Text Book Glossary Flashcards
accuracy
a “quality control” term that refers to how close a lab result is to the actual value. measured by comparing test results is a specified lab to results obtained from an established standard. used with the term “prescision” to assess the quality & effect
ACD stands for what?
acid sitrate dextrose
acid citrate dextrose
an additive commonly used in specimen collection for blood donations to prevent clotting. It ensures that the red blood cells maintain their oxygen-carrying capacity.
active listening
a set of skills that enables an individual to become a more effective listener. Skills include concentrating on the speaker, getting ready to listen by clearing one’s mind of distracting thoughts, use of silent pauses when appropriate, providing reassur
additives
substances, such as gels, clotting activators, or anticoagulants, that are added in small amounts to specimen collection tubes to alter the specimen so as to make it appropriate for lab analysis or handling.
ACA stands for what?
Affordable Care Act
Affordable Care Act
the US health care reform law enacted in 2010, with three primary goals: 1) to provide affordable health insurance to more Americans. 2) to expand the Medicaid program to cover more poverty-stricken individuals 3) to support innovative medical care delive
age-specific care considerations
providing services that are age appropriate and consideration (eg, special considerations that are needed for different ages of children, such as toddler or teen, and also for geriatric patients). Factors typically relate to age-related fears/concerns, co
alcohol
a colorless liquid that can be used as an antiseptic
aliquot
a portion of a blood specimen that has been removed/separated from the original primary specimen tube after initial processing (centrifugation). Considered to be identical to all other portions of the original sample of serum, plasma, urine, and cerebros
Allen Test
procedure used prior to drawing specimens for arterial blood gases (ABGs) from the radial artery. It ensures that the ulnar and radial arteries are providing collateral circulation to the hand area.
Processes invloved in the Allen Test.
Compress arteries to the hand and empty the hand of arterial blood. Release the compression to see if circulation is immediately restored. A negative test indicates that collateral circulation is not sufficient and an alternative artery (brachial or fem
allergic reaction
a condition caused by an abnormal reaction of the body’s immune system to a foreign substance.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
a chronic neurodegenerative disease that causes the majority of cases of demential, or loss of intellectual abilities. It is more prevalent in older patients.
ambulatory care
health care services that are delivered in an outpatient or clinic or medical office setting. The term implies that the patients are able to ambulate (walk) to the clinic to receive the services
ASCLS stands for what?
American Society for Clinical Laboratory Scientists
American Society for Clinical Laboratory Scientists (ASCLS)
an international professional organization for laboratory personnel that provides continuing education and conference activities for laboratory professionals
ASCP stands for what?
American Society for Clinical Pathology
Americal Society for Clinical Pathology
professional organization offering clinical and research conferences, many types of continuing education activities, and ongoing certification programs. Certification is through the Board of Certification (BOC) for many types of laboratory professionals a
analyte
a substance being analyzed e.g., a chemical analysis
analytic phase
refers to the phase in laboratory testing in which the specimen is actually assessed or evaluated, and results are confirmed and reported.
anatomic pathology
a major area of laboratory services in which autopsies are performed and surgical biopsy tissues are analyzed
anemia
a medical condition in which there is a reduction in hemoglobin, thus lowering the O2 carrying capacity of blood cells
antecubital
the area of the forearm (around the crease of the elbow) most commonly used for selecting veins prior to venipuncture. The median cubital vein is the best anchored and least risk-prone vein for venipuncture in most patients
anterior
the front or ventral area of the body that includes the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
anticoagulant
substance introduced into the blood or a blood specimen to prevent the clotting process
antiglycolytic agent
an additive used in blood collection tubes that prevents glycolysis
antimicrobial
a chemical or therapeutic agent that destroys microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi
antiseptic hand rub
a waterless antiseptic product that can be rubbed onto all surfaces of the hands to reduce the number of microorganisms present; the hands should be rubbed until the product has dried
antiseptic hand wash
soap and water or detergents containing an antiseptic agent used for washing the hands to reduce the risk of infection by destroying the microorganisms present
antiseptics
chemicals used to clean human skin by inhibiting the growth of and/or destroying microorganisms
examples of antiseptics
70% isopropyl alcohol chlorhexidine chlorine hexachlorophene chloroxylenol quarternary ammonium compounds iodine
aorta
the largest artery in the body
arrhythmia
an irregular heartbeat or rhythm
ABGs stands for what?
