hair like strand that form the basis of a yarn.
A
Fiber
10
Q
These are short fibers, somewhat randomly arranged and loosely twisted, resulting in softer yarns. These are typically measured in centimeters or inches. All natural fibers except silk are in this type of fiber.
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Staple Fiber
11
Q
These are long & continuous fibers, usually measured in meters or yards, laid parallel to one another and tightly twisted to produce smooth, strong yarns.
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Filament Fiber
12
Q
Synthetic fibers are produced by extruding chemical solutions through a shower-head like device called _______
A
Spinneret
13
Q
Formed by twisting fibers together to create a continuous strand.
A
Yarn
14
Q
Composed of staple fibers twisted together.
A
Staple Yarn
15
Q
Composed of continuous strands made from either a spinneret generated synthetic fiber or from silk.
A
Filament Yarn
16
Q
Textiles are evaluated in what criteria?
A
- Durability
- Elongation
- Tenacity
- Fabric Absorbency
- Resiliency
17
Q
The textile’s ability to resist wear through continuous use.
A
Durability
18
Q
Usually defined as the ultimate breaking force of the fiber (in gram-force units)
A
Tenacity
19
Q
A textiles elasticity.
A
Elongation
20
Q
The ability of a fabric to take in moisture.
A
Fabric Absorbency
21
Q
A material that has a strong affinity for water/ strong absorption of water.
A
Hydrophilic
22
Q
A material that has a lack of affinity with water
A
Hydrophobic
23
Q
A material’s ability to absorb humidity from the air.
A
Hydroscopic
24
Q
The ability of a material to spring back into shape.
A
Resiliency.
25
This kind of fibers are from animal, plant, or mineral sources.
Natural Fiber
26
A kind of fiber that is man-made and thoroughly modern, most having developed in the 20th century.
Synthetic Fiber
27
The first synthetic fiber - began commercial production in 1939.
Rayon
28
Synthetic Fibers are __________, meaning that they soften and melt when heated.
Thermoplastic
29
The most commonly used plant fiber. A vegetable or cellulosic fiber which comes from the balls of the ________ plant. Known for its comfort and wicks away moisture along the fiber and through the fabric.
Cotton
30
A processed version of cotton made into cloth that resembles satin.
Shiny Cotton
31
Extra long staple Cotton produced in Egypt and favored for the luxury and upmarket brands worldwide
Egyptian Cotton
32
A kind of cotton that has no synthetic additives when finished.
Green Cotton
33
A cotton produced through a process wherein the cotton is readied for spinning refining process wherein impurities are removed through _________.
Carded Cotton
| Carding
34
Carded Cotton that is then refined and _________ to the long to produce a finer high-end yarn. Stronger and smoother product.
Combed Cotton
35
Fine long fibers that are less prone to linting and shedding. Supima and Egyptian Cottons are examples
Long Staple Cotton
36
What are the 3 classifications of cotton? Based on their quality.
- Egyptian Cotton
- Pima Cotton
- Upland Cotton
37
Highest quality cotton formed from the rich soil of the "Nile River". A cotton that is for luxury and upmarket brands worldwide.
Egyptian Cotton
38
Next to Egyptian cotton's quality and primarily grown in Peru, the southwestern United States and Australia. Trademark "Supima"
Pima Cotton
39
Next to Pima cotton's quality. Native to Mexico, the West Indies, northern south America, central America and possibly tropical Florida. Also known as Mexican Cotton
Upland cotton
40
A fiber that is taken from the seed pod of the Java _____ tree. It was once used extensively for stuffing pillows and seat cushions. It is very lightweight and nonabsorbent, making it popular as a stuffing for personal flotation devices because it can support about 30 times its weight in water.
Kapok
41
Probably the oldest fiber ever woven into fabric. It doesn't lint and resists fraying and seam slippage. One of the major disadvantages of linen is that it wrinkles and creases readily.
Flax (Linen)
42
A fiber which resembles flax. It is made from the stem and stalk of a plant that primarily grows in India. It is harsh, brittle, lints badly, and wrinkles easily, limiting its use primarily to carpet and linoleum backing.
Jute
43
A fabric that is often made from Jute.
Burlap
44
A fiber that is taken from the stems of the Cannabis Sativa Plant. Originally used in ropes and sacks.
Hemp
45
Also known as Abaca, derived from the Musa textilis plant. It is mainly grown in the Philippines. The latter is widely considered that finest rope made and it is very resistant to damage from saltwater.
