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ESA 1 > Textbook > Flashcards

Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

Define autocrine regulation

A

Cell function regulators that come from the cell itself

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2
Q

Define paracrine regulation

A

Cell function regulators that come from nearby cells

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3
Q

Define endocrine regulation

A

Cell function regulators that come from cells located far away and are delivered by the blood stream

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4
Q

Define neurocrine regulation

A

Cell function regulators that come from nerve endings

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5
Q

Describe the types of epithelial cells (not their arrangement)

A

Squamous: cells are flat
Cuboidal: cells square in section
Coloumnar: cells taller than wide

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6
Q

Describe arrangements of epithelial cells

A

Simple: Single layer of cells
Stratified: several layers of cells
Pseudo-stratified: single layer of cells appearing to be stratified as nuclei are arranged at different heights

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7
Q

Describe the types of anchoring junctions

A

Adherens junctions: bind actin networks together
Desmosomes: connect cytoskeleton filaments of adjacent epithelial cells
Hemidesmosomes: connect filament networks to extracellular matrix

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8
Q

What membranes do epithelial cells have?

A

Apical membrane - facing outward

Basolateral membrane - facing inward

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9
Q

Describe the kinds of junctions between epithelial cells

A

Tight junctions - adhere cells together near apical membranes, maintaining cell polarity
Anchoring junctions - helps resist tensile and shearing forces by binding cytoskeletal structures (3 types:adherens junctions, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes)
Gap junctions - mediate cell-cell communication as conducting pores align allowing selective diffusion.

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10
Q

Describe the different types of anchoring junctions

A

Adherens junctions - bind actin networks together
Desmosomes - connect cytoskeletal filaments of adjacent cells
Hemidesmosomes - connect filament networks to extracellular matrix

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11
Q

Explain the difference between absorptive and secretary epithelial cells

A

Absorptive - active sodium ion transport drives solute and water reabsorption

Secretary - Active chloride ion transport drives fluid secretion

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12
Q

Explain the difference between tight and leaky epithelia

A

Tight - prevents significant movement of molecules between cells, located distally, withstand large osmotic gradients

Leaky - low resistance pathway for ions and water, form imperfect seals, located proximally in gi tract and kidneys

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13
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

Contain enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism which use oxygen and produce hydrogen peroxide

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14
Q

Describe microfilaments

A
  • Made of actin

- Involved in cell movement

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15
Q

Describe intermediate filaments

A
  • Form alpha helixes

- Contribute to mechanical strength and stability

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16
Q

Describe microtubules

A
  • Hollow tubes

- Involved in chromosome separation during mitosis

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17
Q

What is the name of the space between the inner and outer nuclear membrane?

A

Perinuclear space

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18
Q

Explain semi conservative replication

A

Each daughter molecule contains 1 DNA strand from the parent molecule and 1 newly copied strand

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19
Q

Define protein trafficking

A

The movement of a protein from its site of production to its target site

20
Q

Explain the mechanism of DNA repair

A

1) Enzymes recognise the damage
2) Endonucleases nick the strand
3) Exonucleases remove the incorrect bases
4) DNA polymerase fills the gap with the correct bases
5) DNA ligase joins the strands up

21
Q

Describe DNA replication on the lagging strand

A

Lagging strand is 3’-5’ so DNA polymerase can’t copy directly
Okazaki fragments each primed with RNA
5’-3’ RNase H removes RNA and DNA polymerase replaces it with DNA

22
Q

What must occur before a cell can occur?

A

1) Replication of chromosomes
2) Segregation of chromosomes into 2 diploid sets
3) Division of cytoplasm and cell membrane

23
Q

Describe the stages of mitosis

A

1) Prophase, chromosomes condense
2) Metaphase, chromosomes line up on equator of nuclear spindle
3) Anaphase, chromosomes pulled apart by spindle
4) Telophase, chromosomes in 2 clusters which will form daughter cell nuclei

24
Q

Define and explain the process of neoplasia

A

Neoplasia: the growth of a tumour
Loss of cell cycle checkpoints - accumulation of DNA damage - development of malignant characteristics - increased material through cell cycle - increased number of neoplastic cells : normal cells - tumour

25
Q

What causes a mosaic karyotype?

A

Mitotic non disjunction that occurs after the first division

26
Q

Define mosaicism

A

Presence of 2+ cell lines in an individual

27
Q

What does Ka equal?

A

Ka= amount of a drug required to occupy 50% of receptor population at equilibrium

28
Q

Explain the difference between efficacy and affinity

A

Affinity is how strongly a molecule binds to a receptor

Efficacy is the size of the response produced when a molecule binds to a receptor

29
Q

Define tachyphylaxis

A

Rapidly diminishing response to successive doses of a drug making it less effective

30
Q

Define codon

A

Three base pair sequence that codes for an amino acid

31
Q

Define point mutation

A

A change in a single nucleotide

32
Q

Define non sense mutation

A

Point mutation where amino acid is changed to a stop codon

33
Q

Define frameshift mutation

A

Mutation caused by addition/deletion of a base pair/s resulting in an unnatural reading frame from the position of the mutation to the end of the gene

34
Q

Define dynamic mutation

A

When nucleotide repeats expand generation by generation

35
Q

Why is an intron mutation unlikely to result in disease?

A

Because introns are spliced out during processing to mRNA

36
Q

Explain what a wobble base is

A

A wobble base is the base at the 3’ end of a codon (and therefore the 5’ end of an anticodon) that allows a tRNA molecule to recognise multiple codons

37
Q

What unusual recognition can occur in wobble bases?

A

G can recognise U (to form 3 H bonds) and I can recognise U, A and C (to form 2 H bonds)

38
Q

Explain the difference between Northern, Southern and Western blotting.

A

Northern - labelled antisense probes to assess size and quantity of mRNA in sample
Southern - same method, but assessing DNA not mRNA
Western - Assess protein in sample, using antibody to bind to protein, then another antibody to bind to antibody so colorimeter can be used

39
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Where nerve cells synapse with each other, made up of neural cell bodies, glial cells and connective tissue.

40
Q

Explain the difference between pre and post ganglionic neurones.

A

Pre ganglionic = Neurones between signal cord and ganglia , cell body in the ganglia, only release Ach neurotransmitter
Posts ganglionic = Neurones between ganglia and target tissue, cell body in target tissue, release many types of neurotransmitter

41
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

A membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones

42
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

A membrane that lines the inner surfaces of all bones

43
Q

What is osteoid?

A

The organic compound of bone

44
Q

What is the difference between osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes?

A
  • Osteoblasts secrete osteoid for bone formation
  • Osteoclasts reabsorb bone
  • Osteocytes preserve bone matrix
45
Q

What is the difference between macrophages and neutrophils?

A

Neutrophils are short lived with a self destruct function after phagocytosis, macrophages do not

46
Q

What is the difference between non-sense and missense mutations?

A

Missense is substitution of one base for another, non sense of substitution for a stop codon

ESA 1 (1 decks)

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