arterial blood gases
arterial blood gases (ABGs)
an analytical test that measures oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. Provides useful information about respiratory status and the acid-base balance of ptients with pulmonary disorders
arterialized capillary blood
capillary specimens obtained from warmed sies. Since the pressure in arterioles is greater than in the venules, the capillaries tend to fill with a larger volume of arterial blood than venous blood
arterioles
smaller branches of arteries
artery
a blood vessel that carries highly oxygenated blood away from the heart. The only exceptions are the pulmonary arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from th heart to the lungs
aseptic
a degree of cleanliness that prevents infection and the growth of microorganisms. The technique to achieve this condition includes frequent use of hand hygiene procedures, use of barrier garments and personal protectie equipment (PPE), waste management of
assault
a legal term referring to the unjustifiable attempt to touch another person or the threat to do so in cercumstances that cause the other perso to believe that it will be carried out, or to cause fear. Touching a patient is permissible if proper consent
assessments
measurements or evaluations of factors that affect both the analytic (quantitative) and nonanalytic (qualitative) components of health care. Competency assessments measure an individual’s ability to perform specified job tasks
atria
the two upper chambers of the heart that recieve blood from the veins and force it into the ventricles. They are refered to as the right and left atria to indicate the side of the heart where each is located Singular: atrium
AF or A-fib stands for what?
atrial fibrillation
atrial fibrillation
a quivering or irregular heartbeat that can lead to a variety of heart-related symptoms and complications and that may indicate not enough oxygen-rich blood is being pumped to the body
AED stands for what?
automated external defibrillator
automated external defibrillator (AED)
used to treat a sudden cardiac arrest, this portable device analyzes heart rhythm and, if needed, can send an electronic shock to the heart to restore normal heartbeats.
automated skin-puncture safety device
a singular-use apparatus that pierces the skin with a sterile lancet that then automatically retracts into a protective casing.
bacteremia
the presence of bacteria in the blood; an infection of the blood. Also refers to septicemia
basal state
refers to the patient’s condition in the early morning, approimately 12 hours after the last ingestion of food. In hospitals, most laboratory tests are analyzed on basal-state specimens
basilic vein
a vessel of the forearm that is acceptable for venipuncture; however other veins in the antecubital area are preferred because it lies in close proximity to the median nerve and brachial artery
battery
a complex legal term referring to intentionally touching another person without consent and /or beating or carrying out threatened physical harm.
beta-carotene
a photosensitive analyte that will decompose on exposure to light, so blood specimens being analyzed for this need to be appropiately protected
beveled
having a slanted surface, for 3example at the end point of a needle
bilirubin
a yellow pigment that normally occurs when RBCs breakdown. IT is measured to assess jaundice, anemia, or liver disease. It is a photosensitive analyte, so blood specimens for this test must be protected from light
blood
the circulating fluid and cells in the cardiovascular system
blood alcohol level
the concentration of alcohol in blood, also known as blood alcohol content (BAC)
bloodborn pathogens (BBPs)
pathogenic microorganisms, including hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans
blood cells
components of blood. The three main types of circulating blood cells are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
blood cultures
tests that aid in identifying the specific bacterial organism causing infections in the blood. In the case of a patient that is experiencing fever spikes, it is recommended that these specimens be collected before and after the fever spike, when bacteria
blood-drawing chair
a chair specifically designed to hold a patient comfortably and safely in a proper position during and after a blood collection procedure. The design typically includes movable armrests on both sides of the chair
blood sample
a portion of blood removed that is small enough so as not to cause harm to the patient
blood smear/film/slide
a thin layer of venous blood spread on a microscope slide. It is stained and viewed microscopically in a hematology laboratory to detect morphological abnormalities of blood cells
blood specimens
discrete portions of blood taken for laboratory analysis of one or more characeristics to determine the character of the whole body.
blood transfer device
a device or apparatus used to safely move blood from a syringe into an evacuated tube using the tube’s vacuum. This device protects the phlebotomist by reducing the risk of exposure to the blood.
BUN stands for what?
blood urea nitrogen
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
an analytic testing procedure to determine the amount of urea in the blood
blood vessels
key componenets of the circulatory system. These vessels transport blood throughout the body
blood volume
the total amount of blood in an individual’s body. This is particularly important in pediatric phlebotomists, because withdrawing blood can cause a significant decrease in the total blood volume of a small infant, resulting in anemia. Is based on weight a
body planes
imaginary dividing lines of the body that serve as reference poin for describing distance from or proximity to different portions of the body. They include the sagittal, frontal, transverse, and medial planes.
