Text Book Pg 1-5 Flashcards
In what form is genetic information stored in organisms?
Genes
These genes are copied, interpreted, written in the same chemical code and constructed using the same chemical building blocks and replicated in the same way when the cell reproduces.
What are nucleotides?
The set of four MONOMERS using which the long polymers of DNA is made from by strucking them
What is RNA?
It is the transcribed information from DNA. It is a related set of polynucleotides called RNA.
True or False: Some RNA molecules have their own regulatory, structural or chemical activities
True but most RNA (polynucleotides) are translated into proteins.
What is the central dogma?
Flow of information from DNA to RNA to Proteins is fundamental and it’s called the central dogma.
What is the appearance and behaviour of the cell dictated by?
It’s Protein molecules. They serve as the structural support, chemical catalyst, molecular motors etc.
What are proteins built from? (What acids)
Amino acids.
How many amino acids do all organisms use to make proteins?
20.
What makes self replication possible in cells?
The special relationship between DNA, RNA and Proteins.
The DNA encodes information that ultimately directs the assembly of proteins.
The sequence of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA dictates the sequence of amino acids in the protein.
Proteins in turn catalyze the replication of DNA and its transcription of RNA and participate in the translation of RNA into proteins.
Show the feedback loop that creates self replicating process in cells
What is a neutral mutation ?
A mutation that makes the daughter cells genetically different than the parent but are equally viable
How does the struggle for existence deal with offsprings with mutation of the worse, neutral and better
Worse: eliminated
Neutral: tolerates it
Better: favours
What do genes help with?
They provide instructions for the form, function and behaviour of cell and organism.
What is a genome?
Entire sequence of nucleotides in an organism’s DNA.
True or false: Different cell expresses different genes because they use some of their genes to produce RNA and proteins
True:
What are the basis of selection?
Mutations and selection. Genetic changes are acted upon selection is a fundamental process of evolution.
If we evolved from a common ancestor does that mean our dna sequence is the same?
No because of mutations and selections we have evolved different dna sequences that make us a better fit to the environment we live in
What is the difference between a light microscope and a electron microscope?
Light microscope uses beams of light which doesnt allow it to focus on the internal organells of the cell, while the electron microscope uses a single beam of light which has shorter wavelenght which allows it to focus on the intricate details.
What is the cell theory?
All living cells are formed by the growth and division of previous cells.
When is transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope used?
It is an elctron microscope used to look at thin sections of tissue. It transfers a beam of electrons instead of light. Scanning electron microscope shatters electrons on a surface.
The focus is brought by magnetic coils not directly on the lenses.
How does confocal floroscence work?
It builds up an image by scanning it with laser beams. A beam is focused on a single point at a specific depth in the specimen. A pin hole aperature allows only fluroscence emmited at this point to be included in the image.
What is an optical section?
It is produced from a pin hole aperature produced from the confocal flouroesece. It is the section on which the sharp image is produced. These different sections are then combined to form a 3D image.
What is superresolution fluroscence microscopy?
It basically shoots two flurocent beams
Why can electron microscopy cannot be used on living cells?
So it shoots electrons on the sample in the vaccum which destroy the cell, hence it will no longer be alive.
