Textbook Quizzes Flashcards by Jordyn Therkildsen

How does a holistic perspective influence the way anthropologists conduct cultural research?

Anthropologists explore the ways that cultural elements are connected.

Anthropologists treat each aspect of culture as an isolated entity.

Anthropologists recognize that individual cultures are really variations of one world culture.

Anthropologists treat all cultural phenomena as equally valid.

Anthropologists explore the ways that cultural elements are connected.

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By employing a comparative perspective, anthropologists are able to accomplish which of the following?

Extrapolate ideal social models from cultures that no longer exist.

Determine universal cultural patterns as well as document cultural diversity.

Judge all cultures according to universal standards.

Draw on other disciplines in the social sciences to confirm findings.

Determine universal cultural patterns as well as document cultural diversity.

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Which of the following summarizes what anthropologists mean by symbolic culture?

the objects people use on a daily basis and how they are manufactured

instinctual behaviors that are acquired through genetic inheritance

the aspects of a culture that can be considered artistic

the thoughts and ideas people have and how they convey them to others

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You are writing a thesis on the costumes and jewelry women wear for puberty initiations in a West African society. Which of the following is your primary focus of study?

the biological culture of the society

an aspect of the society’s material culture

a feature of the community’s symbolic culture

universal patterns of cultural aesthetics

an aspect of the society’s material culture

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How is anthropology uniquely positioned to add insights into the processes of globalization?

The comparative perspective of anthropology offers a window into how cultures change over time.

The comparative approach allows anthropologists to judge which cultures should participate in the growing global economy.

The holistic perspective of anthropology gives researchers the tools to conduct more comprehensive analyses.

The holistic approach gives anthropologists insights into what a global culture will eventually look like.

The comparative perspective of anthropology offers a window into how cultures change over time.

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What is ethnology?

a detailed description of a single culture based on long-term fieldwork

the comparison of ethnographic data in order to generate theories that explain cultural processes

the set of cultural traits accepted as universals by most anthropologists

the process of recording the observations and interviews conducted during ethnographic research

the comparison of ethnographic data in order to generate theories that explain cultural processes

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Which of the following correctly summarizes two of the opposing views surrounding female genital mutilation (FGM)?

Opponents feel it should be stopped because it causes long-term health issues, while proponents say it conveys positive messages about womanhood.

Opponents believe that girls are too young to undergo the ritual, whereas proponents feel that girls mature more quickly in the cultures where FGM is practiced.

Opponents say that the practice does little to control female sexual behavior, whereas proponents argue that the practice adequately decreases female sexual desire.

Opponents oppose the practice on the grounds that there is no comparable practice for men, while proponents feel that men do have their own initiation rituals that serve a similar purpose.

Opponents feel it should be stopped because it causes long-term health issues, while proponents say it conveys positive messages about womanhood.

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Which of the following is a cultural practice that has had an impact on the spread of malaria in West Africa?

A diet that included yams made people more susceptible to malaria.

Clearing land for farming created breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

Inheritance of the sickle-cell trait offered protection against malaria.

People migrating to West Africa from rain forest regions brought malaria with them.

Clearing land for farming created breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

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An archaeological excavation revealed an ancient site with a mix of large, elaborately constructed buildings and smaller, simpler dwellings. In addition, the site included burials in which some people were interred with jewelry and pottery while others were not. Which of the following would be a reasonable conclusion?

Members of the society had differential access to wealth and power.

Men and women were valued differently in the society.

The society encouraged the public observance of religious ceremonies.

The site dates to a time when human ancestors first began to show cultural behaviors.

Members of the society had differential access to wealth and power.

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Which of the following summarizes the role of ethnocentrism in terms of how missionaries and government officials approached the potlatch rituals of the Pacific Northwest?

The missionaries took a religious position whereas the government officials approached the subject from a political and economic angle.

They attempted to participate in potlatches, but were forbidden from doing so because they were not indigenous.

Individuals from both missionary and government camps disagreed as to whether potlatches should be eliminated or promoted.

They could not recognize the cultural value of the potlatch because they thought the right thing to do was to accumulate wealth.

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Why were applied archaeologists working near Lake Titicaca interested in recreating ancient farming methods?

They wanted to confirm that their research results were correct.

They wanted to create an educational site that was open to the public.

They wanted to see if ancient farming techniques would work in different environments.

They wanted to help local farmers increase their productivity.

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Which of the following is an example of a project that would fall under the category of applied anthropology?

interviewing members of a community in order to figure out the best way to provide access to medical care while respecting local healing traditions

uncovering the remains of an ancient farming settlement in Turkey to investigate early agricultural techniques

examining the skeletal remains and DNA of an early human ancestor to learn more about human evolution

comparing how men and women use language in different social-settings cross-culturally and analyzing how these differences are related to gender ideologies

interviewing members of a community in order to figure out the best way to provide access to medical care while respecting local healing traditions

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Construction on a new highway that will run through an ancient religious site is about to begin. In order to assess the impact of the construction project and salvage the site, a person working in which of the following fields should be called in?

ethnographic research

forensic analysis

cultural resource management (CRM)

paleoanthropology

cultural resource management (CRM)

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Which of the following is the best summary statement about applied anthropology?

It is the most recent of the four major subfields of anthropology.

It is the most important of the four major subfields of anthropology.

It draws from and intersects with the four major subfields of anthropology.

It is the oldest aspect of anthropology.

It draws from and intersects with the four major subfields of anthropology.

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A forensic anthropologist would work on which of the following projects?

creating genealogies that show the relationships among members of an elite sector of a horticultural society

establishing whether or not a deceased individual was the victim of war crimes

documenting the stylistic similarities of pottery types found in a particular geographic region

tracing the origins and development of the human species

establishing whether or not a deceased individual was the victim of war crimes

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Employing anthropology’s holistic perspective can offer a better understanding of which of the following?

how to apply indigenous knowledge to develop better pharmaceuticals

how all living things are connected with one another and the environment

how gender expectations are connected to economic patterns

how humans and chimpanzees evolved from a common ancestor

how gender expectations are connected to economic patterns

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Which of the following best summarizes what is meant by globalization?

People are joined through networks of power, communication, and exchange across many geographical areas.

In today’s world, economic and political values are spread exclusively through entertainment and media.

Most processes of culture change occurred during the era of European conquest and ended with the decline of European imperialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

People participate in a uniform world culture.

People are joined through networks of power, communication, and exchange across many geographical areas.

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Which of the following approaches to studying Balinese basketry would Marcus take to acknowledge the integration of symbolic and material culture?

documenting the physical properties of the basket, including its shape, material composition, and design motifs

researching how basket-making techniques and tools have changed over time

comparing Balinese baskets to those produced on neighboring islands

examining how the basket is used and constructed in relation to local forms of exchange, food production, and gender expectations

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Which of the following statements about anthropology’s comparative perspective is true?

It produces theories that are applicable to all cultures throughout time and space.

It reinforces our cultural assumptions about human nature.

It facilitates a better understanding of one’s own culture as well as culture change over time.

It allows the application of a holistic approach to understanding cultural phenomena.

It facilitates a better understanding of one’s own culture as well as culture change over time.

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Why is the work of linguistic anthropologists who are documenting indigenous languages considered critical?

Indigenous languages are similar to the original language spoken by our earliest ancestors.

Indigenous languages are better able to communicate concerns of the current era of globalization and will soon dominate the world’s linguistic landscape.

Many indigenous languages are on the verge of extinction.

Global entrepreneurs need to learn indigenous languages in order to take advantage of new consumer markets.

Many indigenous languages are on the verge of extinction.

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Why are lactase-deficiency, skin color, and lung capacity of interest to biological anthropologists?

They are connected to health issues that affected ancient human populations.

They are biological variations that humans share with other primates and offer insights into human evolution.

They are connected to the spread of cancer and other fatal diseases among contemporary populations.

They are examples of human biological diversity related to the intersection of biology, the environment, and culture.

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Which of the following statements accepts cultural relativism while rejecting ethical relativism?

Cultures should be understood on their own terms, but not used to excuse violence and other harmful practices.

All ethical systems are equally valid, just as all cultures are equally valid.

All cultures are equally valid, and there is no ethical reason to judge cultural practices.

Cultures with harmful practices should be modified to comply with a universal code of ethics.

Cultures should be understood on their own terms, but not used to excuse violence and other harmful practices.

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Which of the following summarizes the basic difference between the methods used by archaeologists and cultural anthropologists?

Archaeologists rely on an analysis of material culture and physical remains, while cultural anthropologists conduct primary research with living people.

Archaeologists use techniques that have scientific validity, while cultural anthropologists use interpretive methods that are more subjective.

Archaeologists collect data on fossils and skeletal remains, while cultural anthropologists combine written and oral sources in their research.

Archaeologists draw on historical data in order to study how cultures change over time, while cultural anthropologists conduct fieldwork exclusively.

Archaeologists rely on an analysis of material culture and physical remains, while cultural anthropologists conduct primary research with living people.

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A good example of applying anthropological understanding and perspectives in a nonacademic setting is which of the following?

a biological anthropologist using the methods of forensic anthropology to assist a police department in solving a crime

a cultural anthropologist conducting ethnographic research in an urban area

a biological anthropologist tracing population movements based on the distribution of physical adaptations to the environment

a primatologist attempting to teach American Sign Language to a chimpanzee he/she has raised at home

a biological anthropologist using the methods of forensic anthropology to assist a police department in solving a crime

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Which of the following correctly matches the type of applied anthropologist with an appropriate sector of employment? linguistic anthropologist and a public works construction company cultural anthropologist and business corporation forensic anthropologist and community health clinic contract archaeologist and university museum

cultural anthropologist and business corporation

Which of the following would be an example of how an applied cultural anthropologist might be involved in a legal dispute between a government and an indigenous community over land rights? The anthropologist might offer court testimony concerning the social importance of ancestral lands to the indigenous community. The anthropologist might assist university students in staging a protest against government encroachment. The anthropologist might conduct a DNA analysis of the indigenous inhabitants to ascertain how long they had been living in the region. The anthropologist might document and analyze indigenous religious beliefs and ceremonies connected to improving the land’s fertility.

The anthropologist might offer court testimony concerning the social importance of ancestral lands to the indigenous community.

Which of the following differentiates the work of anthropologists from that of sociologists? a concern with power and authority a focus on the material aspects of people's lives an emphasis on the way culture influences behavior an interest in how relationships are organized within a society

an emphasis on the way culture influences behavior

Which of the following best describes what "fieldwork" encompasses for a cultural anthropologist? surveying an area in order to determine the geographic and political boundaries of a cultural group living for an extended period of time among a group of people in order to document their beliefs and behaviors administering questionnaires over a two-week period in order to collect demographic data conducting background research at university libraries and public archives

living for an extended period of time among a group of people in order to document their beliefs and behaviors

Which of the following assumptions made by early cultural anthropologists has been discarded by contemporary researchers? Anthropologists should conduct research on populations that live in urban areas as well as in rural areas in order to create a richer comparative perspective. Anthropologists should focus their research on small societies that have been isolated from Western influences because they serve as a "natural laboratory" for investigating the human condition. Anthropologists should attempt to learn about their own cultural biases in order to develop better understandings of other cultures. Anthropologists should collect objective data rather than record subjective impressions in order to arrive at a more scientific understanding of social behavior.

Anthropologists should focus their research on small societies that have been isolated from Western influences because they serve as a "natural laboratory" for investigating the human condition.

How does linguistic anthropology differ from the general field of linguistics? It focuses on the analysis of the grammars and vocabularies of languages. It recognizes the importance of linguistic diversity. It includes the study of how languages change over time. It focuses on the social and cultural dimensions of language.

It focuses on the social and cultural dimensions of language.

Which of the following is characteristic of all definitions of culture? They discuss how culture changes due to external and internal forces. They focus, at least in part, on how some cultures are more advanced than others. They include statements about human behavior, group activities, and shared knowledge and beliefs. They recognize the important role of the individual in forming cultural ideas.

They include statements about human behavior, group activities, and shared knowledge and beliefs.

Which of the following fall under the category of cultural behaviors? the religious beliefs, ethical values, and origin stories of a specific community a society’s shared moral code as well as the personal values of individual members only those actions that occur with a high frequency in all societies and show little cross-cultural variation the activities involved in acquiring food, creating shelter, and providing leadership

the activities involved in acquiring food, creating shelter, and providing leadership

When people design homes, they consider the relationships of the people who will live there, whether specific areas should be public or private, the local climate, and available building materials. All of these considerations draw on which of the following? social skills individual preferences cultural knowledge environmental adaptations

cultural knowledge

Which of the following statements about culture and globalization is accurate? The culture spread through globalization is homogeneous and monolithic. Globalization focuses on economic exchange and political ideology and excludes other aspects of culture. While many forces of globalization are tied to only a few dominant cultures, the opportunity for resistance from local cultures also exists. Every culture is transmitted equally through the processes of globalization.

While many forces of globalization are tied to only a few dominant cultures, the opportunity for resistance from local cultures also exists.

Why did Edward Tylor stress the idea that members of a society, rather than simply individuals, acquire culture? Cultural acquisition is a formally organized process involving many participants. Only societies that have advanced through several levels of civilization can be considered to have culture. People must be formally organized socially and politically before they can develop a culture. People learn and transmit culture through their interactions with one another.

People learn and transmit culture through their interactions with one another.

Which of the following illustrates the premise that cultures are integrated systems? differences in the cultural knowledge possessed by occupational classes the ability to make warm clothing for use in cool climates a society that uses formal and informal enculturation processes religious laws that dictate how food should be obtained, processed, and consumed

religious laws that dictate how food should be obtained, processed, and consumed

Which of the following is brought about through the sharing of cultural models and norms? advanced civilizations a diversity of subcultures social cohesion the elimination of individual differences

social cohesion

How does gender affect cultural distinctions within a society? Men and women typically have different tasks to do in the home and the community. Women typically do not participate in the culture of society. Men typically do not participate in the culture of society as fully as women do. Gender typically does not cause cultural distinctions within societies since men and women perform the same roles in most cultures.

Men and women typically have different tasks to do in the home and the community.

An American woman assuming that it is her responsibility to make breakfast and change the baby's diapers illustrates which of the following? syncretism a naturalized concept the process of assimilation acculturation

a naturalized concept

What do the long-term problems caused by the technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution reveal about culture? Cultures can thrive even if they are not shared among most members of a society. Some cultural practices may be maladaptive. Some cultures are not integrative. Not all cultural practices are learned.

Some cultural practices may be maladaptive.

Which of the following is an example of a revitalization movement? A prophet from a colonized cultural group leads his people in a return to traditional cultural practices. Religious officials from two different cultures exchange ideas and beliefs in order to improve social circumstances. A shaman performs a traditional healing ceremony for a member of the colonial elite. Religious leaders from a dominant culture require members from a subordinate culture to convert.

A prophet from a colonized cultural group leads his people in a return to traditional cultural practices.1

Which of the following best illustrates a reactive adaptation? A minority cultural group violently reacts against oppression from the dominant cultural group. A society constantly develops, defines, and directs its cultural and ethnic identity as cultural changes take place. A society borrows musical styles from neighboring cultures and integrates them with their own. A child learns her culture by watching older members of her community perform and discuss tasks.

A minority cultural group violently reacts against oppression from the dominant cultural group.

Which of the following is an example of cultural diffusion? the simultaneous invention of writing systems in widely separate regions ancient renderings on cave walls in Europe, South Africa, and Australia the inception of agriculture in the Americas and Middle East the adoption of pottery styles and motifs by neighboring villages

the adoption of pottery styles and motifs by neighboring villages

An indigenous group is colonized by a European culture. Within the span of two generations the indigenous group has given up its traditional culture for the culture of the colonizers. This indigenous group’s experience illustrates which process of culture change? assimilation syncretism acculturation enculturation

assimilation

How do evolutionary biologists today differ from the social Darwinists of early cultural anthropology? Evolutionary biologists today believe that all humans equally possess the capacity for culture and adaptation. Evolutionary biologists today believe that while all human cultures are equally complex, not all human groups have culture. Evolutionary biologists today believe that all human cultures are equal and that they are all advancing at an equal rate. Evolutionary biologists today believe that while all human beings possess culture, some cultures are more evolved than others.

Evolutionary biologists today believe that all humans equally possess the capacity for culture and adaptation.

Tessa is a development anthropologist. Which of the following is a project she might work on? researching the effects of culture change on the neurological development of young children advising a multinational corporation on how to better infiltrate the global market working with local farming communities to create more efficient irrigation systems in dry climates tracing the history of colonial influences on indigenous populations

working with local farming communities to create more efficient irrigation systems in dry climates

Which of the following have the greatest impact on globalization today? the United Nations and World Health Organization Christian missionary movements multinational corporations environmental protection agencies

multinational corporations

How are many indigenous cultures affected by globalization? Many indigenous groups are growing stronger as their culture is spread and appreciated around the world. Most indigenous cultures remain completely unaffected by globalization. Many indigenous cultures are losing their traditional ways of life as a result of globalization. Many indigenous cultures are gaining lands and resources as a result of globalization.

Many indigenous cultures are losing their traditional ways of life as a result of globalization.

How does the idea of homogenization differ from hybridization? In the homogenization model, people are resisting membership in a global culture. In the hybridization model, globalization is creating one uniform global culture. In the homogenization model, globalization is creating one uniform global culture. In the hybridization model, people are resisting membership in such a global culture. In the homogenization model, people are resisting membership in a global culture. In the hybridization model, globalization is creating cultural diversity as people combine elements from multiple cultures. In the homogenization model, globalization is creating one uniform global culture. In the hybridization model, globalization is creating cultural diversity as people combine elements from multiple cultures.

In the homogenization model, globalization is creating one uniform global culture. In the hybridization model, globalization is creating cultural diversity as people combine elements from multiple cultures.