brachial artery
an artery located in the cubital fossa of the arm that is used as an alternative site for ABG collections. Phlebotomists must be specially trained to perform collections from this site
bradycardia
a slower-than-normal heart rate, usually less than 60 BPM
breach of duty
a legal term refferring to an infraction, violation, or failure to perform an expected or mandated function
buffy coat
in blood specimens that contain anticoagulants, the WBCs and platelets form a thin white layer above the RBCs
butterfly needle
aka: blood collection set or winged infusion set. the most commonly used intravenous device. It is a stainless steelbeveled needle and tube with attached plastic wings on one end and a Luer fitting attached to the other. Most come with safety sheaths for
butterfly system
aka, winged infusion system or scalp needle set, this system can be used for difficult venipunctures due to small or fragile veins. The needle is typically smaller and has thin tubing or an evacuated tube system during venipuncture. Most models have needl
calcaneus
the heel bone
cannula
a tube that can be inserted into a cavity or blood vessel and used as a channel for transporting fluids. The term is most commonly used in dialysis for patients with kidney disease. It can be used to gain access to venous blood for dialysis or for blood c
capillary
a microscopic blood vessel that carries blood and links an arteriole to a venule
capillary action
a term used when referring to a microcollection procedures that indicated the free-flowing movement of blood into the capillary tube without the use of suction
capillary blood
a specimen from a skin puncture that contains a blend of blood from venules, arterioles, and tissue fluid
capillary blood gas analysis
using microcollection methods on infants (to heel site) to collect specimens for blood gas analyses; these analytical tests measure oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and provide useful info about respiratory status and the acid-base balance of patien
capillary tubes
disposable narrow-bore pipettes that are used for pediatric blood collections and/or microhematocrit measures. The tubes may be coated with an anticoagulant such as heparin and, for safety reasons, are usually made of plastic
cardiac cycle
one complete contraction and relaxation of the heart, or one pump, or one heartbeat
CPR stands for what?
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
the method used to revive the heartbeat and breathing of a patient whose heartbeat and respiration have stopped.
cardiovascular system
the body system that provides for rapid transport of water, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, cells, and gases to all cells of the body. It includes the heart, vascular system, and blood.
catheter urine specimen
a urine specimen collected after a catheter is inserted into the bladder, using a sterile procedure
cause-and-effect diagrams (Ishikawa)
a quality improvement tool that uses diagrams to identify interactions between equipment, methods, people, supplies, and reagents
CDC stands for what?
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
the federal agency responsible for monitoring morbidity (disease) and mortality (death) throughout the USA, promoting good health practices, and protecting the public from health, safety, and security threats
centrifugation
the process of separating cellular elements from the liquid portion of a blood specimen. It is done by spinning the specimen in a specially designed centrifuge
centrifugation phase
period of time when a blood specimen is inside that centrifuge
cephalic vein
a vein of the forearm that is acceptable for venipuncture
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
the fluid that surrounds the brain and meninges within the spinal column
CSF stands for what?
cerebrospinal fluid
chain of custody form (CCF)
part of the custody and control process that is typically used in drug testing. It requires specific documentation related to donor identification procedures; specimen collection steps; security for the collector, the donor, and the specimen; and tamperin
CCF stands for what?
Chain of Custody Form
chain of infection
the procss by which infections are transmitted; components include the source of the infection (nonsterile items, contaminated equipment, supplies), the mode of transportation (direct contact, airborn, medical instruments), and the suseptible host (patien
chlorhexidine
an antibacterial chemical used to clease he skin for venipuncture. Note: should NOT be used on infants younger than 2 months!
circadian
any biological process that occurs in a 24-hour rhythmic cycle
circulatory system
aka cardiovascular system, the body system referring to the heart, blood vessels, and blood; responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells and transporting carbon dioxide and wastes until they are eliminated; transports hormones, regulates b
citrate
a type of anticoagulant additive for blood collection tubes; prevents the blood clotting sequence by removing calcium and forming calcium salts
citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD)
an anticoagulant additive typically used for sp3ecimens collected for blood donations
CPD stands for what?
citrate-phosphate-dextrose
civil law
law that regulates disputes between private parties in which the plaintiff may sue for monetary damages
clean-catch midstream
a urine specimen that is used for detecting bacteria &/or for microscopic analysis. Normally the specimen should be free of contamination because the patients should be instructed to clean and decontaminate themselves prior to urination. The urine specime
cleanse/decontaminate
to clean the skin surface area with 70% isopropyl alcohol prior to a venipuncture or a fingerstick to remove dirt and microorganisms from the surface area of the skin and reduce the chances of transmitting an infection
clinical laboratory
a workplace where analytic procedures are performed on blood and bodily fluids for the detection, monitoring, and treatment of disease
CLIA stands for what?
