Textbook/Readings

Question 1

evidence-based treatment

Answer 1

therapies based on research & supported by research

Question 2

empiricism

Answer 2

using evidence from the senses (or instruments that assist senses) as the basis for conclusions

Question 3

weight of the evidence

Answer 3

collection of studies (& replications) of the same theory

Question 4

falsifiability

Answer 4

a hypothesis that, when tested, could fail to support the theory

Question 5

probabalistic

Answer 5

findings don’t explain all cases all of the time

Question 6

average inter-item correlation (AIC)

Answer 6

average of all correlations

all calculated for each item

Question 7

cronbach’s alpha

Answer 7

combines AIC & number of items in scale

closer to 1.0 => better reliability

Question 8

Lamm et al. (2018) study 1 results

Answer 8

Success=> 69.7% Nso vs. 28% German
Tasted/Ate=> 28.9% Nso vs. 49.6% German
Avg delay times=> 7.73 min Nso vs. 4.56 min German

Question 9

Brown & Greenfield (2021) results

Answer 9

Communication Changes
-79% reported change in at least 1 form with family & 76% with friends
-Moreso women than men (76% vs. 69.6%; 79.6% vs. 64%)

Communcation & Well-Being
-Increase in communication with family/friends => Increased life satisfaction & positive emotions
-Increased with friends associated with life satisfaction (but not with family)

Age & Communication Shifts
-Younger age associated with video communication
-No age association with phone calls/texts

Question 10

possible patterns of results for cross-lag measures:

Answer 10

1. Early x with later y
2. Early y with later x
3. Both true

Question 11

using Beta

Answer 11

-One for each predictor variable
-Positive => Positive correlation btwn predictor & outcome
-Negative => Negative correlation ^^
-Regression doesn’t = causation

Question 12

parsimony

Answer 12

degree to which a scientific theory provides the simplest explanation of some phenomenon

Question 13

Lamm et al. (2018) study 2 results

Answer 13

-alpha = 0.0055
-German parents rated psychological autonomous goals > hierarchal relation goals (most significant to personal interests & developing preferences)
-Nso parents rates hierarchal > autonomous (obedience & respect of elders)
-Nso mothers structured play more often than German mothers (0.82 vs. 0.52)
-More breaks with German mothers (0.18 vs. 0.08)
-Wait time average=> 7.44 min Nso vs. 4.81 min German

Question 14

systematic variability

Answer 14

certain things only work in one condition (random assignment issue)

needs to by UNsystematic for internal validity

Question 15

combined threats

Answer 15

-Selection history threats
-Selection attrition threats

Question 16

selection history threats

Answer 16

an outside event/factor affects only those in one level of an IV

Question 17

selection attrition threats

Answer 17

only one of the experimental groups experiences attrition

Question 18

double-blind study

Answer 18

neither Ps nor researchers (who evaluate them) know who is in the treatment vs. comparison groups

Question 19

masked design

Answer 19

Ps know which group they’re in, but observers do not