Manila Hemp
46
Sometimes called as China grass or grass linen. It has been tested to be 3-5 times stronger than cotton and twice as strong as flax.
Ramie
47
A fiber that is highly elastic, flexible, and impermeable to water and air. Extruded from latex.
Natural Rubber
48
A fiber that is made from Banana fibers.
Jusi
49
Made from the leaves of the Pineapple plant and is commonly used in the Philippines. Major use of such is in the creation of the Barong Tagalog and other formal wear.
Pina
50
A fiber that is sheared from domesticated animals, primarily sheep. An excellent fiber for use in carpets. It is self-extinguishing and burns slowly. it stops burning when the flame source is removed.
Wool
51
The oil that is removed from wool during its fiber processing.
Lanolin
52
A type of wool that is warm and lightweight. Its softest and finest among any UK breed.
Shetland Wool
53
A type of wool that is taken from the Merino sheep.
Merino Wool
54
A wool taken from a lamb's first shearing.
Virgin Wool
55
A wool that's been used to make one product, then used to make something else. Also called "reclaimed wool and or shoddy wool".
Recycled Wool
56
A high quality wool that is manufactured in a state in England since 18th century. Its name is taken from the state where it is manufactured.
Worsted Wool
57
A fiber taken from camel, goat, mohair, alpaca, llama, the vicuna (the rarest) and horsehair.
Hair
58
A fiber that is taken from the lowly Kashmiri Goat. It is said to be the fiber of Kings, and is so luxurious that the Arc of the Covenant of the Old Testament was said to be lined and curtained with it.
Cashmere
59
It is the finest wool sheared from the undercoat of Himalayan Mountain goats.
Pashmina
60
Woven with the down hair of the Tibetan antelope (chiru).Now banned for possession and sale because the Chiru is an endangered species.
Warmest Fabric.
Shahtoosh
61
A silk-like fabric or yarn made from the hair of the ANGORA GOAT.
Mohair
62
A fiber that is considered the most beautiful of all fibers due to its marvelous, natural luster. Comes from the cocoons of the silkworm.
Silk
63
Finest cultured silk yarn, made from the longest filaments.
Organzine or Thrown Silk
64
A silk that uses shorter strands and have less luster and sheen.
Tram, Spunsilk or Bourette
65
From wild, uncultivated silkworms.
Tussah
66
Fiber formed by two silk worms that spun their cocoons together in an interlocking manner.
Duppion/Dupioni
67
It is considered one of the finest fabrics in the world and produced from the cocoons of Thai silkworms.
Thai Silk
68
A type of mineral fiber that is completely fireproof and was used for many years in firefighters' apparel, in ironing board covers, and in other hazardous industry applications. It's fibers are insoluble and have barbed edges.
Asbestos
69
Threads of gold, silver or copper often woven into filmy casements or wall hangings.
Metal Fibers
70
The first synthetic fiber. It is called the "poor man's silk" or "artificial silk".
Rayon
71
A company that developed acetate and triacetate fibers.
Celanese Corp
72
A thermoplastic fiber that is easily damaged by heat and easily wrinkled. A compound of cellulose acetate (derivative of cellulose), it is generally heat-treated against wrinkling, is washable, fast-drying, and does not shrink.
Acetate
73
An almost pure cellulose acetate developed by the Celanese Corp. in 1954.
Triacetate
74
Developed by E.I Dupont de Nemours and Co. in 1939. Strongest of all fibers, it is highly elastic with good elongation and recovery properties. It is the most popular carpet fiber.
Nylon
75
Developed by DuPont Co. in 1950 under the trade name Orion. It uses staple fibers which are crimped before cutting and then mechanically bulked for an insulative, fluffy, wool-like effect.
Acrylic
76
Developed by the Union Carbide in 1949. Resistant to acids and alkalis. A flame resistant fiber used for draperies and casement cloths.
Modacrylic
77
Developed by the Hercules Inc. in 1961 from a by-product of petroleum. It continues to increase in popularity as a carpet fiber. It is being used as upholstery for airplane seats for many years.
Olefin (Polypropylene and Polyethylene)
78
This fiber's invention in 1953 was led through DuPont's discovery of Nylon. It's a fiber often used for hospital cubicle curtains because of its resistance to air-born and oil-borne dirt as well as its low moisture absorbency. It is washable and drip-dry.