In addition to cultural knowledge, culture includes which of the following? people's social and cultural skills and behaviors the biological needs human beings share as a species the genetic inheritance that helps people function in their social and physical environments an individual's attitudes and preferences for certain ways of life

people's social and cultural skills and behaviors

The way culture is shared may vary according to which of the following? a person's social status and age, but not gender a person's gender, but not social status or age a person's age or gender, but not social status a person's age, gender, or social status

a person's age, gender, or social status

In one society, canoes and fishing techniques are used to provide a dietary mainstay for the community, whereas in another they are central to leisure activities. In the first society, canoes and fishing techniques would be part of the society’s __________. cultural knowledge material culture cultural core cultural norms

cultural core

What are the implications of the idea that cultures are integrated? Cultural changes will tend to produce better environmental adaptations. Changes in one cultural sector are likely to lead to changes in another. All members of a society share cultural models more or less equally. It is impossible to introduce new elements into an already established culture.

Changes in one cultural sector are likely to lead to changes in another.

What does it mean for culture to be adaptive? Cultures tend to become more sophisticated and civilized over time. People make cultural changes in response to the environment that enhance their chances of survival. People go to great lengths to keep their culture static in order to preserve their traditional ways of life. Members of a culture change their personal practices from day to day in order to meet their changing needs.

People make cultural changes in response to the environment that enhance their chances of survival.

A child plays a game in which she imitates her mother cooking dinner. This illustrates which of the following? a formal process of cultural learning the formal application of cultural knowledge an informal process of enculturation an informal method of acculturation

an informal process of enculturation

Which of the following is the best example of a symbol? a member of a culture recognizes that smoke rising in the distance indicates a fire has started a member of a culture displays a flag to indicate allegiance to her country a member of a culture hums to himself while he works outdoors a member of a culture cries while experiencing grief or pain

a member of a culture displays a flag to indicate allegiance to her country

How does a subculture differ from a counterculture? A counterculture is the dominant culture in a society; a subculture is an oppressed minority culture in a society. A counterculture is a group with different ways of life from the people in the larger society; a subculture is a group that is in active opposition to the culture of the larger society. A subculture is a group with different ways of life from the people in the larger society; a counterculture is a group that is in active opposition to the culture of the larger society. A subculture is the dominant culture in a society; a counterculture is an oppressed minority culture in a society.

A subculture is a group with different ways of life from the people in the larger society; a counterculture is a group that is in active opposition to the culture of the larger society.

Which of the following is an example of syncretism? Jewish immigrant groups from Russia maintained their ethnic and religious identity, while adopting some cultural practices from the mainstream, dominant culture. Neighboring cultural groups in Mesoamerica exchanged agricultural methods and technology. Native Americans followed the teachings of a prophet who promised social improvement. West Africans brought to the Caribbean as slaves combined the characteristics of spirits from their native religions with those of Catholic saints to create new religious beliefs and practices.

West Africans brought to the Caribbean as slaves combined the characteristics of spirits from their native religions with those of Catholic saints to create new religious beliefs and practices.

Why is “culture history” a more apt term than “cultural evolution”? “Cultural evolution” implies that culture change is an external process whereas “culture history” implies that culture change is an internal process. “Cultural evolution” implies that cultures improve over time whereas “culture history” implies that cultural change is neutral. “Cultural evolution” implies that cultures change over time whereas “culture history” implies that cultures remain static. “Cultural evolution” implies that cultural change is biologically driven whereas “culture history” implies that cultural change is politically driven.

“Cultural evolution” implies that cultures improve over time whereas “culture history” implies that cultural change is neutral.

How does colonization or conquest typically result in cultural change? The colonizers and the indigenous groups form a new culture that contains an equal balance of cultural practices from both the colonizers and the colonized. The colonizers and the indigenous groups form a new culture that does not contain the cultural practices from their old cultures. Indigenous peoples are often forced to conform to at least some of the cultural practices of the colonizers. The colonizers often adopt many of the cultural practices of indigenous peoples.

Indigenous peoples are often forced to conform to at least some of the cultural practices of the colonizers.

In what way was social Darwinism based on faulty reasoning? It ignored outside events and developments that allowed some cultures to dominate others. It failed to bring Western societies into its analyses. It failed to apply models of biological change to cultural development and change. It was based on the false premise that cultures become less advanced over time.

It ignored outside events and developments that allowed some cultures to dominate others.

People who support the concept of hybridization believe that globalization is accomplishing which of the following? prompting non-European cultures to resist a single world culture preserving traditional cultures around the world from Western domination transmitting Western culture at the expense of cultural variation promoting cultural vitality as societies combine elements of a global culture with their traditional cultures

promoting cultural vitality as societies combine elements of a global culture with their traditional cultures

How has globalization changed over the last few hundred years? Globalization today is happening faster and on a larger scale than ever before. Globalization today is happening on a much smaller scale than it did in the 1500s and 1600s. Globalization today involves the spread of Asian cultures rather than the spread of European cultures. Globalization today is happening at a slower rate than it did in the 1500s and 1600s.

Globalization today is happening faster and on a larger scale than ever before.

How does assimilation differ from acculturation? Acculturation involves abandoning one’s culture voluntarily whereas assimilation involves being forced to abandon one’s cultural identity. Acculturation involves abandoning one’s culture for the dominant culture whereas assimilation involves maintaining one’s original cultural identity. Assimilation involves abandoning one’s culture voluntarily whereas acculturation involves being forced to abandon one’s cultural identity. Assimilation involves abandoning much of one’s culture for the dominant culture whereas acculturation involves maintaining much of one’s original cultural identity while still interacting with the dominant culture.

Assimilation involves abandoning much of one’s culture for the dominant culture whereas acculturation involves maintaining much of one’s original cultural identity while still interacting with the dominant culture.

Why have researchers attempted to teach nonhuman primates visual forms of language rather than spoken language? Nonhuman primates already possess spoken language in the form of call systems. Nonhuman primates are not intelligent enough to learn spoken language. Nonhuman primates do not hear as well as humans. Nonhuman primates do not have the physical vocal structures necessary to produce human spoken language.

Nonhuman primates do not have the physical vocal structures necessary to produce human spoken language.

Which of the following statements about the productivity feature of language is true? Language is directly connected to a society’s economic output. Nonhuman primate communication shares this feature with human language. English is more productive and useful than other European languages. The number of unique utterances possible in human language is unlimited.

The number of unique utterances possible in human language is unlimited.

The fruit called “apple” in English is called “manzana” in Spanish and “pomme” in French. What does this example illustrate about the nature of human language? A characteristic feature of human language is displacement. Words are derived from inherent qualities in the objects they represent. The association between sounds and what they represent is arbitrary. Human languages employ a finite number of words.

The association between sounds and what they represent is arbitrary.

Why are animal sounds that indicate food sources considered similar to human utterances that involve displacement? There is no restriction on the number of vocalizations that can be used. They simultaneously express concrete information and abstract feelings. They help organize collective tasks. They reference objects that are not in the immediate vicinity.

They reference objects that are not in the immediate vicinity.

In what way is a phoneme different from a phone? It is drawn from the entire range of possible human vocal sounds. It is part of the sound repertoire of a spoken language. It is the minimal unit of sound that possesses meaning. It is the minimal unit of sound that serves to distinguish the meaning of one word from another.

It is the minimal unit of sound that serves to distinguish the meaning of one word from another.

Why is the concept of "interactional meaning" important in linguistics? because the same words can have different meanings depending on the speakers' relationships and the setting and context of the linguistic exchange because human language is an effective means of communicating across cultural divides because each word in a language can only have one true meaning that is fixed morphologically and syntactically because meaning can only be conveyed among people who have a history of personal interaction

because the same words can have different meanings depending on the speakers' relationships and the setting and context of the linguistic exchange

In English, word order often follows this pattern: subject, verb, object. This pattern would be of interested to someone studying which of the following? syntax phonetics phonemics semantics

syntax

According to universal semantics, which units of meaning would apply to the term “mare”? countable, nonhuman, adult work animal, long-lived, domestic horse, hoofed animal, warm-blooded four-legged, tamable, herd animal

countable, nonhuman, adult

Which argument supports the proposition that “-ed” is a morpheme in English? It is a set of sounds that conveys the meaning of past tense. It is used in grammatical constructions in English, but not in other languages. It must be pronounced with a /d/ sound at the end; any other sound changes its meaning. It must be attached to another word in order to convey meaning.

It is a set of sounds that conveys the meaning of past tense.

Humans and primates show similarities in which of the following forms of nonverbal communication? the use of biologically based signals to orchestrate group activities the expression of emotion through facial cues hugging to indicate close kinship or friendship gestures associated with hunger and thirst

the expression of emotion through facial cues

What effect has globalization had on the human use of gestures? A few gestures have been adopted widely throughout the world across many different cultures. Nonverbal behaviors from politically dominant countries have supplanted local gesturing practices. The use of innate, biologically based gestures has become more frequent. An international language of gestures has been adopted by most developed nations.

A few gestures have been adopted widely throughout the world across many different cultures.

Which of the following distinguishes an emblem from other forms of body language? Emblems have universally ascribed meaning and are read identically by people from different cultural backgrounds. Emblems are always accompanied by vocal statements. Other forms of body language are silent. The ability to use emblems to communicate is instinctual and biologically based rather than learned. An emblem has acquired a specific meaning and may be substituted for spoken words.

An emblem has acquired a specific meaning and may be substituted for spoken words.

Based on the findings of both the Israeli study concerning intercultural communication and primate studies of nonverbal communication, which of the following would be a legitimate conclusion? Much of human, nonverbal communication is the result of cultural learning rather than biological predisposition. Verbal language must have developed from nonverbal gestures. All nonverbal communication has a biological basis that makes it universally intelligible. Human males and females use fewer gender-specific gestures than other primates.

Much of human, nonverbal communication is the result of cultural learning rather than biological predisposition.

Linguistic diversity in the United States is primarily the result of which of the following? a history of immigration the educated elite's interest in multilingualism the revitalization of indigenous languages the formation of regional dialects

a history of immigration

Which of the following statements about African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is correct? AAVE is the standard dialect of the southern United States. AAVE is only spoken at home with members of older generations. AAVE contains many English pronunciation errors. AAVE has fully developed rules of syntax.

AAVE has fully developed rules of syntax.

In addition to curbing the loss of indigenous languages, revitalization programs can be expected to have which of the following results? better educational performance by indigenous students attending public schools reducing the need to translate between indigenous and European languages the merging of distinct ethnic identities among indigenous language speakers the preservation and transmission of indigenous beliefs, values, and knowledge

the preservation and transmission of indigenous beliefs, values, and knowledge

Which of the following statements summarizes the basic premise of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? The grammatical structures of language are derived from the universal biological capacities of humans. Languages with fewer verb tenses are connected to cultures that have not fully developed. Languages with larger vocabularies are more sophisticated than those with smaller vocabularies. The way people think is influenced by the language they speak.

The way people think is influenced by the language they speak.

What is the particular strength of the Bridge AAVE-based reading program? It combines cultural and linguistic aspects of reading that are familiar to the children. It teaches children to translate from Standard English into their vernacular language. It shows children the errors inherent in vernacular language and teaches them to use Standard English correctly. It allows children to exclusively use their vernacular language in writing and reading classes.

It combines cultural and linguistic aspects of reading that are familiar to the children.

Which of the following illustrates a communication failure based on the misunderstanding of a cultural presupposition? A Mexican tourist in Spain uses vocabulary unique to her native Spanish dialect rather than the local one. An marketing campaign uses words with positive connotations in order to sell a new product. A Navajo speaker does not use coercive verbs in the same way an English speaker does. An American responds to a passerby's query of "How are you?" with a detailed account of his current medical problems.

An American responds to a passerby's query of "How are you?" with a detailed account of his current medical problems.

An “ethnography of communication” would include which of the following? a comparison of words in a language’s vocabulary based on specified units of meaning detailed descriptions of the participants, setting, and topics of discussion related to a specific speech event phonetic descriptions of all the dialects of a language spoken in a defined geographical region the phonology, morphology, and syntax of the language spoken by a specific ethnic group

detailed descriptions of the participants, setting, and topics of discussion related to a specific speech event

Which of the following differentiate computer-mediated communication (CMC) from other forms of written communication? Participants use different fonts to convey emphasis. Participants have no way of establishing cultural identity. Participants regularly use abbreviations and sentence fragments. Participants are unable to read situational cues to help them interpret meaning.

Participants regularly use abbreviations and sentence fragments.

Which of the following would you expect to discover from the componential analysis of a language used in an agricultural society? special grammatical markers indicating which plant foods are the most nutritious a vocabulary with specialized words for farming tools, types of soil, and stages of plant development jargons related to agriculture and the collection of wild foods an abundance of metaphors based on nature imagery

a vocabulary with specialized words for farming tools, types of soil, and stages of plant development

How do cultural presuppositions and pragmatics assist in human communication? Cultural presuppositions and pragmatics are used to develop writing systems. Pragmatics and cultural presuppositions reduce biases that can occur during speech events, facilitating clearer communication. Cultural presuppositions and pragmatics allow the same language to be used effectively by different cultural groups. Spoken language allows room for multiple interpretations. Cultural presuppositions and pragmatics help speakers convey the particular meanings they intend.

Spoken language allows room for multiple interpretations. Cultural presuppositions and pragmatics help speakers convey the particular meanings they intend.

Proponents of linguistic nationalism would advocate for which of the following? using regional dialects in official documents promoting linguistic change in the face of globalization replacing the official national language with a lingua franca preventing the adoption of loan words from other languages

preventing the adoption of loan words from other languages

What is usually responsible for “linguistic lag?” the inability of a language to keep up with changing cultural beliefs and practices the disappearance of a language that has fallen into disuse an increase in specialized vocabulary that reflects cultural priorities refusals by government authorities to allow national languages to change

the inability of a language to keep up with changing cultural beliefs and practices

What is the distinction between dialects and languages? Dialects are mutually intelligible; languages are not. Languages derive from different parent languages; dialects derive from the same parent language. Languages are mutually intelligible; dialects are not. Dialects have variable grammatical structures. The grammatical structures of languages have been standardized.

Dialects are mutually intelligible; languages are not.

Which of the following correctly states the relationships among creoles, pidgins, and lingua francas? Creoles can develop from pidgins. Pidgins and creoles may become lingua francas. Lingua francas and pidgins can both develop into creoles. Pidgins are simplified creoles. Lingua francas are derived from the dominant languages. Pidgins develop from creoles, which then become lingua francas.

Creoles can develop from pidgins. Pidgins and creoles may become lingua francas.

The English word “mother” is “mutter” in German and “matar” in Sanskrit. What does the similarity of these words indicate? The words are cognates, and the languages are likely to be related. English and German, being newer languages, must have developed directly from Sanskrit. English, German, and Sanskrit are dialects of the same parent language. Forces of globalization encouraged German and Sanskrit speakers to borrow the word from English.

The words are cognates, and the languages are likely to be related.

What purpose would multilingualism serve in a small-scale society? to organize better defenses against enemies to allow individuals to express themselves freely to facilitate social and economic exchanges with other cultural groups to allow members of different social classes to communicate

to facilitate social and economic exchanges with other cultural groups

Why are some educational programs in Peru translating world literature into Quechua? to bring the nation’s educational curriculum up to global standards to supplant Spanish as the national language to increase the public use of Quechua and offset its decline to replace indigenous culture with a modern way of life

to increase the public use of Quechua and offset its decline

What accounts for the current wide use of Spanish and French throughout the world? the predominance of French and Spanish courses taught in schools throughout the world the worldwide enjoyment of French and Spanish cultures the simplicity of their grammatical structures the legacy of former colonial powers

the legacy of former colonial powers

Which of the following would you recommend to a community that wishes to revitalize a vanishing language? Translate all written materials into the dominant language and host public cultural events in the dominant language. Focus on using the language in private settings and incorporate the dominant language into local cultural practices. Only speak the language at public events, teach the language to people outside the community, and integrate the vanishing language into the dominant language. Teach the language in school, translate reading material into the language, and host community celebrations during which the language is spoken.

Teach the language in school, translate reading material into the language, and host community celebrations during which the language is spoken.

What impact do you expect Internet use to have on the diversity and distribution of human languages? Internet use in some cases will encourage linguistic homogeneity rather than diversity. Internet use will prevent people from using languages that are in danger of extinction. Internet use will reverse the spread of colonial languages. Internet use will create a public forum where all languages are used equally.

Internet use in some cases will encourage linguistic homogeneity rather than diversity.

The displacement feature of human language makes which of the following possible? creating new words and sentences expressing ideas through arbitrary sound combinations commanding someone to run from immediate danger telling someone about what happened yesterday

telling someone about what happened yesterday

What was the basic assumption of the 1996 Oakland, California, project in which African American children were taught in both Ebonics and Standard English? Children would master concepts better if they learned those concepts in Standard English first and then in their own dialects. Children would master concepts better if they learned them in their primary dialect. This would aid them in mastering Standard English. Children would master concepts better if they translated concepts from Standard English into their own dialects. Children would master concepts better if they learned those concepts in their primary dialect and in Standard English simultaneously.

Children would master concepts better if they learned them in their primary dialect. This would aid them in mastering Standard English.

Which statement best summarizes the effect of globalization on the languages of the world over the past 500 years? The total number of languages has drastically decreased, with a few languages becoming globally dominant. The total number of languages has gradually increased, corresponding to an increase in global migration. The number of world languages has increased to match the number of indigenous languages. The total number of languages has remained constant throughout the process of globalization.

The total number of languages has drastically decreased, with a few languages becoming globally dominant.

