Text Book Pg 1-5

Question 1

In what form is genetic information stored in organisms?

Answer 1

Genes
These genes are copied, interpreted, written in the same chemical code and constructed using the same chemical building blocks and replicated in the same way when the cell reproduces.

Question 2

What are nucleotides?

Answer 2

The set of four MONOMERS using which the long polymers of DNA is made from by strucking them

Question 3

What is RNA?

Answer 3

It is the transcribed information from DNA. It is a related set of polynucleotides called RNA.

Question 4

True or False: Some RNA molecules have their own regulatory, structural or chemical activities

Answer 4

True but most RNA (polynucleotides) are translated into proteins.

Question 5

What is the central dogma?

Answer 5

Flow of information from DNA to RNA to Proteins is fundamental and it’s called the central dogma.

Question 6

What is the appearance and behaviour of the cell dictated by?

Answer 6

It’s Protein molecules. They serve as the structural support, chemical catalyst, molecular motors etc.

Question 7

What are proteins built from? (What acids)

Answer 7

Amino acids.

Question 8

How many amino acids do all organisms use to make proteins?

Answer 8

20.

Question 9

What makes self replication possible in cells?

Answer 9

The special relationship between DNA, RNA and Proteins.

The DNA encodes information that ultimately directs the assembly of proteins.

The sequence of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA dictates the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

Proteins in turn catalyze the replication of DNA and its transcription of RNA and participate in the translation of RNA into proteins.

Question 10

Show the feedback loop that creates self replicating process in cells

Answer 10

Question 11

What is a neutral mutation ?

Answer 11

A mutation that makes the daughter cells genetically different than the parent but are equally viable

Question 12

How does the struggle for existence deal with offsprings with mutation of the worse, neutral and better

Answer 12

Worse: eliminated
Neutral: tolerates it
Better: favours

Question 13

What do genes help with?

Answer 13

They provide instructions for the form, function and behaviour of cell and organism.

Question 14

What is a genome?

Answer 14

Entire sequence of nucleotides in an organism’s DNA.

Question 15

True or false: Different cell expresses different genes because they use some of their genes to produce RNA and proteins

Answer 15

True:

Question 16

What are the basis of selection?

Answer 16

Mutations and selection. Genetic changes are acted upon selection is a fundamental process of evolution.

Question 17

If we evolved from a common ancestor does that mean our dna sequence is the same?

Answer 17

No because of mutations and selections we have evolved different dna sequences that make us a better fit to the environment we live in

Question 18

What is the difference between a light microscope and a electron microscope?

Answer 18

Light microscope uses beams of light which doesnt allow it to focus on the internal organells of the cell, while the electron microscope uses a single beam of light which has shorter wavelenght which allows it to focus on the intricate details.

Question 19

What is the cell theory?

Answer 19

All living cells are formed by the growth and division of previous cells.

Question 20

When is transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope used?

Answer 20

It is an elctron microscope used to look at thin sections of tissue. It transfers a beam of electrons instead of light. Scanning electron microscope shatters electrons on a surface.

The focus is brought by magnetic coils not directly on the lenses.

Question 21

How does confocal floroscence work?

Answer 21

It builds up an image by scanning it with laser beams. A beam is focused on a single point at a specific depth in the specimen. A pin hole aperature allows only fluroscence emmited at this point to be included in the image.

Question 22

What is an optical section?

Answer 22

It is produced from a pin hole aperature produced from the confocal flouroesece. It is the section on which the sharp image is produced. These different sections are then combined to form a 3D image.

Question 23

What is superresolution fluroscence microscopy?

Answer 23

It basically shoots two flurocent beams

Question 24

Why can electron microscopy cannot be used on living cells?

Answer 24

So it shoots electrons on the sample in the vaccum which destroy the cell, hence it will no longer be alive.