Polyester
79
This fiber was first produced in fiber form in the mid-1800s. One of its most important characteristic is its inherently resistant to flame. It best used as drapery or casement cloth. Owen-Coming's trade name for this fiber is Fiberglas.
Glass Fiber
80
A chemical fiber with make up similar to Nylon. It resembles silk in luster, weight, color feel and drapability but it can be ironed at high heat like cotton.
Polynude Nylon
81
A synthetic fiber that is used for outdoor furniture upholstery and screening. It is unaffected by sunlight, easy-to-care, wrinkle resistant and abrasion resistant.
Saran
82
A manufactured elastomeric fiber that can be repeatedly stretched over 500% without breaking and will still recover to its original length. This permits manufacturers to add stretch to fabrics without altering hand or appearance.
Spandex
83
A synthetic fiber which is marketed under the trade names of Nomex and Kevlar. Nomex as a high-temperature-resistant fiber used in apparel such as firefighters' cloting and spacesuits. Kevlar which is an incredibly strong fiber that is stronger than comparably sized steel. It is also used in bullet-resistant vests.
Aramids
84
The matting together of fibers to form a web by moisture, pressure, and heat. It results in continuous dense cloth that is firm, slightly fuzzy and comparatively low in tensile strength.
Felting
85
Produced originally in sheet forms through extrusion through a wide die, forming in molds or rolling between rollers. Sheet is a finished product in highly varied forms that is thick and opaque, leather like, suede-like softness, embossed, etc.
Films
86
A method of fabric formation that utilizes machinery wherein blunt rods or needles are used to form a single continuous yarn into a series of interlocking loops.
Knitting
87
Who constructed the first knitting machine?
Reverend William Lee
88
The term used for the vertical stitches in knitting.
Wales
89
The term used for the horizontal stitches in knitting.
Courses
90
A type of knitting stitches that produce a smooth-face material. Used in making fine, thin, or sheer fabrics.
Plain Stitches
91
A type of knitting stitches that produce a line of wales on both sides of the fabric causing the fabric to be very elastic.
Rib Stitches
92
A type of knitting stitches formed by holding one loop on a needle while taking on one or more additional loops and then casting all of them onto another needle.
Tuck Stitches
93
A type of knitting stitches that have successive courses of stitches drawn to opposite sides of the fabric, thereby making it very elastic in the lengthwise direction and quite elastic in the crosswise direction.
Purl Stitches
94
A type of knit fabric construction made on a circular machine and produces a tubular fabric without seams.
Circular Knit
95
A type of knit fabric construction made with 2 sets of needles to give a ribbed or corrugated surface to the fabric.
Ribbed Fabric
96
A type of knit fabric construction made by having the needles arranged in a straight line.
Flat Outerwear
97
A type of knit fabric construction made on a machine with only one set of needles.
Flat Underwear
98
A type of knitted fabric that is knitted with a double stitch on a double needle frame to provide a double thickness that is the same on both sides.
Double Knit
99
A type of knitted fabric that is a special type of eight-lock knit cloth that has a smooth surface on both sides.
Interlock Knit
100
A plain stitch knitted fabric.
Jersey
101
A type of knitted fabric produced by silver knitting, a method of knitting both yarn and fiber into a fabric to provide an exceptionally deep pile effect.
Knit Pile
102
A type of knitted fabric known for its high gauge, lightweight, fine texture and appeal in hand. The warps always move in the opposite direction with the full threading or color arrangement to produce a run-proof fabric.
Milanese Knitted
103
A type of knitted fabric that has one kind of yarn on the face while another type is found on the back of the goods.
Plated
104
A type of knitted fabric that is versatile and can be made from every type of yarn of any type of fiber in any form.
Rachel Knit
105
A type of knitted fabric knitted on a single-needle machine. It has less body, substance, and stability than double knit.
Single Knit
106
A type of warp-knitted fabric that has a thin texture since it is made from fine yarn. It is taken from the French verb "tricoter", which means to knit.
Tricot
107
A popular knit fabric with properties that are similar to woven velour.
Velour
108
The interweaving or intertwining of 3 or more strands of yarn or other material so that the strands pass over and under one another.
Braiding
109
These are fabrics made by braiding natural plant fibers.
Straw
110
A fine, lightweight, expensive straw with a dull finish.
Baku
111
A fine, lightweight, glossy straw obtained from unopened palm leaf stems.