Pidgins differ from creole languages in that they have which of the following? more grammatical complexity fewer borrowed words simpler syntax and reduced vocabularies elements taken from more than two languages

simpler syntax and reduced vocabularies

In American advertising, men often assume dominant postures, and women assume deferential postures. What is this an example of? nonverbal gender-specific behavior the universal nature of body language the cultural syntax of gender intercultural communication between men and women

nonverbal gender-specific behavior

Unlike other forms of animal communication, human language allows speakers to do which of the following? express moods and emotions notify others of danger transmit cultural knowledge relay information about the location of food sources

transmit cultural knowledge

Noam Chomsky’s concept of a universal grammar is linked to which of the following ideas? All languages use the same basic word order in their syntax. It is impossible to translate the nuances of one language into another. Contemporary languages are derived from an ancient, common language. The human brain has a built-in capacity for language learning.

The human brain has a built-in capacity for language learning.

Which of the following procedures would help determine the phonemes in a language? Record all the basic units of sound that are used in a specific language. Compare nearly identical words in order to isolate the smallest sound components that differentiate their meanings. Identify the suffixes, prefixes, and roots of core vocabulary words and the meanings they convey. Compare the grammatical structure of sentences in two different languages in order to determine basic syntactic patterns.

Compare nearly identical words in order to isolate the smallest sound components that differentiate their meanings.

Which of the following statements about intercultural communication is accurate? When someone does not speak another’s language, they can rely on gestures and emblems to communicate effectively. Understanding nonverbal cues and gestures is not necessary as long as the same language is spoken. As with spoken language, the meanings of gestures, intonations, and body language vary from one culture to the next. Although gestures and emblems may not be understood cross-culturally, intonations and other vocalizations are comprehended uniformly across cultures.

As with spoken language, the meanings of gestures, intonations, and body language vary from one culture to the next.

If people in two regions speak the same language but use different pronunciations for some words and some different words to name the same object, you would say that they speak different __________. dialects pidgins cognates lingua francas

dialects

According to John Lucy’s study on language and cognition, a Yucatec adult would classify which of the following objects as similar? a plastic spoon and a metal fork a carved rock and a stone fence a rubber ball and a wooden ball a red shirt and a red apple

a carved rock and a stone fence

Which of the following describes the process through which one dialect of a language becomes the standard for a society? The written form of a language is transmitted to future generations, creating a standardized language that eliminates alternative dialects. People begin to see the dialect used by the elite members of society as the correct form of the language, while other dialects come to be considered inferior. People democratically choose a standard dialect from the array of dialects present in their society. The government officially recognizes the dialect spoken by the majority of the population as the standard language.

People begin to see the dialect used by the elite members of society as the correct form of the language, while other dialects come to be considered inferior.

Which of the following indicates a violation of a cultural presupposition involving the pragmatics of communication? Computer programmers use jargon when collaborating on a project. A New Yorker responds to the question “How are you?” with a lengthy discourse about his health. A Navajo speaker uses verbs that downplay self-assertiveness. American football fans discuss the Super Bowl during their lunch breaks.

A New Yorker responds to the question “How are you?” with a lengthy discourse about his health.

Which of the following would support an argument that effective communication is more difficult to achieve through an exchange of emails than in person? Hearing is better adapted for interpreting language than reading. Computer-mediated communication often employs shorter utterances, which makes it harder to convey emotion. Meaning is conveyed through both verbal and nonverbal communicative norms such as what people are wearing, where they stand relative to one another, and the dialect they use. People are more likely to use standard, and therefore more universally accepted, forms of language when speaking than when typing.

Meaning is conveyed through both verbal and nonverbal communicative norms such as what people are wearing, where they stand relative to one another, and the dialect they use.

Which of the following would help researchers determine the historical relationships among languages? beginning with a parent language and hypothesizing the changes that would have taken place measuring the ratio of loanwords to cognates found in written documents searching for similarities within core vocabularies that would indicate that the languages shared a common parent language counting the number of words different languages have in common

searching for similarities within core vocabularies that would indicate that the languages shared a common parent language

Which of the following describes a project that would be of interest to an economic anthropologist? studying how population size is connected to other demographic features such as age and gender researching the historical value of the dollar in relation to other currencies analyzing stock market trends over the last 50 years investigating whether or not changes in technology and settlement structure are connected to resource availability

investigating whether or not changes in technology and settlement structure are connected to resource availability

In general, in order to understand how a society meets its subsistence needs, an economic anthropologist would look at which of the following? the way labor is organized, the technology used to obtain and process resources, and population size how the social and political aspects of a society's culture interact and change over time the price differences among foods that have higher and lower nutritional content, as well as their availability in local markets statistics on population size and settlement patterns in urban versus rural environments

the way labor is organized, the technology used to obtain and process resources, and population size

Which of the following statements summarizes the connection between the subsistence strategy and the social and political structures of a society? Subsistence strategies have no connection to the social and political dimensions of a society. Basic subsistence strategies cause identical social and political structures to develop cross-culturally. Subsistence strategies are determined by the social features of a society, but are unrelated to political elements. Different subsistence strategies tend to correlate with certain social and political forms.

Different subsistence strategies tend to correlate with certain social and political forms.

Which of the following statements about allocating labor tasks is usually true cross-culturally? In foraging societies, men do all the hunting and trapping, while women exclusively gather plant foods. In farming societies, labor is allocated according to gender alone, with men being solely responsible for growing food and women being solely responsible for raising children. Men are responsible for clearing fields in food-producing societies. Children are not responsible for tasks associated with obtaining or producing food; such tasks are assigned to adults.

Men are responsible for clearing fields in food-producing societies.

Over the span of several decades, a foraging society has lost much of its territory. What could the members of this society do to increase the carrying capacity of the society's current region? encourage people to have more children in order to increase population size manufacture and accumulate a wider range of storage devices switch to a subsistence strategy that uses a different technology to extract more food from the available resources decrease the amount of territory that it needs to manage

switch to a subsistence strategy that uses a different technology to extract more food from the available resources

How does the typical settlement pattern of pastoralists differ from that of agriculturalists? Pastoralists typically live in small groups without stable or predictable patterns of relocation, whereas agriculturalists live in permanent towns or cities. Pastoralists typically live in small, semi-permanent villages and move only once a generation, whereas agriculturalists tend to be more mobile. Pastoralists live in permanent towns or cities, whereas agriculturalists typically alternate between two or three locations a year. Pastoralists typically alternate between two or three locations a year, whereas agriculturalists live in permanent towns or cities.

Pastoralists typically alternate between two or three locations a year, whereas agriculturalists live in permanent towns or cities.

A leveling mechanism is a practice designed to __________. include children in the economic system of a society allow men and women equal access to resources and economic opportunities equalize access to resources and prevent the concentration of wealth in only a few hands keep socio-economic class divisions stable over time

equalize access to resources and prevent the concentration of wealth in only a few hands

What does the term "redistribution" refer to in economic anthropology? a more or less equal exchange of goods between members of equal social standing the relocation of a group of people to a different parcel of land according to national government policies an activity in which resources are pooled together and then reallocated to members of the society shifting the grazing lands of herds according to the season

an activity in which resources are pooled together and then reallocated to members of the society

Which of the following limits the value of applying optimal foraging models to understanding human behavior? People sometimes make decisions according to their beliefs, preferences, or other social considerations. Foraging decisions are only made on the basis of what makes the most sense in terms of adapting to environmental fluctuations. Optimal foraging theory overemphasizes the importance of culture in making foraging decisions. Humans are more advanced than other animal species, therefore it does not make sense to use the behaviors of other animals to understand human behavior.

People sometimes make decisions according to their beliefs, preferences, or other social considerations.

Which of the following explains why Ju/’hoansi women provided the bulk of the calories for the community compared to men? Women typically did the hunting, which provided more calories than the gathered vegetables and fruits. Men's primary roles were connected to protecting the community rather than obtaining food. The type of food gathered by women is higher in nutritional value than meat. Men typically did the hunting, an endeavor that has a lower success rate than gathering.

Men typically did the hunting, an endeavor that has a lower success rate than gathering.

Which of the following statements best describes the foraging lifestyle in terms of how much time is spent working? Foragers typically spend less than 20 hours a week on work-related activities. Foragers spend significantly more time working than people living in agricultural or industrial societies. Foragers typically spend less time working than people living in industrial or agricultural societies. Foragers spend almost all their waking time in efforts to obtain food and ensure survival.

Foragers typically spend less time working than people living in industrial or agricultural societies.

How were resources allocated in most foraging societies? There were strict property laws that granted total ownership of land and resources to certain groups, who only occasionally shared with the larger community. Groups, such as families, had exclusive control over certain areas or resources, but they would trade access with other groups in exchange for goods or services. Certain groups, such as families, had rights over a particular area, but these groups would share the resources of the area with the rest of the community. There were no concepts of ownership or rights over any area—people in the community took whatever they needed on a first-come, first-served basis.

Certain groups, such as families, had rights over a particular area, but these groups would share the resources of the area with the rest of the community

What would a foraging community in the Arctic do in preparation for the arrival of winter, the season in which natural resources become less abundant? split into settlements composed of smaller family groups migrate south to wait out the hardships of winter with other communities merge into a larger settlement centered within the boundaries of their traditional territory build permanent shelters and large storage facilities in disparate locations

split into settlements composed of smaller family groups

In pastoral societies, wealth and social status are based on __________. how much gold an individual or family has the number of children a family can sustain the size of a family’s or individual’s herd of animals how much land an individual or family owns

the size of a family’s or individual’s herd of animals

Which of the following strategies is a pastoralist society in the Middle East most likely to use in order to ensure their animals have ample grazing lands when the seasons change? Give away livestock to neighboring villagers. Employ the principles of reciprocity to exchange grazing lands with a neighbor. Burn the fields in order to promote future vegetative growth. Shift the herds according to the principles of transhumance.

Shift the herds according to the principles of transhumance.

Pastoralism is different than the animal husbandry practiced by many contemporary American farm families because __________. pastoralists often practice other farming techniques to supplement their diets pastoralists do not breed their animals pastoralists do not rely on their animals for meat the pastoralist way of life is completely adapted to large-scale herding

the pastoralist way of life is completely adapted to large-scale herding

Which of the following best describes pastoralism? Most pastoralists combined herding with foraging, farming, or trade with other groups. Most pastoralist societies are easily able to maintain their traditional ways of life today. Most pastoralists were completely self-sufficient and did not supplement their lifestyle with other subsistence strategies. Most pastoralists relied upon their animals solely for their meat.

Most pastoralists combined herding with foraging, farming, or trade with other groups.

Why is pastoralism rarely the primary economic strategy of societies today? Environmental changes are enabling domesticated animals to revert to wild forms. Herd animals are becoming increasingly difficult to breed due to size increases caused by antibiotics. It is difficult for pastoralists to control enough land for grazing their animals. It is difficult for pastoralists to breed and slaughter their animals due to the rise of animal rights activism.

It is difficult for pastoralists to control enough land for grazing their animals.

How does horticulture differ from agriculture? Horticulture involves a reliance on herd animals, whereas agriculture involves a reliance on foraging for plants. Horticulture involves farming on a small scale, whereas agriculture involves large-scale farming. Horticulture involves permanent settlements, whereas agriculture involves a nomadic lifestyle. Horticulture involves farming with more complex technology, whereas agriculture involves farming with simpler technology.

Horticulture involves farming on a small scale, whereas agriculture involves large-scale farming.

Which of the following is a horticultural society likely to do when they notice that their crop yield seems to be diminishing in quantity and quality? Obtain fertilizer via government farm subsidy programs or through trade with neighboring industrial agriculturalists. Install a permanent irrigation system that will restore the soil's nutrients, then replant their crops. Forego growing crops for at least two years and live off of their stored surpluses. Choose the site of a new field and cut down and burn any vegetation on it before planting the next series of crops.

Choose the site of a new field and cut down and burn any vegetation on it before planting the next series of crops.

What is the primary reason that farmers try to produce a surplus of crops? to be able to relocate to a better area to survive a year or two of crop failure to increase their social standing to trade with foraging societies

to survive a year or two of crop failure

In Melanesia, how do ceremonies involving pig sacrifices affect local practices of horticulture? Sacrifices are offered to the yam spirits, who in return increase crop productivity. Sacrificed pigs are given to neighboring populations in exchange for the seeds needed to plant new crops. Ceremonial sacrifices lower the pig population, enabling people to use a larger percentage of their crops to feed themselves rather than the pigs. The sacrifice of pigs creates a surplus, which enables people to suspend horticultural activities for a season.

Ceremonial sacrifices lower the pig population, enabling people to use a larger percentage of their crops to feed themselves rather than the pigs.

What accounts for Jivaro women having higher status in their societies than Yanomamo women have in theirs? Jivaro women mainly perform domestic chores associated with raising children, while Yanomamo women are responsible for taking care of domesticated animals in their society. The crops grown by Jivaro women fetch a higher price in local markets than the produce grown by Yanomamo women. Women in Jivaro society do not have to work after marriage, while Yanomamo women are forced to perform menial labor even after they are married. The horticultural work performed by women in Jivaro society is valued in its own right, whereas women's work in Yanomamo society is considered secondary to men's work.

The horticultural work performed by women in Jivaro society is valued in its own right, whereas women's work in Yanomamo society is considered secondary to men's work.

How did the invention of agriculture impact the overall health of populations that adopted the practice? Health greatly improved due to the surplus of food and the improved medical care that came with the establishment of cities. Health remained stable because the surplus of food produced by farming balanced out the spread of disease in densely populated areas. Health improved moderately due to higher levels of nutrition from reliable surpluses and crop variety. Health decreased due to the malnutrition that comes from overreliance on a few crops and the occurrence of disease found in densely populated settlements.

Health decreased due to the malnutrition that comes from overreliance on a few crops and the occurrence of disease found in densely populated settlements.

What is one consequence of intensive agriculture? Crop diversity has decreased. Most countries now have unsustainably large areas of farmland. Diseases that affect crops have been exterminated. Most farmers now grow a larger variety of crops than ever before.

Crop diversity has decreased.

One theory concerning the origin of farming suggests that __________. foragers originally planted vegetables and fruits in order to lure large herbivores into their hunting grounds and later realized they should grow produce for their own consumption as wellConsider This: Archaeologists have proposed different theories to account for the emergence of agriculture in different regions of the world. 7.6 Relate the development of agriculture to changes in settlement patterns, health, social organization, and crop selection. some foragers began gathering a surplus of food to sponsor feasts, and as demand for surpluses grew people looked for ways to produce food pastoralists began thinking they should make use of the lands that were cleared by their grazing herd animals and they began planting seeds pastoralists who originally grew grasses and grains for their animals began growing other crops for human consumption

some foragers began gathering a surplus of food to sponsor feasts, and as demand for surpluses grew people looked for ways to produce food

In order to decrease the risk of losing all of one's crops to pests or disease, a consultant might recommend which of the following? developing a monoculture incorporating animal husbandry into the crop-growing cycle growing a diversity of crop varieties using swidden farming techniques

growing a diversity of crop varieties

Improved technology is likely to have which of the following effects on how people meet their subsistence needs? Cross-culturally, the universal appeal of advanced technology will entice people to abandon traditional subsistence strategies in order to pursue work in the industrial sector. Having better digging tools will encourage foragers to rely on gathered plant foods rather than hunted game. The use of more efficient technology will require fewer people to work in agriculture and result in a redistribution of human labor into other work sectors. Industrialization will allow nomadic pastoralists to introduce new animal species into their traditional herds.

The use of more efficient technology will require fewer people to work in agriculture and result in a redistribution of human labor into other work sectors.

Historically, which of the following has prompted foragers to adopt farming or wage labor? Employers offered foragers good compensation to work in farming or industry. Food producers looking for land have usurped territories once used by foragers. Transitioning to farming and wage labor is a natural step in human evolution. Foragers saw that farming and wage labor were easier and required fewer work hours.

Food producers looking for land have usurped territories once used by foragers.

What has enabled some indigenous societies to start selling their products commercially? Contact with European societies during colonialism introduced the concept of trade to indigenous people. Neighboring communities have started exploiting the productive capacities of indigenous societies as they encroach on their territories. Environmental changes have increased their ability to produce surpluses. Forces of globalization have increased their participation in far-reaching economic networks.

Forces of globalization have increased their participation in far-reaching economic networks.

Economic anthropologists focus on which of the following? the study of how people generate a profit from the manufacture and sale of products the study of the history of money in relation to changing global political networks the study of how people obtain, transform, and exchange resources to meet survival needs the study of how human behavior impacts the natural environment over time

the study of how people obtain, transform, and exchange resources to meet survival needs

What is the carrying capacity of a region? the number of acres that are suitable for farming in the area the number of large game animals available for hunting in the region the amount of biodiversity in a region that can sustain human societies the number of people who can be sustained by the resources of the region

the number of people who can be sustained by the resources of the region

What impact did the invention of agriculture have on societies? Populations became smaller and more spread out as farmers sought out more fertile land. People stopped gathering as many material possessions in order to make room to store crops. Populations became larger, and societies became more sedentary. Women needed to breastfeed their children for a longer period of time, so the fertility rate declined.

Populations became larger, and societies became more sedentary.

Why have many foraging societies become food-producing societies over the last few centuries? because foraging is not a sustainable subsistence technique—eventually every society must begin to produce its own food because they adapted new subsistence techniques to their environments or were absorbed into a larger society with a different subsistence strategy because foraging societies stopped producing enough children to maintain the community because there are no longer enough plant and animal resources in the wild to sustain foraging societies

because they adapted new subsistence techniques to their environments or were absorbed into a larger society with a different subsistence strategy

Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference in the gendered division of labor among foragers and pastoralists? Pastoralists tend to assign the bulk of the manual labor to women, whereas foragers assign such tasks to men. Pastoralists typically practice a more egalitarian form of allocating labor by gender than foragers do. Pastoralists tend to emphasize age rather than gender when dividing labor, whereas foragers allocate labor strictly according to gender. Pastoralists typically divide labor between men and women in a less egalitarian fashion than foragers do.

Pastoralists typically divide labor between men and women in a less egalitarian fashion than foragers do.