Balibuntal
112
A fine, braided straw, made from special wheat grown in Tuscany that has been cut, bleached and worked by hand.
Leghorn
113
A fine, closely braided straw.
Milan
114
A fine, hand-braided, creamy colored Toquilla straw made primarily from Ecuador.
Panama
115
A fine, yellow straw woven from the tops of bleached wheat stalks grown in Tuscany.
Tuscan
116
The intertwining and sometimes knotting of yarns that run in 2 or more directions. This method is used to make nets, macrame (knotted) and laces.
Twisting
117
The interlacing of warp and filling or weft yarns, usually at right angles.
Weaving
118
The lengthwise edges of the fabric.
Selvages
119
A method of weaving where one weft thread passes over each warp thread.
Plain Single Weave
120
A type of plain single weave when the weave is balanced in sequence or over and under so the warp and weft yarn have the same count per square inch. Also known as tabby or taffeta weave.
Regular Weave
121
A type of plain single weave when the warp and weft differ because of the different weight and textures of the yarn. Also called Unbalanced weave.
Irregular Weave
122
A method of weaving where 2 or more weft threads are interlaced into the same number of warp threads..
Plain Double or Basket Weave
123
A method of weaving when the weft yarn is heavier than the warp yarn with the result of a diagonal texture becoming more apparent.
Rib Weave
124
A method of weaving wherein each warp yarn passes over and then under the weft yarns as in the plain weave, but the sequence is started slightly higher or lower on each successive yarn meaning it is offset by one thread from the previous weft thread. This results to an appearance of a predominantly diagonal pattern.
Twill Weave
125
A weave that emphasizes the continuous weft yarn with as few interruptions of warp as possible. The warp yarns skip 4 to 7 weft yarns.
Satin Weave
126
Fabrics that are woven in such a way as to create loops or piles that stand out from the surface of the fabric. The fabric is woven with 3 fibers, the warp, the weft, and an extra set of either warp or weft fibers.
Pile Weave
127
Created by weaving one of the 2 sets of warp yarns into a plain weave to create a solid back, while lifting the second set of warp yarns by means of a hook to form a loop slightly higher than the backing weave.
Velvet Pile
128
Same process used as in the velvet pile, except that the lifted yarns remain uncut. It may be combined with the velvet pile to form "corduroy" like effect.
Frise
129
Made by weaving warp and weft yarns alternatively over and under the warp threads to form a pictorial/ornamental design.
Tapestry
130
The most famous early Egyptian Christian tapestry weavers who are sent by Romans to Gaul (now France) to teach weaving.
Copts
131
He perfected a swinging loom in 1757 that enabled the weaver to check the front of his work easily.
Jacques Vaucanson
132
The fineness of a tapestry is judged though what?
Number of wefts to the centimeters
133
A type of weaving in which extra warp and weft yarns are added to the fabric during the weaving. Also known as inlay-pattern weaving.
Extra warp and weft pattern weaves
134
Term used for inlay weaves.
Brocades
135
A type of weaving that account for many of the durable and beautiful fabrics used today. Warp-faced pile weave and matelasse are the most common.
Double-cloth Weaves
136
A type of weaving wherein the Leno and Gauze weave are classified.
Open or Lace-like Weaves
137
A loose weave in which the warp threads are wound in half twists around each other and around a filler yarn, alternating in position on each row to form a knot to keep the yarn from slipping.
Leno
138
An open/lace-like weave wherein filling yarns are encircled by 2 warp yarns twisting around each other. Used for sheers and semi sheer fabrics.
Gauze
139
Weaves in which uneven tension in either weft or warp yarns produces and uneven surface effect.
Tension and texture-related weaves
140
One of the most commonly used decorative tension and texture-related weaves.
Brocatelle
141
The term used for fabrics that just came out of the weaving looms or knitting machines wherein they are still rough, full of blemishes and impurities.
Grey of greidge goods
142
A kind of fabric finish that lasts until the fabric is washed/ dry-cleaned.
Temporary Finish
143
A kind of fabric finish that lasts longer than temporary finish but it may become unsatisfactory with the passing of time.
Durable Finish
144
A kind of fabric finish that lasts until the garment is of service.
Permanent Finish
145
A fabric finish that include those finishes that affect the texture and appearance of the cloth. They are common finishes applied to the majority of the fabrics produced.
General Finish
146
A fabric finish that include those which affect the performance of the cloth. They are also called functional finishes because they give the fabric special service feature which improves its properties and functions.