How were labor practices related to children different in agricultural societies as compared to foraging and pastoralist societies? Unlike foragers and pastoralists, agricultural societies employed children in domestic tasks rather than tasks related to obtaining or producing food. Unlike foragers and pastoralists, agricultural societies made extensive use of child labor. Unlike foragers and pastoralists, agricultural societies did not rely on child labor. Unlike foragers and pastoralists, agricultural societies did not assign children different roles based on their gender.

Unlike foragers and pastoralists, agricultural societies made extensive use of child labor.

What is optimal foraging theory? a theory that uses comparisons to animal foraging and decision theory to understand the behavior of foragers a theory that explains why some societies continue foraging rather than switching to agriculture or horticulture a theory that uses the philosophies of economical anthropology to explain why forager societies are the only societies that do not use leveling mechanisms a theory that explains why most foraging groups can support such large populations

a theory that uses comparisons to animal foraging and decision theory to understand the behavior of foragers

Which of the following acts as a leveling mechanism in many pastoralist societies? a system of inheritance that equally distributes property to all members of a kinship group a social emphasis on competition and risk taking, which often takes the form of gambling an egalitarian ethic of land and property ownership that results in people pooling and sharing their resources a cultural value placed on generosity and hospitality that encourages wealthy people to share with those less fortunate

a cultural value placed on generosity and hospitality that encourages wealthy people to share with those less fortunate

Why is trade in West African local and regional markets considered a form of redistribution? Traders at the market develop personal relationships and exchange foods and services of equal value. Goods and products are brought to a centralized location from which they are sold to people who would be unable to obtain them otherwise. Prices are not entirely fixed, but may be negotiated with each seller. Even though some goods and products are produced by men, women are the primary traders.

Goods and products are brought to a centralized location from which they are sold to people who would be unable to obtain them otherwise.

Which of the following exchanges is based on the principles of negative reciprocity? securing a lower price on a used car after lengthy negotiations over the price giving someone a birthday present after they give you one on your birthday a mother offering a snack to a child who has come over to play with her own child family members exchanging presents to celebrate seasonal holidays

securing a lower price on a used car after lengthy negotiations over the price

How do elite members accumulate wealth and power in most large-scale industrial societies? by controlling the labor of others and the distribution of the goods they produce by patronizing and distributing the products of skilled artisans by reinvesting their wealth to support people less fortunate than themselves by performing productive work that helps the society subsist

by controlling the labor of others and the distribution of the goods they produce

How do societies normally assign types of labor to young children? In all economic systems, children are encouraged to compete with their parents for preferred jobs. Cross-culturally, children work only if it does not interfere with their education. In a given economic system, children are assigned tasks that fit their physical and mental maturity. In most societies, children are excused from participating in productive work and encouraged to play instead.

In a given economic system, children are assigned tasks that fit their physical and mental maturity.

Why is it advantageous for foragers to provide open access to the lands in their territories and the resources they contain? Without open access to land, unexploited resources will go to waste. Open access encourages more people to provide the labor needed to maintain their territories. Foragers rely on their ability to exploit resources that are available only during certain seasons. Foragers do not have any concept of territory, so they never assign lands to specific groups.

Foragers rely on their ability to exploit resources that are available only during certain seasons

How do economic relations in capitalism compare with those in kin- and community-based societies? They explicitly disclose the social relations among producers. They more effectively encourage people to plan ahead and work hard. They are impersonal and institutionalized. They liberate workers by giving them a choice as to whether they want to work for wages.

They are impersonal and institutionalized.

Which of the following is an example of someone using special-purpose money? acquiring a commemorative coin honoring a famous person exchanging tickets won at a carnival game for items from the prize booth purchasing a rare cowry shell prized by collectors using exact change to purchase an item

exchanging tickets won at a carnival game for items from the prize booth

Which of the following statements describes a core feature of the capitalist mode of production? Capitalist systems strive for balance and stability between labor output and the benefits reaped. Workers are free in that they are not required by society to work for wages. Workers cannot by themselves produce the goods they need for survival. The wages workers are paid are equal to the value of the products they manufacture.

Workers cannot by themselves produce the goods they need for survival.

What is a fundamental principle underlying monetary exchange in a market economy? Anything can be converted into a commodity through the use of special-purpose money. Money's assigned value fluctuates depending on changes in supply and demand. The value of all-purpose money does not vary depending on the items or services being bought and sold. Both special-use and all-purpose money retain their value only if the prices of goods and services are fixed.

The value of all-purpose money does not vary depending on the items or services being bought and sold.

In capitalist societies, values taught through enculturation lead people to believe that poverty is the result of __________. inadequate redistribution of government-controlled resources not working hard enough a poor educational system unequal access to economic and political power

not working hard enough

Why have some countries banned the use of genetically modified organisms (GMO's) in agricultural production? They want to encourage people to buy food grown in their own country rather than importing it. They are being cautious because the effects of growing and consuming GMO crops are still largely unknown. They prefer the varieties that their farmers have been growing locally. GMO's are known to have harmful effects on humans.

They are being cautious because the effects of growing and consuming GMO crops are still largely unknown.

Which of the following is a general feature of industrial agriculture? an interdependence between farms and the corporations that control farm machinery and seed supplies the production of only enough food to ensure subsistence an increased diversity of crop production and added health benefits reduced competition and increased cooperation among producers

an interdependence between farms and the corporations that control farm machinery and seed supplies

Which of the following summarizes one difference found in the patterns of consumer spending in developed and developing countries? In developing countries without strong national industries, consumer spending pays for more expensive domestic goods. Consumers in developed countries only have access to imported goods, whereas those in developing countries have access to domestic and imported goods. In developing countries without strong national industries, consumer spending pays for more expensive imported goods. Consumers in developing countries only have access to domestic goods, whereas those in developed countries have access to domestic and imported goods.

In developing countries without strong national industries, consumer spending pays for more expensive imported goods.

Which of the following was a colonial policy that forced indigenous people to seek employment that paid wages? demanding that people achieve a higher standard of living than subsistence farming allowed using missionaries to convince people that wage labor was divinely sanctioned whereas subsistence labor was not offering indigenous workers higher wages than local businesses could pay imposing mandatory poll taxes on people in indigenous communities

imposing mandatory poll taxes on people in indigenous communities

How are subsistence farming and a cash economy connected to changes in the urban populations of developing countries? People disillusioned with urban life are able to earn enough money to relocate to rural areas where their income supports the growth of subsistence farming. Subsistence farmers are able to earn higher profits from the commercial sale of their produce and eventually earn enough money to move to more desirable urban locations. With industrial agriculture controlling the supply and demand of food, people without the ability to earn cash are forced to leave urban areas and move to rural areas where they can grow their own food as subsistence farmers. As subsistence farmers increasingly need cash to buy food, clothing, and other household items, they leave rural areas to seek employment in urban areas.

As subsistence farmers increasingly need cash to buy food, clothing, and other household items, they leave rural areas to seek employment in urban areas.

Which of the following results from the value pastoralists place on owning land and animals? Women's labor becomes more valuable than men's labor. People become increasingly reliant on wage labor and a cash economy in which they can purchase land and animals. Family size decreases in order to have more food to feed the herds. Differences in wealth and prestige emerge, developing into a certain degree of social stratification.

Differences in wealth and prestige emerge, developing into a certain degree of social stratification.

How do foragers respond when faced with a surplus of resources? They distribute it in a way that builds social relationships. The person who collects the surplus keeps it for private use. They immediately destroy the surplus so that they do not have to transport it when they relocate. The surplus is used to compensate people who assume leadership responsibilities.

They distribute it in a way that builds social relationships.

The nomadic lifestyle of many foragers is facilitated by which of the following? maintaining high fertility rates and a food surplus to protect against natural fluctuations having large numbers of young children and elderly people to help carry things when they relocate using stone or clay to build durable shelters and sturdy containers for supplies owning little in the way of possessions and spacing children several years apart

owning little in the way of possessions and spacing children several years apart

Which of the following is likely to occur when a nomadic foraging population is forced to settle in a permanent community and switch to food production? The amount of time spent on leisure activities will increase, and the amount of time spent on consumption will decrease. People will have fewer conflicts over material possessions and resources due to the ability to produce a surplus. The number of craft specialists will decline as most of the population will need to be involved in food production. The overall health of the community will decline due to a less varied diet and higher population density.

The overall health of the community will decline due to a less varied diet and higher population density.

Why do many people still die of malnutrition when the output of agricultural production has increased dramatically in recent years? Though agricultural yields have increased, intensive agriculture still does not have the ability to produce enough food for everyone in the world. The global birth rate has increased more rapidly than the increase in agricultural productivity. Around the world, food is distributed unevenly for economic and political reasons. In many regions, people refuse to use new technologies that would help them to produce sufficient food for themselves.

Around the world, food is distributed unevenly for economic and political reasons.

Which of the following helps fund the Igbo system of market exchange in West Africa? credit associations organized by market traders a system of credit secured through home ownership the federal income tax system contributions from international relief organizations

credit associations organized by market traders

An anthropologist doing field research often joins the family of one of her consultants for dinner. The anthropologist recognizes this interaction as part of a larger pattern of generalized reciprocity. What could the anthropologist do in order to solidify her participation in these exchanges? contractually agree to shower the consultant with expensive gifts before the research is concluded invite the consultant and his/her family over for a meal reimburse the consultant for the exact amount of money he/she spent on food offer to rent a room in the consultant's house

invite the consultant and his/her family over for a meal

Why are surpluses an asset for sedentary communities but not nomadic ones? Sedentary communities need surpluses in order to maintain their egalitarian social structures, whereas nomadic communities function better when extra goods are absorbed by elites rather than evenly distributed. Sedentary communities value the personal property and wealth made possible by surpluses, whereas in nomadic communities personal property only leads to conflict. Sedentary communities require surpluses to support craft specialization, whereas nomadic societies do not have specialists to support. Sedentary communities have places to store surpluses that can be used to offset seasons of low food production, whereas nomadic peoples would have to expend considerable energy moving the surplus with them.

Sedentary communities have places to store surpluses that can be used to offset seasons of low food production, whereas nomadic peoples would have to expend considerable energy moving the surplus with them.

Which of the following statements best describes how land is allocated among pastoral peoples? All pastoral societies allow their members open access to graze their herds wherever they like. Pastoralist families collectively own land until their common ancestor dies, at which point the land is distributed across the community. Individual pastoralists typically own exclusive rights to the pastures where they graze their herds while they are alive, but cannot pass land ownership to their descendants. Some pastoral societies permanently limit access to land to particular groups.

Some pastoral societies permanently limit access to land to particular groups.

What is the social goal of negative reciprocity? to enact the mutual interdependence of members of small communities to validate or raise one’s social status to symbolically affirm social relationships within a family to acknowledge that those exchanging goods are of equal social status but not kin

to validate or raise one’s social status

Which of the following enables capitalist economies to grow and survive? altruistic donations made by members of the wealthy class in order to provide for poorer members of society profits earned through the buying and selling of products and services in different markets the equitable and balanced exchange of goods and services within a community government policies that redistribute capital equally among socio-economic classes

profits earned through the buying and selling of products and services in different markets

Which of the following is predicted by the theory of supply and demand? At a local market in Lebanon, a surplus of staple goods will sell at a higher price than a surplus of luxury goods. In the United States, the price of a limited edition doll will increase during the holiday shopping season. In Canada, handmade quilts will sell for less at auction than those that are machine-made. In Japan, a worker's wages will increase if the product they manufactured sells well.

In the United States, the price of a limited edition doll will increase during the holiday shopping season.

A business in New Jersey grows and packages corn to be sold in regional grocery stores. Which of the following would be included in the "means of production" associated with this business? the employees who grow the corn as well as those who package and deliver it the salaries earned by the employees, the business office staff, and the farmland the seeds from which the corn is grown and the final packaged product the agricultural land, the money used to pay employees, and the packaging equipment

the agricultural land, the money used to pay employees, and the packaging equipment

How did Spanish settlers mainly obtain laborers for work in their American colonies? through the enslavement of both Africans and indigenous Americans by bringing over orphaned children from Europe through the acquisition of men incarcerated in Spain for crimes against the crown by forcing missionaries to provide labor in exchange for food and shelter

through the enslavement of both Africans and indigenous Americans

Compared to people in modern industrial nations, members of horticultural groups like the Machiguenga spend more time doing which of the following? consuming food and other goods enjoying free time, rest, and idleness producing items for sale at local markets providing for their subsistence needs

enjoying free time, rest, and idleness

How did the growth of manufacturing in Europe influence labor patterns? Young women left the labor force because they could make more money doing piecework at home. Fewer children were employed in factories because they were unable to operate heavy machinery. More children sought factory employment because they were able to earn higher wages than adults. More men stayed at home to care for children while their wives went to work in textile factories.

Fewer children were employed in factories because they were unable to operate heavy machinery.

How were those peoples who had been conquered or dominated by colonialism incorporated into European economic systems? They were forced to extract the resources from colonized regions, or bought and sold as resources themselves. They refused to participate in European economic systems and pursued policies to promote and protect their own economic interests. They were educated in Europe in order to return and develop a modern economy in their home country. They became migrant wage laborers in growing industries located in Europe.

They were forced to extract the resources from colonized regions, or bought and sold as resources themselves.

Which of the following describes a disadvantage of the nomadic foraging lifestyle? The food supply can be unpredictable, leaving people at risk for starvation when there is a drought or other natural disaster. Small communities are unable to resolve conflicts or social tension without resorting to violence. The inability to accumulate material possessions limits wealth and comfort to a very small segment of the population. Disease is easily spread because people live in close proximity to their own waste and have no form of plumbing.

The food supply can be unpredictable, leaving people at risk for starvation when there is a drought or other natural disaster.

Who are more at risk for disease, sedentary farmers or nomadic foragers, and why? Nomadic foragers are more at risk because they have fewer types of food resources and a less nutritious diet. Sedentary farmers are more at risk because it is too far for them to travel to reliable medical facilities and they do not practice herbal medicine. Sedentary farmers are more at risk because it is easier to transmit contagious diseases when population densities are higher. Nomadic foragers are more at risk because the energy expenditure of traveling weakens people's immune systems.

Sedentary farmers are more at risk because it is easier to transmit contagious diseases when population densities are higher.

Why are horticulturalists able to have a more stable food supply than foragers? They have more control over their crops and can overcome some of the natural fluctuations that affect their food sources. They are able to establish permanent settlements that shelter their crops from natural disasters. They can survive on smaller amounts of food because the variety of foods they grow has greater nutritional content. They maintain herd animals and do not have to rely on less reliable hunting methods to provide protein.

They have more control over their crops and can overcome some of the natural fluctuations that affect their food sources.

A biologically male member of the Mohave is recognized to be drawn to economic roles usually associated with women and participates in a public ceremony during which he is recognized as a Two-Spirit. This illustrates which of the following? the Mohave forbid transvestism outside of ritual and ceremonial contexts the fact that the Mohave do not strongly differentiate between genders the existence of a legitimate third gender among the Mohave the strict binary opposition of men and women's roles among the Mohave

the existence of a legitimate third gender among the Mohave

What is the significance of making a distinction between sex and gender? The differentiation of sex from gender is important for understanding that sexual preference derives from physical sexual characteristics. Anthropologists have distinguished between sex and gender in order to recognize that only the biological constructs of gender have been studied from an evolutionary perspective. The distinction is significant because it shows how dependent sex is on cultural ideas, whereas gender is biologically determined. By defining gender as aspects shaped by culture and sex as those determined by biology, anthropologists are able to describe and explain cross-cultural variations in the social roles, expectations, and behaviors of males and females.

By defining gender as aspects shaped by culture and sex as those determined by biology, anthropologists are able to describe and explain cross-cultural variations in the social roles, expectations, and behaviors of males and females.

What does the term "gender identity" refer to? the social recognition of individuals based on their biological sex all of the cultural expectations and assumptions about gender roles taken as a whole a person's internalization and expression of cultural expectations associated with a gender category the naturalized feelings and values associated with being male and female that do not vary cross-culturally

a person's internalization and expression of cultural expectations associated with a gender category

What is the basis of "man-the-hunter" models? recent archaeological evidence proving that males dominated early hominid populations both physically and socially assumptions about the original roles of men and women that reflect the cultural practices of mid- and late nineteenth-century Europe the fact that scientists have determined beyond any doubt that the earliest tools made by human ancestors were made by men and used to hunt animals Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, which suggests that human culture began when males and females began to take on separate subsistence roles

assumptions about the original roles of men and women that reflect the cultural practices of mid- and late nineteenth-century Europe

Which of the following summarizes the Hindu perspective on homosexuality? Homosexuality is considered an acceptable expression of human desire and is portrayed as a joyful experience in myths. Homosexuality is strongly discouraged and outlawed throughout India. Homosexuality is only tolerated in people who have not reached a marriageable age. Homosexuality is restricted to hijras, biological males who have adopted certain feminine behaviors.

Homosexuality is considered an acceptable expression of human desire and is portrayed as a joyful experience in myths.

Which of the following might enable a woman to be a good nurse? She is physically better equipped to take care of other people than the men in her society. She has learned to be nurturing through socialization and enculturation and has been taught that her society approves of that role for women. She has biological programming that encourages subservience to male doctors. As a woman, she was born with nurturing instincts that easily translate into professional nursing.

She has learned to be nurturing through socialization and enculturation and has been taught that her society approves of that role for women.

Which of the following explains how religion can intersect with gender roles and relations in a society? In most societies, religious beliefs help define and reinforce the roles of men, but not those of women. Because religion deals with abstract ideas, it addresses the question of whether divine beings are male or female, but has little influence on the practical aspects of gender roles. Worldwide, religions balance out the status differences between men and women by making worship equally available to all. Sacred myths may sanction and reinforce gender roles and the values assigned to men and women.

Sacred myths may sanction and reinforce gender roles and the values assigned to men and women.

What is the relationship between gender and a society's division of labor? In all societies, gender is connected to the social expectations of the type of work individuals perform. In almost all cultures, gender considerations make the efficient allocation of human resources more difficult. In all societies throughout history, gender constructs have organized men and women's work in oppositional rather than complementary relationships. Cross-culturally, assigning tasks based on gender minimizes skill specialization.