Special Finish
147
A fabric finishing process for linen wherein the fabric is hammered, and the yarns are flattened by the impact of wooden mallets.
Beetling
148
An example of a fabric from Abaca which has undergone beetling.
Pinukpok
149
A fabric finishing process that is done before the dyeing or printing processes which makes the fabric white and impurities are removed. Necessary to increase the fabric's ability to absorb dyestuff uniformly.
Bleaching
150
The chemicals used for the fabric bleaching process.
Peroxide or Chlorine bleaching compounds
151
A wool fabric finishing process to prevent creases of other forms of uneven shrinkage. A stretching process wherein the cloth passes over rollers in hot water/steam.
Crabbing
152
A fabric finish process that improves the appearance, enhance luster and hand of the material.
Decating/Decatizing
153
A type of decatizing process where the cloth is wound on a perforated drum, between layers of a blanket, then steam passes through from the inside to the outside layers.
Dry Decatizing Process
154
A type of decatizing process where the cloth is wound on a roller and treated in a hot water or steam boiler which also has a vacuum system. This process may help overcome uneven or blotchy dyeing.
Wet Decatizing Process
155
An important fabric finish applied to wool fabrics. A pre-shrinking process which involves the application of moisture, heat, friction and pressure. Gives the fabric a fuller more compact body.
Fulling
156
Discovered by John Mercer. A fabric finish process wherein fabrics are treated with a strong caustic soda under tension to increase its strength, reduce shrinkage and give it greater absorbency for dyes.
Mercerizing
157
The mercerizing agent used for the mercerizing fabric finish process.
Anhydrous or liquid ammonia
158
A fabric finishing process for the purpose of removing the fuzz of protruding fibers. Accomplished by quickly passing the fabric over jets of flames or white-hot metal plates. The cloth is then immersed in water to prevent from catching fire.
Singeing or Gassing
159
A fabric finishing process where the cloth is filled with starch to increase strength, smoothness, stiffness or weight of the fabric.
Sizing or Dressing
160
A fabric process that straightens and restores the cloth to its proper dimensions after going through other processes that tend the fabric to pull out of shape and become irregular in width.
Tentering, stentering or heat-setting
161
A chemical treatment to make a fabric bacteria resistant. It imparts a self-sterilizing quality to a fabric by inhibiting the growth of a broad spectrum of bacteria, including odor-causing germs.
Antiseptic Finish
162
A familiar trade name in the market today for an antiseptic finish on fabrics and ready-to-wear clothing items.
Sanitized by Sanitized, Inc.
163
A chemical treatment applied to synthetic fabrics to prevent the accumulation of static electricity. This finish adds a water-attracting chemical to the fabric which will carry off the electrical charges.
Anti-static Finish
164
Treating the fabrics with synthetic resins that makes them resistant to wrinkling or creasing.
Crease-Resistant Finish
165
A chemical treatment to enable fabrics to retard inflammability.
Flame Retardant Finish
166
The most effective flame-proofing compound.
Ammonium Sulphonate
167
A fabric finish obtained through chemical and mechanical means to achieve a glazed surface.
Glazed Finish
168
A fabric finish that makes a fabric suitable for either hot or cold weather wherein metallic particles are bonded to a drapery or garment lining fabric of various types of construction. It is also called insulated finish
Heat-Reflectant Finish
169
A chemical finish applied to a fabric to prevent the growth of mildew and mold.
Mildew Resistant Finish
170
A chemical finish to make fabrics resistant to attack by moths and carpet beetles. Also known as moth-proofing finish.
Moth-Resistant Finish
171
A mechanical finish of subjecting the surface of a fabric to a brushing process to raise the fiber ends thus creating a surface fuzziness. It creates a soft fabric and provides warmth because of the insulative air cells in the nap.
Napping
172
A typical example of a napped fabric.
Flannelette
173
A fabric finish that eliminates relaxation shrinkage by overfeeding a fabric onto a dyeing frame and applying stretch in the crosswise direction of the fabric or applying controlled compression forces parallel to the surface of the fabric, pushing together the warp yarns, thus releasing the weaving strains.
Shrink-Resistant Finish
174
The finish given to loosely constructed fabrics by immersing it in synthetic resits. It is then stretched and dried under tension.