In all societies, gender is connected to the social expectations of the type of work individuals perform.

Which of the following summarizes the concept of "gender inequality?" the devaluation of women and control of women's activities by men a legal system that affects the allocation of rights among people in different social categories the denial of autonomy and equal rights to one group of people based on their gender economic specialization on the basis of gender that is designed to benefit a community

the denial of autonomy and equal rights to one group of people based on their gender

Under what circumstances are women likely to have relatively high status? in societies that have had extensive contact with other cultures through trade and political alliances in societies where women's labor directly contributes a large portion to the food supply in societies where women do not have to work and men provide for all of the subsistence needs of their families in societies where men are frequently engaged in internal warfare

in societies where women's labor directly contributes a large portion to the food supply

In terms of gender relations, which of the following are characteristics of agricultural societies in comparison to foraging societies? Male dominance is rarely present. Gender relations are typically egalitarian in nature. Modes of subsistence are only minimally connected to gender relations. Overall, they tend to have greater gender inequality compared to foraging societies.

Overall, they tend to have greater gender inequality compared to foraging societies.

Which of the following accurately describes the "cult of domesticity?" It only influenced working conditions in the United States during the nineteenth century. It encouraged women to escape domestic duties by working outside the home. It justified the segregation of men and women's work roles. It helped close the wage gap between men and women.

It justified the segregation of men and women's work roles.

Which of the following describes the gender relations present in Yanomamo culture? The belief that females are sacred and the subsequent practice of female cults has resulted in women's relative wealth and high social status. The equal emphasis on men and women in subsistence activities, religious beliefs, and descent principles has resulted in social and political equality between men and women. The belief that females are unworthy and the subsequent practice of female infanticide has resulted in a scarcity of women in most communities. The centrality of women to the practices of matrilineal descent and matrilocal residence have resulted in most women being actively involved in village leadership.

The belief that females are unworthy and the subsequent practice of female infanticide has resulted in a scarcity of women in most communities.

Traditionally, Chinese households were headed by the eldest male member of the patrilineage. In line with their culture, heads of household were permitted to beat their wives and children. Which of the following contributed to a situation that made it difficult for wives to depend on their relatives for support when they had conflicts with their husband or in-laws? the traditional practice of foot-binding a strong tradition of avoidance relationships a wife's desire to show her in-laws that she was independent the practice of patrilocal postmarital residence

the practice of patrilocal postmarital residence

How do women in Igbo society develop a high degree of autonomy despite cultural expressions of male superiority? They are the primary participants in and maintain control over village and regional trade. They perform the same subsistence tasks as men. They practice matrilocal residence, which helps female relatives consolidate their power. They follow a matrilineal descent system through which they are able to control access to land.

They are the primary participants in and maintain control over village and regional trade.

Which of the following partially explains why women's contributions to the world economy are often distorted or unrecognized? The way work is classified in census data overlooks the specific economic contributions of women who work within the home. Women's actual incomes are underestimated because they are often forced to wait for their husbands to collect their paychecks. Statisticians assume that women are "home-workers" and therefore their economic contribution is portrayed as larger than it actually is. Labor statistics often overlook employment in the public sphere, choosing instead to focus on private industry.

The way work is classified in census data overlooks the specific economic contributions of women who work within the home.

What does the term "double day" refer to in describing the lives of women in many industrial societies? Women must work twice as long to earn as much as men. Women typically work dual part-time jobs, instead of holding one full-time job. Women perform most of the household tasks in addition to working outside of the home. Women work double shifts more often than men.

Women perform most of the household tasks in addition to working outside of the home.

In the second half of the twentieth century, people in the United States became increasingly influenced by theories in popular psychology. How did this influence gender ideologies? It emphasized the notion that the division of labor by gender varies cross-culturally. It revealed that there was no ideological bias toward gender equality in the work force. It challenged the idea that men and women could only do certain jobs. It reinforced the belief that men are inherently aggressive whereas women are naturally passive and therefore suited to different forms of work.

It reinforced the belief that men are inherently aggressive whereas women are naturally passive and therefore suited to different forms of work.

Which of the following summarizes recent trends in women’s political representation worldwide? Over the last century, women’s political representation overall has declined significantly, although a few women have managed to become high-ranking national leaders. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, women were beginning to outnumber men both as heads of state and in parliamentary positions throughout the world. In recent decades, the number of political positions held by women in both local and national governments has increased significantly, although most heads of state are still men. Since the mid-twentieth century, the percentage of women with direct political representation has remained steady, and world leadership positions continue to be filled by men exclusively.

In recent decades, the number of political positions held by women in both local and national governments has increased significantly, although most heads of state are still men.

Which statement is consistent with anthropologists' understanding of gender? Differences in the way men and women behave are due to biology. Cultural expectations of male and female behavior are fixed and unchanging. People are shaped by cultural definitions of how men and women should act. Only a few aspects of gender are culturally constructed.

People are shaped by cultural definitions of how men and women should act.

Why do most people fail to recognize the cultural origin of gender characteristics and expectations? because one's biological sex is usually tied to clear physical characteristics because all societies purposefully conceal the true nature of gender in order to maintain social order because they are ideas that are ingrained from a very young age through informal processes of socialization and enculturation because individuals do not choose their gender identity, rather it is chosen for them by their parents

because they are ideas that are ingrained from a very young age through informal processes of socialization and enculturation

Which of the following counters the assumption that men, as hunters, were the driving force behind the development of cultural behaviors? The wear patterns, shape, and size of early hominid and human teeth indicate that they were only able to process plant-based foods. Archaeologists have uncovered evidence that shows that humans did not consume meat until shortly before the advent of agriculture. Prior to stone tools, people may have created tools for storing food or carrying infants out of plant materials, which would not be well-preserved in the archaeological record. Archaeological evidence indicates that women were the first to hunt and manufacture stone tools because they needed to provide for their children.

Prior to stone tools, people may have created tools for storing food or carrying infants out of plant materials, which would not be well-preserved in the archaeological record.

Which of the following do some researchers cite as the evolutionary precursor to the role of fathers? The high degree of sexual dimorphism exhibited by early humans allowed males to take on the roles of protectors. An emotional connection of males to their offspring is hardwired in all primate species. Structural changes to the hominid pelvis made it easier for females to care for their offspring, so males did not have to take on as much of a nurturing role. A male's offspring benefited indirectly from the food and protection their sire gave to the female(s) with whom he consistently mated.

A male's offspring benefited indirectly from the food and protection their sire gave to the female(s) with whom he consistently mated.

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the way sexual behavior is culturally constructed? Hijras in India dress as women and fulfill unique ceremonial roles. Men and women in all cultures exhibit both heterosexual and homosexual preferences. A patriarchal society encourages men to be sexually active before marriage, but prohibits females from engaging in any form of sexual behavior until they are married. A Native American society publically recognizes a male who is drawn to women's economic roles and a female who is drawn to men's economic roles as Two-Spirits.

A patriarchal society encourages men to be sexually active before marriage, but prohibits females from engaging in any form of sexual behavior until they are married.

In which of the following societies would recognizing the difference between a "domestic sphere" and "public sphere" become useful in understanding gender roles and relations? in horticultural societies where men and women perform tasks that are equally distributed within and outside of the home in industrial societies where work is highly specialized and gender roles are rigidly defined in foraging societies where work is highly specialized and gender roles are rigidly defined in agrarian societies where men and women perform tasks that are equally distributed within and outside of the home

in industrial societies where work is highly specialized and gender roles are rigidly defined

In which of the following societies is a woman's status likely to be relatively low? in an Inuit society in which women's labor focuses on preparing and processing food, but the majority of food is obtained through the direct labor of men in a Ju/'hoansi society in which women's gathered food makes up a high percentage of the population's total caloric intake in an Indonesian society in which women managed the labor and access to land needed to grow staple crops in an Iroquois society in which women planted and harvested the majority of food crops

in an Inuit society in which women's labor focuses on preparing and processing food, but the majority of food is obtained through the direct labor of men

Which of the following make up the gender roles found in a society? the way men and women interact and how this is reflected in differences in power, status, and prestige the sets of behaviors culturally associated with each gender and which come into play in the areas of work, family, leadership, and religious practice the ways in which people internalize and express the attitudes and expectations culturally associated with their gender the duties and obligations that are assigned to each gender by a code of law and regulated through a central authority

the sets of behaviors culturally associated with each gender and which come into play in the areas of work, family, leadership, and religious practice

Which of the following is a tendency observed in societies in which male dominance is pervasive? Women in such cultures learn to disvalue themselves and accept male domination. Men are frustrated by the lack of a legitimate basis for controlling women's activities. Cultural values and social rewards do not shape people's attitudes toward gender relations. Gender models are explicitly designed and rigorously questioned.

Women in such cultures learn to disvalue themselves and accept male domination.

Which statement best describes one way in which work in the twentieth-century United States changed with respect to gender roles and expectations? An increased demand for workers led to the employment of equal numbers of men and women. The gender gap in the pay scales of men and women was finally closed. Employment opportunities were increasingly segregated by gender. Rising costs of living led to the greater participation of women in paid employment.

Rising costs of living led to the greater participation of women in paid employment.

Which of the following contributes to the subordination of women among the Yanomamo? Women outnumber men and therefore need to be kept in check. Men fear that their multiple wives will join forces against them if not strictly controlled. Men feel threatened by the dominance of matrilocal residence requirements. Women are excluded from direct productive work.

Women are excluded from direct productive work.

Why are assessments of East African pastoral societies that portray women as marginalized considered problematic? because they are based on an analysis of all pastoral societies, not just those that exist in East Africa because they assume that all societies are egalitarian and that pastoral societies have somehow strayed from that norm becoming male dominant and oppressive to women because they do not consider the male bias that skewed initial ethnographies nor the effects of European colonialism on gender roles and relations because they do not recognize the political agenda of pastoral women who portray themselves as underprivileged in order to gain international support

because they do not consider the male bias that skewed initial ethnographies nor the effects of European colonialism on gender roles and relations

Which of the following has replaced an earlier cultural ideal regarding gender constructs in the United States? Separated or divorced people now constitute a smaller percentage of households. Couples in which both the husband and wife work now constitute a larger percentage of households. Couples in which only the husband works outside of the home now constitute a larger percentage of households. Unemployed husbands now constitute a smaller percentage of households.

Couples in which both the husband and wife work now constitute a larger percentage of households.

Which of the following describes an employment trend among young women in places like Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan? The majority of young women have left subsistence agriculture in order to produce and export copra as a cash crop. A significant number of young women have gained employment in factories run by multinational corporations. Higher numbers of young women have chosen not to work and to get married and raise families instead. More women are staying in their villages because better-paying jobs have become available in their local communities.

A significant number of young women have gained employment in factories run by multinational corporations.

How did the development of state societies impact the role of kinship groups? It expanded the role of kinship groups in regulating marriage. It diminished the role of kinship groups in areas such as intergroup trade and settling disputes. It increased the role of kinship groups in carrying out social and economic functions in general. It expanded the role of kinship groups to include corporate functions.

It diminished the role of kinship groups in areas such as intergroup trade and settling disputes.

In general, why is bilateral descent adaptive for people in industrial countries? It creates a universally applicable system of property inheritance that redistributes wealth fairly. It loosens kinship ties, reducing the number of people to whom one has economic obligations, which in turn enables individuals to accumulate more wealth. It is based on a two-parent household, so families are able to draw on at least two incomes to provide for their basic needs. It establishes broad networks across which subsistence labor can be better distributed.

It loosens kinship ties, reducing the number of people to whom one has economic obligations, which in turn enables individuals to accumulate more wealth.

Many kin groups include adoptive kin and fictive kin. This fact supports which of the following ideas? Kinship is based on social, symbolic, and cultural ideas. Kinship is based on biological relatedness in almost all societies. In general, affinal relatives are considered more important than consanguineal relatives. Most people have difficulty distinguishing fictive kin from biological kin.

Kinship is based on social, symbolic, and cultural ideas.

In general anthropological terms, kinship systems organize relationships through __________. definitions of legitimacy and illegitimacy rules of marriage and descent physical similarities and emotional ties biology and genetic inheritance

rules of marriage and descent

Because college fraternities create emotional bonds among their members as well as networks of potential economic support, reciprocity, and mutual obligation, they illustrate which of the following? how little regard people in the postindustrial world have for their actual kin the persistence of kin groups as central organizing forces in large-scale societies the way that private institutions can fulfill the functions that would be performed by kin groups in other societies the way kinship systems initiate fictive kin into their ranks through a system of rituals or ordeals

the way that private institutions can fulfill the functions that would be performed by kin groups in other societies

What is the main cause of the differences between patrilineal and matrilineal societies in terms of the kinds of bonds people maintain with their own kinship group after marriage? In societies with patrilineal descent system, women bear children who are members of their husband's descent group, whereas in matrilineal systems, their children are members of their own descent group. In societies with matrilineal descent systems, a woman becomes a member of her husband's descent group when they get married, whereas in patrilineal systems, a man becomes a member of his wife's descent group when he marries. In societies with patrilineal descent systems, a woman becomes a member of her husband's descent group when they get married, whereas in matrilineal systems, a man becomes a member of his wife's descent group when he marries. In societies with matrilineal descent system, women bear children who are members of their husband's descent group, whereas in patrilineal systems, their children are members of their own descent group.

In societies with patrilineal descent system, women bear children who are members of their husband's descent group, whereas in matrilineal systems, their children are members of their own descent group.

In matrilineal societies, why is the emotional investment of a father in his own children sometimes a source of strain? because men in matrilineal cultures are not recognized as fathers and are not supposed to be involved in childrearing because he owes his primary allegiance to the children of his own kin group because matrilineal cultures tend to discourage men from displaying emotion because he may not be sure of his paternity

because he owes his primary allegiance to the children of his own kin group

What is the distinction between patrilineal descent and patriarchy? Patrilineal descent recognizes both male and female ancestors, whereas a patriarchy recognizes only male ancestors. Patrilineal descent refers to a form of kinship organization, whereas patriarchy refers to the control of social systems and political power by men. Patrilineal descent is found in small-scale societies, whereas patriarchy is a characteristic of large-scale societies. In a patrilineal descent system men and women have equal access to power and resources, whereas in a patriarchy, only men have access to power and resources.

Patrilineal descent refers to a form of kinship organization, whereas patriarchy refers to the control of social systems and political power by men.

Among the Kwakwaka'wakw of British Columbia, why would a person claim to be a member of multiple descent groups? People show political support by becoming members of one group or another and can change their affiliation based on how they feel about a particular issue. A person who wishes to acknowledge both of their parents must become a member of both of their descent groups. Descent reckoning is more loosely organized, and people sometimes lose track of which descent group they are supposed to belong to. Membership in different descent groups gives a person access to different food resources as well as material and ceremonial wealth.

Membership in different descent groups gives a person access to different food resources as well as material and ceremonial wealth.

How are matrilineal descent systems connected to the gendered division of labor in some horticultural societies? Matrilineal descent reflects and reinforces the cooperative groups that women form as primary subsistence workers and childcare providers in many horticultural societies. In a number of horticultural societies, matrilineal descent emphasizes the idea that women should not work outside of the home because they are primarily responsible for raising children. Women in horticultural societies do not need to work because they inherit land, property, and wealth matrilineally, from their mothers. In most horticultural societies, matrilineal descent frees women from subsistence labor so that they can devote more time to political leadership.

Matrilineal descent reflects and reinforces the cooperative groups that women form as primary subsistence workers and childcare providers in many horticultural societies.

Which of the following would be classified as a parallel cousin? the child of one's father's sister the child of one's mother's brother the child of one's brother or sister the child of one's mother's sister

the child of one's mother's sister

How do clans differ from lineages in terms of tracing descent? Lineage members include people who are deceased when tracing ancestry, whereas clan members focus only on living relatives. Clan members are all descended from a known common ancestor, whereas lineage members descend from different, unknown ancestors. Lineage members consider the links established through marriage when tracing descent, whereas clan members do not. Clan members may not be able to trace the exact genealogical links among members, whereas lineage members can

Clan members may not be able to trace the exact genealogical links among members, whereas lineage members can

What role did the Nuer segmentary lineage system play in times of conflict? It empowered lineage leaders to formally punish those who instigated the conflict. It appointed permanent leaders to negotiate and resolve the conflict. It awakened people's feelings of relatedness, leading to fair and peaceful resolutions. It created a mechanism through which participants in the conflict could garner support and allies.

It created a mechanism through which participants in the conflict could garner support and allies.

What benefit do clans derive from endogamous marriage? New political alliances are formed when people marry members of other clans. Land, wealth, and resources stay within the kinship group. The number of lineages that make up the clan increases, helping the clan to grow. Clans are able to expand their land holdings by marrying wealthy individuals from other clans.

Land, wealth, and resources stay within the kinship group.

Which of the following illustrates the concept of a totem? Trobriand Islander subclans trace their origins to a common female ancestor. The Mohawk traditionally organized their clans into two larger groups. Observant Jews and Muslims do not eat pork. The black rhinoceros has mythical and symbolic importance for a clan in Uganda.

The black rhinoceros has mythical and symbolic importance for a clan in Uganda.

What purpose is served by an avoidance relationship between a woman and her father-in-law in a patrilineal society in which the norm is for a married couple to live with the husband's kin? It minimizes competition between the woman's mother-in-law and father-in-law over the woman's affection. It supports the idea that the woman has the same obligations to her married household as she does to her natal household. It eases tension by protecting the woman's husband from having to choose sides between his parents and his wife. It reinforces how the woman's husband is supposed to behave toward his mother-in-law.

It eases tension by protecting the woman's husband from having to choose sides between his parents and his wife.

Why are flirtation and explicit sexual remarks toward a spouse’s same-sex sibling common in many cultures? Many cultures do not require married couples to be monogamous, therefore sexual remarks and flirtation are ways to initiate physical intimacy between in-laws. In many cultures, these in-laws are potential spouses and sometimes preferred marriage partners in the event of the death of one’s own spouse. Such practices reinforce that these in-laws are sexually off limits, easing tensions between spouses and their siblings. In many cultures, flirtation and explicit sexual remarks are part of the rituals that signal a spouse's acceptance into the family.

In many cultures, these in-laws are potential spouses and sometimes preferred marriage partners in the event of the death of one’s own spouse.

When is avoidance behavior between men and their mothers-in-law in a matrilineal and matrilocal society most prominent? after the married couple has moved out of the mother-in-law's household and set up their own residence only after the married couple has children of their own later in the marriage after the man has proven that he is not going to undermine his mother-in-law's authority early in the marriage when the mother-in-law's authoritative position needs to be recognized and reinforced

early in the marriage when the mother-in-law's authoritative position needs to be recognized and reinforced

Although the term “avoidance" has been traditionally used in anthropology to describe a particular pattern of relationships, some anthropologists believe that the behaviors involved would be more accurately described as __________. informal or casual painful or strained political or pragmatic respectful or bashful

respectful or bashful

A young man and his father's sister's daughter frequently joke with and tease each other when they meet. This behavior is expected and considered appropriate. Based on this information, one could conclude that __________. the society encourages marriage between cross-cousins a married couple is expected to reside with the husband's father's sister the society is matrilineal, and women have high status the society is patrilineal and prefers parallel-cousin marriage

the society encourages marriage between cross-cousins

How are kinship systems affected by changes in other aspects of culture? Kinship systems only change during periods of extensive culture contact with a more powerful society. Kinship systems are immune to change and endure despite other cultural changes. Kinship systems often change when subsistence patterns change. Kinship systems are highly flexible and frequently change independently from other cultural phenomena.

Kinship systems often change when subsistence patterns change.

Which of the following trends is characteristic of societies that were subjected to European colonialism? Unilineal descent systems have shifted to bilateral kinship reckoning. Patrilineal descent reckoning has been replaced with matrilineal kinship systems. Unilineal kinship systems have gained more control over resources in response to colonial pressures. Societies with bilateral systems have transitioned to ambilineal or double descent systems.

Unilineal descent systems have shifted to bilateral kinship reckoning.

Which of the following distinguishes bilateral kinship from unilineal descent? Bilateral kinship distinguishes between "blood" relatives and relatives by marriage, whereas unilineal descent does not distinguish between the two. Bilateral kinship places a greater emphasis on relationships derived from a common ancestor, whereas unilineal descent emphasizes generational relationships. Bilateral kinship does not distinguish between "blood" relatives and relatives by marriage, whereas unilineal descent does distinguish between the two. Bilateral kinship places a greater emphasis on generational relationships, whereas unilineal descent emphasizes relationships derived from a common ancestor.

Bilateral kinship places a greater emphasis on generational relationships, whereas unilineal descent emphasizes relationships derived from a common ancestor.

The way the Cheyenne descent system changed over time illustrates which of the following? how indigenous people were forced to adopt European kinship practices and how changes in kinship led to changes in settlement patterns the connection between descent reckoning and subsistence strategy and the influence of culture contact on a society's form of kinship organization the way depopulation can result in a society replacing a genealogically based kinship system with one dominated by fictive kin the natural tendency of kinship systems to become more advanced as people abandon foraging for more complex subsistence strategies

the connection between descent reckoning and subsistence strategy and the influence of culture contact on a society's form of kinship organization

Which of the following has contributed to the loosening of kinship ties in industrial and postindustrial societies? employment opportunities that encourage or require nuclear families to relocate far from other kin the introduction of unilineal descent systems by increasing numbers of immigrants the recognition that family allegiances come at too great an emotional cost cultural values that prioritize family obligations over individual achievements

employment opportunities that encourage or require nuclear families to relocate far from other kin

Which of the following is reflected in the Sudanese kinship terminology system? a rigidly structured descent system that controls the sort of relationships people should have with one another the idea that all relatives in the same generation regard one another as siblings the ability of individuals to negotiate their relationships with others and to affiliate with either side of the family the fact that the society places a higher value on relationships on the maternal side

the ability of individuals to negotiate their relationships with others and to affiliate with either side of the family

Why is the Hawaiian kinship terminology system often used by societies with ambilineal descent systems? It does not emphasize a particular line of descent, which reflects the ability of people to choose to affiliate with either their mother or father's kinship group. It reinforces the dominance of patrilineal affiliations over matrilineal affiliations that is characteristic of an ambilineal descent system. It helps justify the preference for cousin marriage in ambilineal societies by referring to all cousins of the same gender with the same term. It downplays the importance of kinship so that people are free to redefine their kinship groups in order to accumulate individual wealth.

It does not emphasize a particular line of descent, which reflects the ability of people to choose to affiliate with either their mother or father's kinship group.

The kinship terminology system generally used in North America emphasizes the nuclear family, but whether non-nuclear family members are related through the mother or father is irrelevant to the kinship terms used. These features are characteristic of which of the following? the Eskimo kinship terminology system the Omaha kinship terminology system the Iroquois kinship terminology system the Crow kinship terminology system

the Eskimo kinship terminology system

Which statement best describes a key difference between the Omaha and Crow systems? The Crow system is used primarily among foraging societies, whereas the Omaha system is preferred by industrial societies. The Omaha system is used in patrilineal societies, whereas the Crow system is used in matrilineal societies. The Omaha system employs a different name for every individual in the kin group, whereas the Crow system lumps several relatives under the same term. The Omaha system creates an extra distinction for relatives not in one's clan, whereas the Crow system treats the relatives in all clans equally.

The Omaha system is used in patrilineal societies, whereas the Crow system is used in matrilineal societies.

How did the Cheyenne emphasize the importance of seniority in the kinship terms they used? They used the same term for one's father and one's father's brother. The terms for grandparents were distinguished by generation as well as gender. There were separate terms for elder siblings, but the same term was used for younger siblings regardless of gender. The same term was used for one's own children and those of one's same-sex sibling.

There were separate terms for elder siblings, but the same term was used for younger siblings regardless of gender.

Why is bilateral kinship advantageous for both foragers and low-income Americans? It creates a flexible division of labor. It creates a flexible pool of people that one can call on in times of economic need. It allows for a greater accumulation of wealth in the hands of individuals. It prevents people from expending resources that they do not have.

It creates a flexible pool of people that one can call on in times of economic need.

Why do many patrilineal societies make it difficult for someone to divorce their spouse? because marriage makes it possible for a man to claim his wife's children as members of his descent group because patrilineal societies value the needs of women over those of men because people in patrilineal societies believe that the emotional bond between spouses is unbreakable because all patrilineal societies are founded on religious beliefs that see marriage as divinely sanctioned

because marriage makes it possible for a man to claim his wife's children as members of his descent group

The Diné of the American Southwest recognize a man's continuing obligations to the women of his natal family even after he is married. Additionally, the role he plays in decision making in his wife's household is limited. These characteristics are aligned with which of the following? a society that is both patrilineal and patriarchal a society that follows an ambilineal descent system a society in which bilateral kinship is important a society that traces descent matrilineally

a society that traces descent matrilineally

How does a system of double descent differ from a parallel descent system? In parallel descent a person changes kin groups when they marry, whereas in double descent a person belongs to their natal kin group and that of their spouse simultaneously. Double descent requires a person to belong to both their mother and father's kin group, whereas in parallel descent, individuals are allowed to decide which kin group they want to be affiliated with. Parallel descent divides kin groups into generational segments, whereas double descent emphasizes the lines of relatedness that cross generations. In double descent an individual belongs to the kin groups of both their mother and father, whereas in parallel descent an individual belongs to the kin group of the parent of the same gender.

In double descent an individual belongs to the kin groups of both their mother and father, whereas in parallel descent an individual belongs to the kin group of the parent of the same gender.

Which statement best captures how a man in a matrilineal society would pass on property and resources to the children in his kin group? The property and resources would be passed from a man to his daughter’s son rather than his own son. The property and resources would be passed from a man to his sister’s son rather than his own son. The property and resources would be given to the man's mother, who would decide how to distribute them. The property and resources would be distributed evenly among the man's male and female children.

The property and resources would be passed from a man to his sister’s son rather than his own son.

Historically, Mohawk society was matrilineal and practiced clan exogamy. Which of the following describes a practice that would have been aligned with the principles of clan exogamy? A man from the Bear clan would not marry a woman from the Bear clan, but rather a woman from the Wolf or Turtle clan. A woman from the Wolf clan would only marry a man who also belongs to the Wolf clan, rather than a man who belongs to the Bear or Turtle clan. A man from the Turtle clan would marry a woman who belongs to the same clan as his mother as long as she was not a member of his matrilineage. A man would change his clan affiliation when he gets married, so that he would become a member of his wife's clan.

A man from the Bear clan would not marry a woman from the Bear clan, but rather a woman from the Wolf or Turtle clan.

Which of the following is a common corporate function of a clan? As a group, clan members manage access to land. The elders of a clan are responsible for electing new members. Clans are in charge of maintaining and dissolving lineages. Clan members regularly meet to discuss proposed business ventures.

As a group, clan members manage access to land.

How do phratries differ from moieties? A moiety is one of two groups of linked clans, whereas a phratry is one of three or more groups of linked clans. Phratries are always endogamous, whereas moieties are always exogamous.Consider This: In some societies, membership in a phratry or moiety helps determine whom one can marry. 9.3 Illustrate how societies organize marriages, economic resources, and political positions through descent groups. A moiety is a structure found in societies with unilineal descent groups, whereas a phratry is found in societies organized around bilateral descent. Phratries are always patrilineal kinship groups, whereas moieties are always matrilineal.

A moiety is one of two groups of linked clans, whereas a phratry is one of three or more groups of linked clans.

Which of the following is an example of a taboo? the punishment incurred by transgressing a religious law marrying someone from another clan in a society that practices clan exogamy the animal after which a clan is named a prohibition against eating a totemic animal

a prohibition against eating a totemic animal

Based on the patterns of relationships that anthropologists have observed cross-culturally, in matrilineal and matrilocal societies, the relationship between a man and his mother-in-law is likely to be characterized by __________. the man going out of his way to show respect and deference to his mother-in-law frequent conflicts and confrontations designed to create a rift between the man and his wife the exchange of sexually explicit remarks the mother-in-law assuming a subordinate role

the man going out of his way to show respect and deference to his mother-in-law

How does the Sudanese kin terminology system differ from the other kinship terminology systems? The Sudanese kin terminology is skewed toward cross-cousins of the father’s side, whereas all other kinship terminology systems do not skew toward any cross-cousins. The Sudanese kin terminology system uses the same name for siblings and cousins of the same gender, whereas all other kinship terminology systems distinguish relatives on the basis of gender. In the Sudanese kin terminology system, all kinship relationships are given separate terms, whereas all other kinship terminology systems lump certain relatives under the same term. The Sudanese kin terminology system emphasizes the nuclear family, whereas all other kinship terminology systems emphasize the extended family.

In the Sudanese kin terminology system, all kinship relationships are given separate terms, whereas all other kinship terminology systems lump certain relatives under the same term.

Which two kinship terminology systems have a generational skewing pattern that focuses on lineal relatives not in one’s own clan? Crow and Omaha Crow and Iroquois Eskimo and Hawaiian Sudanese and Crow

Crow and Omaha

Which of the following often contributes to a shift from matrilineal descent to other forms of descent? the death of a female family member changes in the subsistence roles of men and women the establishment of a household near the wife's kin the introduction of the concept of divorce

changes in the subsistence roles of men and women

How does the Hawaiian kinship system reflect a cultural opposition to cousin marriage? There are different terms for each of one's cousins that reference the exact lines of relatedness. One's cousins are referred to as brother or sister. Cousins are differentiated according to gender, relative age, and lineage. There are no kinship terms assigned to one's cousins.

One's cousins are referred to as brother or sister.

Why did the Cheyenne shift back to bilateral kinship after adopting matrilineal descent? As competition over resources in the prairies increased, the Cheyenne relocated and returned to foraging, a way of life that benefited from the potentially wider network of alliances made possible through bilateral kinship. The Cheyenne frequently changed their kinship system in order to fit in better with their neighbors. As they moved, they adopted whichever kinship system was popular in the region. The introduction of European goods created wealth differences among members of the Cheyenne community, and bilateral kinship allowed people to maintain their individual wealth. Bilateral kinship helped organize Cheyenne society when they lived in permanent settlements, but when they switched to a nomadic way of life, matrilineal descent proved to be a more efficient way of organizing social relationships.

As competition over resources in the prairies increased, the Cheyenne relocated and returned to foraging, a way of life that benefited from the potentially wider network of alliances made possible through bilateral kinship.

What was distinctive about the historical marriage practices of the Nayar in South India? A newly married couple would stay together for three days, after which they did not have to see each other again. Married couples never left one another's sides and were even buried together. Same-sex marriages were more common that heterosexual marriages. The Nayar had no system of formally recognized marriages.

A newly married couple would stay together for three days, after which they did not have to see each other again.

Which of the following distinguishes Nuer same-sex marriages from those taking place in the United States? Among the Nuer, partners in a same-sex marriage were unable to pass property to their descendants. Among the Nuer, once a man entered into a same-sex marriage, he was forbidden from taking a female wife, even after the same-sex marriage ended. Among the Nuer, a woman could be legally defined as a man so that she could marry another woman in order to claim her wife's children as her own. Among the Nuer, only same-sex marriages between men were acknowledged publically, whereas those between women were kept secret.

Among the Nuer, a woman could be legally defined as a man so that she could marry another woman in order to claim her wife's children as her own.

What is one advantage of sororal polygyny? The husband is able to move into the home where his wives grew up rather than establishing a new residence. The bride's family only has to pay bridewealth for one sister, not both. A woman who is unable to have children can count her sister's children as her own. Conflicts between wives is minimized because they are sisters.

Conflicts between wives is minimized because they are sisters.

In traditional Nyinba communities, the sex ratio is 118 men to 100 women, and local resources are scarce. Which of the following best describes how polyandry is an adaptive strategy in such a context? Polyandry decreases tensions among the men in the population. Polyandry permits all men to marry while at the same time limiting population growth. Because polyandry permits one man to have many wives, it helps his household to share resources. Polyandry brings kin closer together.

Polyandry permits all men to marry while at the same time limiting population growth.

Polyandrous marriages likely to occur in societies __________. where there are fewer men than women where there are fewer women than men where food shortages are common that favor families with large numbers of children

where there are fewer women than men

Among the Plains Indians, how was bridewealth connected to a family's prestige? The number of horses given as bridewealth reflected the prestige of the groom's family. A bride displayed the prestige of her family by offering the groom a large number of cattle. A groom from a highly prestigious family did not need to spend as many years providing labor for the bride's family as a groom from a less prestigious family. If the groom's family accepted the bridewealth payment, it was taken as an indication that they held the bride's family in high esteem.

The number of horses given as bridewealth reflected the prestige of the groom's family.

Some Nuer men break from tradition by using money they have earned at work to purchase cattle for their own bridewealth payments. Why would they do this? because doing so frees them from family ties because Nuer families are generally less wealthy than before because disease has reduced the number of cattle because industrialized societies value economic independence more than tradition

because doing so frees them from family ties

Why would fathers in medieval through nineteenth-century Europe be interested in providing generous dowries for their daughters? A large dowry was thought to encourage fertility, and having large numbers of grandchildren provided security for men as they aged. They knew that their daughter and son-in-law would eventually pay them back with interest. Generous dowries attracted allies in the form of sons-in-law who were wealthy and powerful. In exchange for a generous dowry, a father was able to take a percentage of his son-in-law's wages.

Generous dowries attracted allies in the form of sons-in-law who were wealthy and powerful.

In societies where bridewealth is a marriage custom, why might the wife’s kin have a large stake in discouraging the dissolution of the marriage? because families joined by marriage become economic partners to extent that they cannot subsist without one another because bridewealth was typically returned if a couple divorced because after paying the bridewealth they would have no more resources left to take care of the bride if she left her husband because if the marriage ends in divorce before the wife bears children, her family will have no one to inherit their property

because bridewealth was typically returned if a couple divorced

How does bridewealth differ from brideservice? Bridewealth consists of gifts from the groom’s family to the bride's family, whereas brideservice consists of labor performed by the groom for the bride's family. Bridewealth consists of labor performed by the groom for the bride's family, whereas brideservice consists of gifts provided by the groom to the bride's family. Bridewealth consists of gifts from the bride’s family to the groom's family, whereas brideservice consists of labor performed by the bride for the groom's family. Bridewealth consists of labor performed by the bride for the groom's family, whereas brideservice consists of gifts provided by the bride.

Bridewealth consists of gifts from the groom’s family to the bride's family, whereas brideservice consists of labor performed by the groom for the bride's family.

When a suitor’s kin inquired about his potential marriage to a young Haida woman, her father said that he had “nothing to do with it” and then sent them to his wife’s brother. What does this suggest about the Haida kinship system? The Haida are a matrilineal society in which the woman's maternal uncle, not her father, is responsible for decisions that affect her kinship group. The Haida practice cross-cousin marriage, therefore the uncle needed to be notified that someone other than his son wanted to marry his niece. The Haida are a patrilineal society in which men, rather than women, have social and political control. Among the Haida, polyandry is common and therefore more than one male relative of the parental generation needed to be consulted.

The Haida are a matrilineal society in which the woman's maternal uncle, not her father, is responsible for decisions that affect her kinship group.