Slip-Resistant Finish
175
A chemical finish given to rug and upholstery fabrics to repel soil and stain using Silicone. The use of fluorocarbon compounds not only repel water-borne stains but also oil-borne stains.
Soil and Stain Resistant Finish
176
A fabric finish also referred to as the drip-dry finish wherein the fabrics of this finish will dry smoothly and need little or no ironing after washing/
Wash and Wear Finish/ Mini-care Finish
177
A chemical finish that makes fabric resistant to wetting but not waterproof. One advantage of this fabric is it is also spot-resistant.
Water-Repellent Finish
178
A fabric finish that totally coats the fabric thus closing the pores and enabling it to shed water under all pressure. These fabrics are non-breathable.
Waterproof Finish
179
A kind of a fabric colorant that are soluble substances which penetrate into the fabric & fixed by a chemical action, heat or other treatments.
Dyes
180
A kind of a fabric colorant that are insoluble color particles which are held on the surface of a fabric by a binding agent.
Pigment
181
A colored water-soluble organic compounds, mainly salts of sulfuric acid. These dyes receive its name from the acidic nature of the dye liquor.
Acid Dyes
182
The oldest among the artificial dyes and have the power of neutralizing acids. These are colored salts of organic bases which are soluble in water.
Basic Dyes
183
These dyes form a very important group of coloring matters since they will color both protein and cellulosic fibers. This dye achieves very bright full colors for the fabric.
Direct or Salt Dyes
184
Formerly called acetate dyes, they were originally developed for acetate fibers.
Disperse Dyes
185
A dye used for cotton, linen and viscose rayon. The color is developed by additional treatment. Used for women's apparel that must withstand frequent washings.
Developed Dyes
186
These are water-soluble organic dyes which have affinity for cellulosic in an alkaline bath. Dyeing using this dye can be done either by padding or by thermosol process.
Reactive Dyes
187
Dyes that are made by reaction of sulfur with organic compounds. They are injurious to protein fibers (animal fiber) and can only be used on vegetable materials.
Sulfur Dyes
188
The fastest dyes for cotton, linen, viscose, and cuprammonium rayon. It is now considered the most satisfactory of all dyestuff.
Vat Dyes
189
The dyeing of man-made fibers in a solution before filament is formed.
Solution Dyeing
190
The dyeing of fibers before yarns are spun and woven into fabric.
Fiber Dye or Stock Dye
191
The yarns are dyed before they are woven into checks, plaids, stripes or herringbone designs.
Yarn Dye
192
Dyeing of cloth after fabrication. Also known as dip-dyeing.
Piece Dye
193
A type of piece dyeing wherein the open fabric passes back and forth through a stationary dye bath.
Jig Dyeing
194
The fabric is continuously immersed without strain to the fabric.
Winch, Reel, or Beck Dyeing
195
A dyeing process wherein dye is squeezed deeper into yarns of the fabric by running the fabric through the dye bath and between rollers.
Pad Dyeing
196
A dyeing process wherein 2 or more fibers are placed in a dye bath containing 2 or more different dyes. Then, each fiber will be dyed by the dye for which it has an affinity.
Cross Dye
197
A dyeing process wherein the fabric from one fiber is dyed one color.
Solid Dyeing
198
A dyeing process that mixes dyes for fabrics made from 2 or more fibers so that the fibers will dye the same color.
Union Dye
199
A type of fabric design that is produced in the process of making the fabric. These are made possible through yarn type and arrangement as well as through weaves, knits, and variations.
Structural Designs
200
A type of fabric design that is placed on the fabrics after they have been made. Classified as printing and applied designs other than printing.
Applied Designs
201
The oldest method of printing design on fabrics by carving the design on a wooden, rubber or metal block then pressed down firmly by hand on the fabric until the color and design are transferred.
Block Printing
202
A fabric printing method wherein the design is cut on a cardboard, wood or metal. Then, the color is applied penetrating only the cut portions. It is limited to one color.
Stencil Printing
203
A fabric printing method that used acids for printing wherein one of the fibers is burned, leaving a lacy or shear-and-heavy design.
Burn-out Printing
204
A fabric printing method wherein the color is discharged/removed from the fabric through chemicals, thus, creating a design.
Discharge/Extract Printing
205
The machine counterpart of hand block printing wherein the designs are engraved on rollers and as the fabric passes between them, the design is imprinted on the fabric.
Roller Printing
206
A fabric printing method that creates a design which appears on the face and back of the fabric, simulating a woven pattern.
Duplex Printing
207
A fabric printing method wherein a resist paste is stamped on the fabric creating a design which is unaffected when immersed on a dye bath.
Resist Printing
208
An example of resist printing that was first used in Indonesia.
Batik Printing
209
A fabric printing method that is almost the same as developing a photograph wherein the fabric is covered with chemicals that are sensitive to light.
Photo Printing
210
A fabric printing method that uses chemicals to produce the puckered design.
Plisse Printing
211
A fabric printing method that is printed usually with the use of rollers before they are woven into a fabric. This type of printing is sometimes used for expensive cretonnes and upholstery fabrics.
Warp Printing
212
A type of fabric printing wherein the design is first drawn on silk, nylon or metal screen. Then, a lacquer coating is applied to all parts of the screen. It is then put on top of the fabric to be printed.
Screen Printing
213
A fabric printing process wherein the papers are printed with disperse dyestuff which when heated, transfer their colors to the fabric.
Transfer Printing
214
A fabric designing method wherein the designs are put in the fabric by painting the color directly to the cloth with the use of a brush.
Free-Hand Painting
215
Applying one piece of fabric to another larger piece. The motif may be a single piece of fabric or numerous pieces forming a design when stitched down. The stitching is worked around the edges of the motif.
Applique
216
Raised designs found on the surface of the fabric. Can be produced through the use of special machines which press the designs in the fabric while it is under conditions of heat, moisture and steam.
Embossed Designs
217
Tiny pieces of fiber, called flocks are made to stick to the fabric. The fabric is printed with an adhesive after the flocks are dusted to it, making them adhere to the adhesive to form the design.
Flocked Designs
218
Cut out designs held to the fabric surface by the use of glue or an adhesive.
Glued or Pasted Designs
219
A fabric design often referred to as having a "watered appearance". This can be made possible through the use of a special machine which produces this effect while the fabric to be designed is under conditions of heat, pressure and moisture.
Moire Design
220
A processed animal skin, mostly that of cattle.
Leather
221
The skin of a fully grown cow. Such skins are large hides, ranging from 4.6 sq.m to 5.5 sq.m
Cattle Hide
222
What is the term for the center portion of a cattle hide that yields the best quality hide?
Bend
223
The hide of a young animal and is considerably smaller, about 2.3 sq. m to 3.2 sq. m. Characterized by its softness, suppleness and fine grain.
Calfskin
224
A type of leather that possesses the genuine original grain of the hide wherein the surface has not been sanded, buffed, snuffed, embossed or altered in any way. These constitute the most expensive type of hides.
Full-Grain Leather
225
The second highest quality of leather where the
| "split" layer is separated away, making it thinner and more pliable than full-grain.
Top-Grain Leather
226
Any leather that has had an artificial grain applied to its surface.
Corrected-grain Leather
227
A leather that is created from the fibrous part of the hide that is left, once the top-grain has been separated. the inside layer is often finished as suede,
Split Leathers
228
A leather that has undergone a type of tanning process that uses animal brains, or other fatty materials to alter it. The resulting supple, suede-like hide, is usually smoked to prevent it from rotting.
Buckskin or brained leather
229
A type of leather that has been given a high gloss finish. It is usually black, and is coated with lacquer on the final finishing process to give it its characteristic glossiness.
Patent Leather
230
A leather that is also known as stingray skin/leather. It is used in furniture production since the art deco periods.
Shagreen
231
The leather from the skin of unborn calves. It is particularly soft and is highly valued.
Slink
232
Also known as 'reconstituted leather', it is composed of 90-100% leather fibers, bonded together with latex binders to create a look and feel similar to that of leather but only a fraction of the cost.
Bonded Leather
233
A split leather with a layer of polyurethane applied to the surface, and then embossed. Originally made for the shoe industry, it was recently adopted by the furniture industry.
Bycast Leather
234
A method used to preserve the hide. It puts the life back into a leather hide by replacing the gelatinous materials found in the skin with solutions. It makes the leather strong, supple and enduring.
Tanning
235
The leather tanning solution that is based on chromium salts. Mineral tanned hides accept dyes well, including rich, vibrant colors. About 90% of leather today is tanned by this method. It does not discolor or lose shape as drastically in water
Mineral Tanning
236
The leather tanning solution based from the tree bark, typically oak, and water. The hides are submerged in the solution, and tannins from the bark swell the hides. This tanning solution have a heavier feel and a distinct smell. It is not stable in water since it tends to discolor, and if left soak and dry it will shrink and become less supple and harder.