In Mohawk society, a future husband would give his bride’s mother a gift of deer meat, and a future bride would give her husband’s mother a gift of cornbread. What did such gifts symbolize? each family’s primary source of wealth the interdependence of the economic roles of men and women in sustaining a household a portion of the dowry that will be delivered upon the birth of the couple's first child the spirits that are associated with fertility and reproduction

the interdependence of the economic roles of men and women in sustaining a household

What is a typical difference in weddings held in foraging and horticultural societies compared to those held in agrarian and industrial societies? In agrarian and industrial societies, weddings are usually simple rituals, whereas in foraging and horticultural societies, weddings may be elaborate ceremonies involving transfers of wealth and property. In foraging and horticultural societies, weddings are based on a society's religious beliefs, whereas in agrarian and industrial societies, weddings are generally secular and legalistic in nature. In foraging and horticultural societies, weddings are usually simple rituals, whereas in agrarian and industrial societies, weddings may be elaborate ceremonies involving transfers of wealth and property. In agrarian and industrial societies, weddings are based on a society's religious beliefs, whereas in foraging and horticultural societies, weddings are generally secular and legalistic in nature.

In foraging and horticultural societies, weddings are usually simple rituals, whereas in agrarian and industrial societies, weddings may be elaborate ceremonies involving transfers of wealth and property.

Cross-culturally, the purpose of courtship is generally __________. for people to fulfill their sexual desires before committing to marriage for families to outstage one another through the presentation of increasingly valuable gifts for a man to show a woman that his romantic feelings for her are stronger than any of her other suitors for an individual to select a compatible mate

for an individual to select a compatible mate

Why are weddings considered "rites of passage"? because the families of the bride and groom "pass" property between them through gift exchanges because in most societies, people do not have rights and responsibilities until after they are married because weddings are essentially religious in nature because weddings change the social status of the bride and groom

because weddings change the social status of the bride and groom

Among the Lohorung Rai of Nepal, a new bride returns to her natal family's home the day after the wedding. Sixteen days later she rejoins her husband, but stays for only a few days before returning once again to her natal family. Within the year, she moves back to her husband's village, but after her first child is born, she returns to her natal home one final time before permanently living with her husband. This process illustrates which of the following? the unstable nature of marriage as a universal construct the conflicting feelings that can arise in a society that practices virilocality the incompatibility of endogamous marriage with village exogamy the challenges that arise when a matrilineal society follows a neolocal residence pattern

the conflicting feelings that can arise in a society that practices virilocality

Why did conflict with Europeans strengthen the practice of matrilocal residence among the Iroquois? European matrilocal residence patterns reinforced the traditional residence pattern of the Iroquois. The European preference for patrilocal residence increased the Iroquois resolve to live matrilocally. Fighting against the Europeans kept men away from home for long periods of time. Warfare forced the Iroquois to switch to horticulture, which depends on matrilocal residence.

Fighting against the Europeans kept men away from home for long periods of time.

Which of the following describes the pattern(s) of postmarital residence typically followed by foragers? Foragers always follow matrilocal residence patterns because women's subsistence activities are more highly valued than those of men. Foragers generally choose which relatives to live near based on the makeup of households, resource availability, and personal preference. Foragers tend to follow patrilocal residence patterns because they want families to be located near their warriors. Foragers are nomadic, so none of them follow a postmarital residence pattern.

Foragers generally choose which relatives to live near based on the makeup of households, resource availability, and personal preference.

Under what conditions would a society tend to follow an avunculocal residence pattern? when inheritance follows patrilineal descent, but property and resources are owned by women when inheritance follows matrilineal descent, and property and resources are owned by women when inheritance follows patrilineal descent, and property and resources are owned by men when inheritance follows matrilineal descent, but property and resources are owned by men

when inheritance follows matrilineal descent, but property and resources are owned by men

Which combination of descent system and postmarital residence pattern creates stable, interacting groups of related kin? a matrilineal society that practices virilocal residence a matrilineal society that practices neolocal residence a patrilineal society that practices patrilocal residence a patrilineal society that practices uxorilocal residence

a patrilineal society that practices patrilocal residence

How did the Mohawk and Lakota cultures differ with respect to divorce? The Mohawk did not attach any social stigma to the wife or husband in the case of divorce, but the Lakota shamed women whose marriages ended in divorce. The Mohawk did not allow divorce because they were a patrilineal and highly patriarchal society, whereas the Lakota, a matrilineal culture, made divorce easy. The Lakota did not attach any social stigma to the wife or husband in the case of divorce, but the Mohawk shamed both men and women whose marriages ended in divorce. The Lakota did not allow divorce because they were a patrilineal and highly patriarchal society, whereas the Lakota, a matrilineal culture, allowed women to initiate divorce, but not men.

The Mohawk did not attach any social stigma to the wife or husband in the case of divorce, but the Lakota shamed women whose marriages ended in divorce.

Among the patrilineal Kpelle of Liberia, marriages traditionally involve the exchange of bridewealth. Although adults are expected to be married, divorce in Kpelle society is fairly common and often initiated by the wife. Which of the following is likely to occur when a Kpelle couple divorces? A divorced husband will forfeit his right to receive bridewealth when his daughter marries. The wife will no longer be recognized as a member of her patrilineage. Any children from the marriage will become members of their mother's patrilineage. The bride's family will return the bridewealth to the husband or his kin group.

The bride's family will return the bridewealth to the husband or his kin group.

Why is the Nuer "ghost marriage" considered a form of levirate? because a sister can become the second wife of her sister's husband after she dies because the children of the widow are considered to be the offspring of the deceased husband because a younger brother marries the widow of his elder brother because the husband's family does not have to return the bridewealth if he dies

because a younger brother marries the widow of his elder brother

In societies that allow divorce in the case where the couple fails to produce sons, there is the tendency to do which of the following? conduct fertility testing before either spouse remarries shun the husband and forbid him to marry again blame and criticize the wife but not the husband encourage the wife to marry someone else as soon as possible

blame and criticize the wife but not the husband

In many societies, a widow may do which of the following to publically indicate her status? isolate herself by moving out of her family home and relocating to the edge of the settlement dress as she did before she was married in order to indicate that she is available for remarriage wear different types of clothing than when she was married or change her hairstyle change her name to that of her deceased husband

wear different types of clothing than when she was married or change her hairstyle

A woman has a child with one man, but marries another with whom she establishes a household. Together they raise the woman's child. Which of the following does this illustrate? Social motherhood is established at birth, not marriage. Biological fatherhood is always the same as social fatherhood. Marriage is a way to establish social fatherhood, which does not always overlap with biological paternity. Marriage establishes biological motherhood for women, but social fatherhood for men.

Marriage is a way to establish social fatherhood, which does not always overlap with biological paternity.

Which of the following would be included in the category of affines? the son who will inherit property from his father a woman's first-born daughter the parent who belongs to one's same kin group a man's second wife in a polygynous society

a man's second wife in a polygynous society

Why does family size need to be limited among foragers? to prevent exceeding the carrying capacity of the environment to protect the egalitarian nature of the community to divide labor more efficiently to decrease conflict within the group

to prevent exceeding the carrying capacity of the environment

What’s the difference between one’s family of orientation and one’s family of procreation? One is adopted into a family of orientation, but is born into one’s family of procreation. One is born into one’s family of orientation, but is adopted into a family of procreation. One founds the family of orientation as an adult, but one grows up in the family of procreation. One grows up in the family of orientation, but one founds the family of procreation as an adult.

One grows up in the family of orientation, but one founds the family of procreation as an adult.

Which of the following supports the idea that avoiding incest is not instinctual? Incest occurs fairly widely in the animal kingdom. Many social norms seek to regulate instinctual behavior. Incest is not practiced in any known culture. Incest occurs fairly widely in human societies.

Incest occurs fairly widely in human societies.

According to Bronislaw Malinowski, why did people develop incest taboos? to avoid the negative biological consequences of reproducing within a narrow gene pool to encourage the formation of alliances with other families through marriage to lessen sexual competition within the nuclear family to express people's natural aversion to physical intimacy with someone they grew up with

to lessen sexual competition within the nuclear family

In Australia, the traditional Tiwi marriage practice in which men may have more than one wife and two men may sometimes agree to marry each other’s sisters or daughters is a case of __________. reciprocal polyandry mutual monogamy serial monogamy reciprocal polygyny

reciprocal polygyny

What is one reason why polygyny occurs in some strongly patriarchal societies? Polygyny is the primary way men forge political alliances with women, increasing the amount of social control both men and women have. Men who can afford a greater number of wives are seen to have greater wealth, power, and prestige in their communities. Patriarchy often occurs among foraging societies, whose subsistence patterns encourage polygyny. Women in patriarchal societies seek polygynous relationships, despite the objections of kin.

Men who can afford a greater number of wives are seen to have greater wealth, power, and prestige in their communities.

Today, the custom of a bride-to-be collecting linens in a bridal hope chest is a remnant of what European system? the bridewealth exchange that occurred when a couple became engaged the practice of groom-service that was popular throughout medieval Europe the dowry system in which the bride's family gave valuables to the bride to bring with her when she married the system of matrilineal inheritance through which women were able to pass property to their children

the dowry system in which the bride's family gave valuables to the bride to bring with her when she married

What do both groom-service and brideservice provide from the parents’ perspective? a good-faith agreement and sign of the prospective in-law’s serious intentions an indication that their future in-laws will be loyal to their family a means of publicly declaring the impending marriage to their kin a demonstration of a future in-law’s suitability as a marriage partner and household member

a demonstration of a future in-law’s suitability as a marriage partner and household member

Which of the following is an example of bridewealth? In India, a groom's family calculates the amount of wealth they will acquire when their son marries. In the North American plains, a young woman provides subsistence labor for her prospective husband's family. In Sudan, a Nuer groom presents cattle to his prospective wife's family. In seventeenth-century Europe, wealthy families collected property to give to their daughters when they married.

In Sudan, a Nuer groom presents cattle to his prospective wife's family.

In general, which of the following is an underlying principle of arranged marriages? The bride and groom should be treated like young children and must obey their parents. The groom's family always has more power than the bride's family. Marriages are alliances between families, not just individuals. Affines should never be trusted.

Marriages are alliances between families, not just individuals.

What is one reason why a matrilineal society would favor a matrilocal residence pattern? It prevents members of the kin group from being dispersed. It safeguards the community from external warfare. It makes sure that property is evenly distributed across the society. It promotes alliances with other kin groups through marriage

It prevents members of the kin group from being dispersed.

What do both levirate and sororate marriage patterns stress symbolically? the close relationships people develop as members of a matrilineage the importance of bilateral descent to a society the ultimate decision-making power men have over marriage the endurance of family alliances established through marriage

the endurance of family alliances established through marriage

How do the principles of descent and the resulting claims that kinship groups have over children affect a society's attitude toward divorce? Matrilineal societies are usually more lenient when it comes to divorce because the wife's children are automatically members of her matrilineage. Both patrilineal and matrilineal societies forbid divorce because kin groups do not want to have to return any of the marriage payments. Matrilineal societies are usually more stringent when it comes to divorce because they do not want the husband to be able to take away the children, who are members of the wife's matrilineage. Patrilineal societies are usually more lenient when it comes to divorce because fathers are automatically guaranteed rights to their children by virtue of them belonging to his patrilineage.

Matrilineal societies are usually more lenient when it comes to divorce because the wife's children are automatically members of her matrilineage.

Which of the following conveys the difference between power and prestige? People with prestige have the means to control or coerce other people, whereas people with power are followed voluntarily because they are highly regarded and respected. People with power have the means to control or coerce other people, whereas people with prestige are followed voluntarily because they are highly regarded and respected. People with power have the ability to lead at the community level, whereas people with prestige are only able to lead individuals. People with prestige have the ability to lead at the community level, whereas people with power are only able to lead individuals.

People with power have the means to control or coerce other people, whereas people with prestige are followed voluntarily because they are highly regarded and respected.

How are races and castes similar? They are both scientifically based categories in which status is achieved, but mobility from one racial group or caste to another is not allowed. They are both scientifically based categories in which status is ascribed and mobility from one racial group or caste to another is not allowed. They are both culturally constructed systems in which status is achieved and mobility from one racial group or caste to another is allowed. They are both culturally constructed systems in which status is ascribed and mobility from one racial group or caste to another is not allowed.

They are both culturally constructed systems in which status is ascribed and mobility from one racial group or caste to another is not allowed.

What are some of the benefits derived from white privilege in the United States? White people do not need to pay as high a rate of taxes as people of color, even if they are in the same income bracket. White people always have access to better educational resources regardless of their income level or class background. White people never have to accept low-paying jobs and do not suffer from poverty. White people may have better access to mortgages and bank loans and in general may be treated more respectfully.

White people may have better access to mortgages and bank loans and in general may be treated more respectfully.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the racial system used in Brazil? Racial categories are based on scientifically determined biological differences. Racial identification is relative and based on the context and the other people present. Races are not placed in a hierarchy, and all people have equal economic and political access. People with a mix of indigenous ancestry and dark skin form a racial elite and are the wealthiest members of Brazilian society.

Racial identification is relative and based on the context and the other people present.

Under what circumstances does ethnicity become an important basis for group formation? in a multiethnic nation that is undergoing rapid political and social change in a small community composed of people who share a common ancestry and cultural heritage in a nation that is trying to overcome racial divides by establishing social and cultural unity when immigrants wish to assimilate in order to advance economically

in a multiethnic nation that is undergoing rapid political and social change

Which of the following describes the areas central to political organization from an anthropological perspective? making group decisions, choosing leaders, organizing group actions, and resolving disputes organizing warfare, expanding a nation's territory, and taxing citizens through a centralized bureaucracy keeping international peace treaties and electing officials to public office governing through democracy, monarchy, or theocracy and preventing anarchy

making group decisions, choosing leaders, organizing group actions, and resolving disputes

Which of the following summarizes the focus of study for political anthropology? the strategies that lead to the success or failure of a political campaign the tools people develop to maintain peace across international boundaries how individual preferences affect people's decisions to choose and follow leaders the mechanisms people use to solve basic problems that confront them as a group

the mechanisms people use to solve basic problems that confront them as a group

Which of the following principles are essential to the formation of social groups? ideological agreement, uniformity, and political equality cohesion, sharing, and reciprocity force, indoctrination, and security individual preference, personal freedom, and the acceptance of diversity

cohesion, sharing, and reciprocity

The typology of sociopolitical organization developed by Elman Service should be viewed in which of the following ways? as a means of describing the detailed differences in various forms of sociopolitical organization that appear universally in all cultures as the best instrument to use when analyzing the way political features overlap in a particular society, rather than when making cross-cultural comparisons as a useful tool for discussing cross-cultural variations in sociopolitical systems, despite the fact that it defines ideal types and creates a falsely sharp set of distinctions among societies as a theory that explains the evolution of early forms of political organization through increasingly advanced stages

as a useful tool for discussing cross-cultural variations in sociopolitical systems, despite the fact that it defines ideal types and creates a falsely sharp set of distinctions among societies

What distinction do anthropologists draw between authority and influence? Authority confers the ability to shape the behaviors and decisions of others through the possibility of using force or other means of coercion, whereas influence refers to the ability to have an effect on other people's behavior and decisions based on personal characteristics alone. Authority confers the ability to shape the behaviors and decisions of others on the basis of one's personal characteristics as well as one's social role, whereas influence refers to the ability to have an effect on other people's behavior and decisions based on personal characteristics alone. Influence confers the ability to shape the behaviors and decisions of others on the basis of one's personal characteristics as well as one's social role, whereas authority refers to the ability to have an effect on other people's behavior and decisions based on personal characteristics alone. Influence confers the ability to shape the behaviors and decisions of others through the possibility of using force or other means of coercion, whereas authority refers to the ability to have an effect on other people's behavior and decisions based on personal characteristics as well as social position.

Authority confers the ability to shape the behaviors and decisions of others on the basis of one's personal characteristics as well as one's social role, whereas influence refers to the ability to have an effect on other people's behavior and decisions based on personal characteristics alone.

How are tribes related to confederacies? Confederacies are better organized forms of tribes. Confederacies may make up a tribe. Tribes may make up a confederacy. Tribes are better organized forms of confederacies.

Tribes may make up a confederacy.

What economic feature makes chiefdoms possible? the establishment of internal trade networks the regular production of a surplus the existence of cash crops a dependence on generalized reciprocity

the regular production of a surplus

The Tiwi, who live on islands off of the northern coast of Australia, traditionally subsisted through hunting, fishing, and gathering. Tiwi settlements were usually composed of one to several families related through men. Both men and women could lead on the basis of their personal influence or authority. Based on this information, which of the following most likely would have been one of the traditional ways for the Tiwi to resolve conflicts? through the organization of a blood feud by relocating or joining another band through official competitions involving displays of wealth through formally organized warfare

by relocating or joining another band

Which of the following are characteristics of a state, as the term is used in anthropology? States are uncentralized, have informal leaders, and are egalitarian. States are centralized, have formal governments, and have a hierarchical structure. States have a centralized, formal government based on principles of equality. States are bureaucratic, uncentralized, and highly stratified.

States are centralized, have formal governments, and have a hierarchical structure.

How do states become empires? by dividing a territory into smaller units that have a degree of independence through the expansion of the centralized government into a bureaucracy by switching from an elected ruler to a monarch through conquest and territorial expansion

through conquest and territorial expansion

How are the redistributive networks in chiefdoms and states different? In states, the redistribution of surplus is managed by all people in the community collectively, whereas in chiefdoms, a central leader is chosen to direct the process of redistribution. In states, surplus is distributed throughout the community, whereas in chiefdoms, a majority of the surplus is retained in the hands of the elite members of society. In chiefdoms, the redistribution of surplus is managed by all people in the community collectively, whereas in states, a central leader is chosen to direct the process of redistribution. In chiefdoms, surplus is distributed throughout the community, whereas in states, a majority of the surplus is retained in the hands of the elite members of society.

In chiefdoms, surplus is distributed throughout the community, whereas in states, a majority of the surplus is retained in the hands of the elite members of society.

Which of the following is an example of a theocracy? contemporary Israel, which was established as a homeland for people of Jewish ancestry ancient Egypt, in which the highest rulers were considered to be living deities contemporary Egypt, in which Islam is the state religion the United States, which promotes the idea of freedom of religion

ancient Egypt, in which the highest rulers were considered to be living deities

Which of the following is an agent of social control unique to state societies? a coalition of segmentary lineages a formally organized police force the senior head of a highly ranked patrilineage a temporary tribunal formed to adjudicate a dispute

a formally organized police force

How was the conflict in the Hopi community of Oraibi in Arizona different from the recent conflicts in Yugoslavia, Rwanda, and Iraq? The Hopi conflict ended with the immediate reunification of the community. The Hopi conflict was based on ethnic differences. The Hopi conflict was nonviolent. The Hopi conflict was predicated on a religious disagreement.

The Hopi conflict was nonviolent.

Which of the following best summarizes the concept of "factionalism?" a system aimed at suppressing the political voice of common citizens the tendency for groups within a state to wage war against one another an action aimed at violently deposing state leaders the tendency for groups to split into opposing parties when there is a political disagreement

the tendency for groups to split into opposing parties when there is a political disagreement

In recent years, several Middle Eastern countries have experienced political instability. Which of the following has contributed to this situation? the increasing importance of kinship networks as governing entities in post-colonial and newly independent states internal divisions connected to political and economic inequalities, as well as interference from other countries, such as the United States the success of the American and French Revolutions, which have become models for resistance and rebellion internal disagreements over whether or not people should be allowed to practice Islam, as well as external pressures from European nations to replace republics with monarchies

internal divisions connected to political and economic inequalities, as well as interference from other countries, such as the United States

Which of the following is one reason for rebellion in colonial situations? Foreign monarchs wish to expand their territory through further conquest. More people from the ruling country want to be allowed to move to the colony. Indigenous people want to become members of European countries. People living in the colonies no longer want to live under foreign rule.

People living in the colonies no longer want to live under foreign rule.

Which of the following supported the independence movements in Africa that followed World War II? the expiration of the original terms of the colonial agreement increasing international opposition to colonialism and the strength of the resistance within the colonized countries the economic boom that followed World War II, which made the exploitation of colonial resources no longer necessary the inability of European countries to agree on which of them should rule the African colonies

increasing international opposition to colonialism and the strength of the resistance within the colonized countries

In what ways do state societies differ from bands, tribes, and chiefdoms? States rely on voluntary cooperation when building public works, rather than forceful conscription of labor. All people in state societies contribute to subsistence work as well as specializing in a craft. States are typically democratic, and people from different social strata are given an equal say in political decisions. States have greater degrees of craft specialization and social inequality.

States have greater degrees of craft specialization and social inequality.

In general, how is the social stratification of a state society organized? into at least two strata of commoners and elites into a minimum of three social groupings of leaders, workers, and slaves into non-hierarchical groups based on occupation and craft specialization into a unified continuum based on personal wealth

into at least two strata of commoners and elites

Which of the following serves as a visual marker of the wealth and power of a state? its codified laws its writing system its monumental architecture its redistributive networks

its monumental architecture

Which of the following describes the phenomena of political organization cross-culturally? Political organization ranges from formal governments to informal ways of making decisions, assigning leadership, and resolving conflicts. Cross-culturally, political organization is based on deeply established kinship relationships. Political organization is found only in societies that have achieved a high enough population size and level of social stratification. Cross-culturally, political organization resembles the formal governments found in most modern states.

Political organization ranges from formal governments to informal ways of making decisions, assigning leadership, and resolving conflicts.

Which of the following summarizes the issue that caused the Hopi community of Oraibi to split into two factions in the early 1900s? The community disagreed as to whether to participate in U.S. federal educational programs would benefit Hopi children. Hopi families disagreed as to whether kinship connections should still play a key role in political organization. The leaders disagreed over whether the traditional "tug-of-war" ritual could be used to resolve conflicts. Community members disagreed as to whether the village should move onto a federally run reservation.

The community disagreed as to whether to participate in U.S. federal educational programs would benefit Hopi children.

In which of the following conflicts did ethnic differences play a major role? the fighting between Shiite and Sunni groups in Iraq and the Israeli/Palestinian conflict the Israeli/Palestinian conflict and the Rwandan genocide the splitting of the Oraibi Hopi community and the break-up of Yugoslavia the Rwandan genocide and break-up of Yugoslavia

the Rwandan genocide and break-up of Yugoslavia

Which of the following are common cultural features found in tribal societies? strict community boundaries that prevent interactions with outsiders, age-grade and age-set systems, and confederacy systems mechanisms for joining together at certain points during the year, intergroup trade, and an underlying egalitarian ethic leaders who are given absolute power, a tendency toward violence, and egalitarian gender relations subsistence strategies that blend elements of foraging and horticulture, a high degree of differential access to basic resources, and formal mechanisms for resolving disputes

mechanisms for joining together at certain points during the year, intergroup trade, and an underlying egalitarian ethic

Which of the following defines "power" as it is used in political anthropology? the influence one has on another person's opinion the ability to attract followers through demonstrations of goodwill and generosity the ability to coerce others into behaving in certain ways the desire to develop autonomy

the ability to coerce others into behaving in certain ways

How does leadership in a chiefdom differ from that in band and tribal societies? In chiefdoms, political power is based on economic wealth alone. In chiefdoms, all people have equal access to political positions. In chiefdoms, political authority is more centralized. In chiefdoms, kinship groups do not play an important role in political life.

In chiefdoms, political authority is more centralized.

What is the purpose of a confederacy? to join tribes or bands together in order to respond to an external threat to consolidate the power of a prominent lineage in a chiefdom to empower a single leader to rule over a highly stratified society to establish trade networks over a broad geographical region

to join tribes or bands together in order to respond to an external threat

Ancient Greek and Roman deities were organized in a system in which each had specialized domains and positions of power relative to one another, with Zeus or Jupiter at the head. What does this suggest about Greek and Roman society? Greek and Roman society were socially and politically stratified in a hierarchical fashion. The Greeks and Romans practiced monotheism. The Greeks and Romans went to great lengths to distinguish themselves from one another culturally. The Greeks and Romans were among the most powerful ancient civilizations.

Greek and Roman society were socially and politically stratified in a hierarchical fashion.

Which of the following tends to be a general distinction between the way people in egalitarian societies interact with the spirit world compared to the way people in stratified societies do? In egalitarian societies, people use public rituals to contact spirit beings, whereas in stratified societies, communication between humans and spirit beings is performed privately, without ritual. In egalitarian societies, people are able to make direct, personal contact with spirit beings, compared to stratified societies in which religious specialists serve as intermediaries between people and spirit beings. In stratified societies, people are able to make direct, personal contact with spirit beings, compared to egalitarian societies in which religious specialists serve as intermediaries between people and spirit beings. In stratified societies, people use public rituals to contact spirit beings, whereas in egalitarian societies, communication between humans and spirit beings is performed privately, without ritual.

In egalitarian societies, people are able to make direct, personal contact with spirit beings, compared to stratified societies in which religious specialists serve as intermediaries between people and spirit beings.

In general, what is the goal of anthropologists in studying religions? to assess the relative merits of all religions to determine which religious beliefs are valid to learn about how people develop cultural meanings and behaviors to prove that religion is a weaker explanatory mechanism than science

to learn about how people develop cultural meanings and behaviors

Which of the following religious practices would be found in a foraging society? offerings to a deity who created staple crops centrally organized sacrifices that use up surplus seasonal ceremonies celebrating members of a pantheon rituals to ensure a successful hunt

rituals to ensure a successful hunt

What is the goal of religious speech? to generate proof of the existence of supernatural forces to channel impulses in a socially acceptable way to clarify the ambiguities inherent in social life to influence natural phenomena, states of being, people, or events

to influence natural phenomena, states of being, people, or events

How is science different from religion? Science is based on empirical observation and the concept that there are physical causes of observable effects, whereas religion is founded on beliefs in spiritual or supernatural causes. Science and religion are both fundamentally empirical, but science employs mathematics, whereas religion is language-based. Science is essentially descriptive in nature and does not employ ideas of cause and effect, whereas religion is experiential and does interpret phenomena on the basis of cause and effect. Science is atheistic and focused on disproving supernatural phenomena, whereas religion may be polytheistic or monotheistic and is focused on proving the existence of spiritual forces and beings.

Science is based on empirical observation and the concept that there are physical causes of observable effects, whereas religion is founded on beliefs in spiritual or supernatural causes.

Which of the following is a psychological effect of religious practice? the punishment of wrongdoings revealed through confession the resolution of conflicts with neighboring societies emotional catharsis and the release of tension and worry the diagnosis of underlying conditions, such as schizophrenia or anxiety

emotional catharsis and the release of tension and worry

Which of the following is an example of how religion can reinforce social controls? In some societies, kinship groups are assigned different ritual tasks and must join together in order to conduct a proper ceremony. Some cosmological systems include deities whose personalities and characteristics parallel those of their human counterparts. Gender role reversals in ritual contexts highlight social values by temporarily allowing them to be transgressed. In all societies, people believe that their deities must follow the same judicial and penal code as humans.

Gender role reversals in ritual contexts highlight social values by temporarily allowing them to be transgressed.

In Hindu cosmology, married goddesses are portrayed as benevolent and trustworthy while unmarried goddesses are aggressive and dangerous. What does this imply about Hindu society? Gods and goddesses are allowed to transgress social norms, whereas humans are not. There is a gender expectation that the proper role for a woman is as a wife. Gender identity in Hindu society is fluid. There is a social expectation for god and goddesses to get married.

There is a gender expectation that the proper role for a woman is as a wife.

What is the difference between animism and animatism? Animism is a belief that all living things have a soul or spirit essence, whereas animatism is a belief that an impersonal spiritual force can manifest in both animate beings and inanimate objects. Animatism is a belief that all living things have a soul or spirit essence, whereas animism is a belief that an impersonal spiritual force can manifest in both animate beings and inanimate objects. Animism is a belief that only humans have a soul, whereas animatism is a belief that all living beings have a soul or spirit essence. Animatism is a belief that only humans have a soul, whereas animism is a belief that all living beings have a soul or spirit essence.

Animism is a belief that all living things have a soul or spirit essence, whereas animatism is a belief that an impersonal spiritual force can manifest in both animate beings and inanimate objects.

In Japan, people present offerings to tablets that commemorate deceased relatives. This is a form of __________. ancestor worship animatism polytheism totemism

ancestor worship

Which of the following is a function fulfilled by totemism? celebrating the solidarity of social groups uniting lineage groups within a single generation bringing good luck through spiritual objects maintaining separate roles for men and women

celebrating the solidarity of social groups

In some cultures, secret societies are established to do which of the following? expand the power of religious leaders in stratified societies control places and objects that are associated with spirit forces and/or religious ceremonies protect indigenous religions from external cultural influences establish the household rituals used in ancestor worship

control places and objects that are associated with spirit forces and/or religious ceremonies

In Ethiopia, a small group of people gather to sing a series of spirit-related songs. One of the women in the group begins rocking back and forth. She eventually stands and addresses the group with an unusual vocal quality. When she sits back down, she starts to behave more like herself again. The people around her acknowledge that her out-of-character behavior was actually that of a spirit. How would an anthropologist describe the woman's behavior? The woman is a priestess officiating at a religious ceremony. The woman is a spirit medium who entered a trance state. The woman is a shaman attempting to heal another member of the group. The woman is a diviner, warning people about their future.

The woman is a spirit medium who entered a trance state.

Which of the following differentiates shamans from mediums? Shamans focus on predicting future events, rather than healing individuals. Shamans receive messages from the spirit world, rather than channeling particular spirits. Shamans are full-time religious specialists. Shamans can interact with the spirit world through trance states.

Shamans receive messages from the spirit world, rather than channeling particular spirits.

Which of the following describes the work of a diviner? officiating at organized, public rituals channeling a particular spirit in order to enable communication between humans and the spirit world entering a trance state in order to heal the sick interpreting patterns among physical objects to predict the future

interpreting patterns among physical objects to predict the future

How do religious healers cure people of spirit-related illnesses? through the application of herbal remedies and pharmaceuticals alone by talking to people about their emotional problems and offering practical solutions through consultations with medical professionals and priests by combining rituals with a practical knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and medicinal remedies

by combining rituals with a practical knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and medicinal remedies

In many Latin American cultures, what is thought to cause susto? the intrusion of a magical, foreign object into the body a series of dreams or visions believed to originate in the spirit world the sudden loss of a person's soul following a frightening experience the uncontrolled use of witchcraft

the sudden loss of a person's soul following a frightening experience

Why are polytheistic religions generally more receptive to change than monotheistic religions? because they are found in egalitarian societies that are more flexible because they are more primitive and have room to change and become more advanced because they do not have full-time religious specialists to govern religious practice because they do not adhere to a single, rigidly standardized doctrine

because they do not adhere to a single, rigidly standardized doctrine

What circumstances are conducive to the development of revitalization movements? the conquest, invasion, or colonization of a people that causes social and political upheaval the introduction of technological advances that transform a society's approach to subsistence the departure of missionaries that had been converting people to Christianity experiences of community-wide religious ecstasy in the absence of a strong religious figure

the conquest, invasion, or colonization of a people that causes social and political upheaval

Which of the following would be considered a nativistic movement? a Muslim holy war, in which proponents of Islam attempt to convert people and spread the teachings of Muhammad the cargo cults of Melanesia, in which prophets encouraged people to perform rituals that would hasten the arrival of material wealth into the hands of native people the Ghost Dance, in which Plains Indians followed a prophet who promoted a return to a state of cultural purity based on pre-colonial social and religious practices the spread of religions based on the combination of African and Catholic religious icons in regions throughout Central and South America and the Caribbean

the Ghost Dance, in which Plains Indians followed a prophet who promoted a return to a state of cultural purity based on pre-colonial social and religious practices

Which of the following summarizes the process of religious syncretism? proselytizing people through territorial expansion and conquest separating a smaller religious cult from its parent religion in order to strengthen the cult's following combining and modifying elements from different religions, such as stories, spirit beings, icons, and rituals resisting a colonial power through the development of a new religious movement

combining and modifying elements from different religions, such as stories, spirit beings, icons, and rituals

Which of the following is characteristic of some Christian fundamentalist groups today? flexibility in terms of how the Bible should be interpreted and applied to everyday life a return to early Christian practices in which women were religious and community leaders a belief that traditional gender roles are divinely sanctioned placing secular authority over religious authority when it comes to matters of life and death

a belief that traditional gender roles are divinely sanctioned

Which of the following is characteristic of the way anthropologists study religion? analyzing different religions from a Judeo-Christian perspective collecting scientific data on religious beliefs and behaviors in order to assess the validity of a society's religion documenting the underlying truths of personal religious experience at the individual level combining objective information with subjective experiences in order to document and analyze a culture's religion

combining objective information with subjective experiences in order to document and analyze a culture's religion

Monotheistic religions reflect which of the following? a cultural emphasis on individualism an egalitarian social ethic economic systems based on reciprocity political systems that have highly ranked, central leaders

political systems that have highly ranked, central leaders

How does the ambiguity of religious speech contribute to the ability of religions to respond to social change? The ambiguity of religious speech provides a fixed point of reference for interpreting the experience of social change. The ambiguity of religious speech allows messages to be reinterpreted depending on what is relevant and meaningful to people at different times. The ambiguity of religious speech encourages people to resort to faith during times of change and uncertainty. The ambiguity of religious speech creates an aura of mystery, making it easier to accept social change as a phenomenon that is beyond people's control.

The ambiguity of religious speech allows messages to be reinterpreted depending on what is relevant and meaningful to people at different times.

The Tsembaga of New Guinea follow a set of religious beliefs that obligate people to sacrifice pigs to their ancestors. Such sacrifices are thought to secure ancestral support in winning at warfare. The Tsembaga will not engage in warfare until enough pigs have been sacrificed. This creates periods of peace during which time people are concentrating on raising pigs for sacrifice. What does this reveal about Tsembaga culture? Among the Tsembaga, ancestors are thought to be reincarnated as pigs, explaining why the pigs are central to political, economic, and religious spheres. The Tsembaga are a fearful and superstitious people, who do not recognize the natural cycle of cause and effect at work. Among the Tsembaga, political conflict and economic need are intertwined with and managed by religious beliefs and practices. The Tsembaga try to maintain a separation between religion and politics in order to provide for their subsistence needs.

Among the Tsembaga, political conflict and economic need are intertwined with and managed by religious beliefs and practices.

Which of the following is a direct expression of a culture's cosmology? raising animals for sacrifice predicting future events based on astrology reciting a creation myth combining religious icons into a new form

reciting a creation myth

Which of the following is a nearly universal religious belief? that the spirits of one's ancestors continue to interact with the living that both animate beings and inanimate objects contain a spiritual essence that living things have an eternal aspect or "soul" or some spiritual essence that there is only one god

that living things have an eternal aspect or "soul" or some spiritual essence

Which of the following is a form of animatism? the Hindu pantheon of deities the Judeo-Christian belief in a soul the Polynesian belief in mana the Australian Aboriginal concept of totemism

the Polynesian belief in mana

What does Arnold van Gennep's model assert? Religious specialists can be categorized based on how they interact with spirits and whether they are full or part-time. Rites of passage ritualize the stages of separation, transition, and reincorporation that accompany a change in status. Rites of passage ritualize the purification, sanctification, and absolution of sinners in organized religions. Religious specialists are responsible for organizing and performing the rituals associated with birth, puberty, marriage, and death.

Rites of passage ritualize the stages of separation, transition, and reincorporation that accompany a change in status.

How are “core” countries different from “periphery” countries? “Periphery” countries are those found along coastlines, so they tend to control sea trade with laborers from landlocked “core” countries. “Core” countries exploit raw materials found in “peripheral” countries and then control the production and flow of goods. “Core” countries have been colonized primarily through military operations while “periphery” countries have been colonized through missionism. “Periphery” countries are countries that establish distant colonies in resource-rich “core” countries.

“Core” countries exploit raw materials found in “peripheral” countries and then control the production and flow of goods.

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