Vegetable Tanning
237
This leather tanning method produces a hide that is quite supple, with a limited acceptance of dyes.
Combination Tanning
238
A process of coloring the leather and helping it protect from hard wear. Dyeing, embossing and water-or stain-proofing may be part of this process.
Finishing
239
What are the two types of finishing dyes for a leather?
- Aniline Dye-
| - Semi-aniline Dye
240
A cotton fabric with a printed design of white and contrasting color.
Bandana
241
A rib weave, usually done in a minute brick fashion, giving pebbly appearance. A granular texture is achieved by the short broken weaves in the filling direction. Usually made of silk, worsted wool, synthetic fibers or a combination of these. Originally made as a mourning cloth.
Barathea
242
A fabric created to simulate bark of trees. It is usually made from cotton and is textured. Oftenly printed with large vines, leaves and florals. Used for draperies, slipcovers and other home furnishings.
Bark Cloth
243
A fine, medium weight soft, semi-sheer smooth fabric usually made of cotton or cotton blends. It is named for Jean Baptiste, a French linen weaver.
Batiste
244
Refers to any style of fabric that has beads embroidered into design.
Beaded Fabric
245
A cord cotton-like fabric with raised ridges in the lengthwise direction.
• High strength
• High durability
• Used for upholstery and work clothes
Bedford Cord
246
A sturdy warp-faced fabric with pronounced cross-wise ribs formed by bulky and coarse pile yarns or rubber threads. It originated in Bengal, India and is used for dresses, coats, trimmings and draperies.
Bengaline
247
A fabric that is often compared to fur because of its soft texture, it is very lightweight and warm. It is made when the yarn that is knitted into fabric is brushed with wire brushes to pull the material together to fluff it up. The resulting end fabric has a looped, soft pile, with large air pockets which serves to improve the insulating properties of the fabric.
Berber Fleece
248
A fabric that has a small geometric pattern with a center dot resembling a bird's eye. It is woven on a Dobby loom, with heavier filling yarns that are loosely twisted to make the material more absorbent. It is very soft, lightweight and absorbent, and woven with a loosely twisted filling to increase absorbency.
Birdseye
249
2 or more fabric layers held together with adhesive or a fusible layer.
Bonded
250
A fabric that has a ring appearance formed by drawn-out loop yarns on the face of the goods. It is from the French word "buckled", ringed or curled.
Boucle
251
A carpet woven on widths of 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 feet.
Broadloom
252
A rich Jacquard woven fabric of an all-over interwoven design of raised figures of flowers with the pattern emphasized by contrasting surfaces or colors, of which all are done in low relief.
Brocade
253
A tightly woven jacquard fabric with a warp effect in the figure, which is raised to give a puffed appearance. The puff is created by several kinds of fillings, tension-weaving of a linen or nylon that shrinks after the heating process.
Brocatelle
254
A twill weave cotton denim fabric that is soft but tough as nails. It is durable and heavier than regular denim.
Bull Denim
255
A plain, closely woven, inexpensive cloth, with all-over print, usually of a small floral pattern which is discharge or resist printed onto a white or contrasting background color. It originated in Calcutta, India.
Calico
256
A fabric that has an even weave that is heavy and firm for industrial or heavy duty purposes. It is used for clothing but formerly used for tents and sails. Mostly a rugged, and heavy material made from plyed yarns. Also referred to as "duck".
Canvas
257
One of the softest fabric made. It is very lightweight, with a soft plain weave fabric with a slightly brushed surface. Usually printed with a delicate floral pattern. It was named from the Anglo-Indian term "shalee", meaning soft.
Challis
258
A fabric woven from chenille yarns and has a fuzzy pile. It is named from the French word meaning caterpillar. Used mainly for decorative fabrics, embroidery, tassels and rugs.
Chenille
259
A fabric with a broken twill or herringbone weave, creating a design of wide V's across the width of the fabric.
Chevron
260
A thin, diaphanous or gauze-like soft flimsy fabric but is strong despite its flimsy look. It wears very well and is very difficult to handle.
Chiffon
261
A glazed cotton fabric often printed with bright figures and large flower designs. End uses include draperies, slipcovers, skirts, summer dresses and shirts.
Chintz
262
What is the term for an unglazed Chintz.
Cretonne