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)
federal guidelines that regulate all clinical laboratories across the US. Regulations apply to any site that tests human specimens, including small POLs, or screening tests done at the patient’s bedside
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)
a nonprofit organization that recommends quality standards and guidelines for clinical laboratory procedures
CLSI stands for what?
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
clinical pathology
major area of laboratory services in which blood and other types of body fluids and tissues are analyzed
coagulation
a phase in the blood-clotting sequence in which many factors are released and interact to form a fibrin meshwork, or blot clot
competency statements
performance expectations that include entry-level skills, tasks, and job roles
confidentiality
the protected right of the patient and duty of health care workers not to disclose any info aquired about a patient to those who are not directly involved with the care of the patient
constituents
chemical or cellular elements that make up blood
contaminated sharps
used objects that can penetrate the skin, including needles, scalpels, broken glass, broken capillary tubes, and exposed wires
contamination
the presence of blood or potentially infectious substances on an item or surface
continuous quality improvement (CQI)
a theoretical framework and management strategy to improve health care structures, processes, outcomes, and customer satisfaction. IT is ongoing and involved all levels of the administrative structure of an organization
CQI stand for what?
continuous quality improvement
creatinine clearance test
analytic procedure to determine whether or not the kidneys are able to remove creatinine from the blood
criminal actions
acts against the public welfare; these actions can lead to imprisonment of the offender
critical test result
a term that should be defined by each health care organization and typically includes test results that are abnormal, STAT test results, or othr results that require an immediate response
critical laboratory value
a laboratory result that indicates a pathophysiilogic state at such varience with normal as to be life threatening; these values should be defined and reported to the patient’s physician as soon as possible. AKA ‘critical value’ or ‘alert threshold’
culture
a system of values, beliefs (spiritual, family bonding), and practices (food, music, traditions) that influence an individual’s concept of reality.It influences decisions and behaviors in many aspects of life.
culture and sensitivity
a microbiologic test to determine the growth of infectious microoranisms in the bodily specimens, and to determine which antibiotics are the most theraputic and effective in killing the microorganism
CPT stands for what?
Current Procedural Terminology
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)
an alphanumeric coding system used to describe specific medical or laboratory tests, surgeries, evaluations, and other medical procedures performed by a healthcare worker on a patient. There are thousands of these codes, which are used for billing purpose
cyanotic
bluish discoloration in the skin due to oxygen deficiency
DOB stands for what?
date of birth
decontaminate
use physical or chemical means to remove or destroy bloodborne pathogens on a surface or item so that pathogens are no longer able to transmit disease.
defendant
an individual against whom a legal action or lawsuit is filed
dehydrated
lacking sufficient water or fluid
dehydration
loss of water from the body (due to conditions such as excessive sweating, reduced fluid intake, vomiting, or blood loss.)
diabetes mellitus
a metabolic disease in which carbohydrate utilization is reduced due to deficiency in insulin and characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, water and electrolyt loss, ketoacidosis, and in serious conditions coma. In milder forms of noninsulin-dependent,
diagnostic test results
the results from all tests performed on the patient: laboratory, radiology, and so on
diastolic pressure
the pressure inside the arteries when the heart is resting and refilling between beats; the second (bottom) measure reported in a bloo pressure reading. AKA diastole
disease
a specific, measurable condition characterized by specific clinical symptoms, patient history, and laboratory or radiology results
differentials
a laboratory test that categorizes blood cells and any abnormalities present
digestive system
the body system comprised of organs in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that break down food chemically and physically into nutrients that can be absorbed by the boy’s cells and allow the elimination of waste products of digestion
disinfectants
chemical compounds used to remove or kill pathogenic microorganisms; typically used on medical instruments or countertops
disorder
a generic term referring to any pathologic condition of mind or body
disposable sterile puncture device or disposable sterile lancet
a sterile, sharp device, preferably retractable, and designed for single use in skin puncture collections. Should penetrate the skin at specified depths that are safe enough for withdrawing blood samples without causing complications or injuries
distal
furthest from the center of the body or from the point of attachment
diurnal rhythms
in contrast to nocturnal rhythms, these are variations in the body’s functions or fluids that occur during daytime hours or every 24 hours. AKA, circadian or “body clock” rhythms
dizziness or vertigo
lightheadedness, unsteadiness, spinning sensation, vertigo, or loss of balance
dorsal
the back, or posterior, areas of the body, including the cranial and spinal cavities
double bagging
the practice of using two trash bags for disposing of waste from patient’s rooms, particularly those in isolation
edema
swelling
edematous
describing a condition in which tissues contain excessive fluid that often results in localized swelling
electrocardiograph (EKG or ECG)
a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. Can help detect the cause of chest pain, determine if the walls of the heart are too thick, and see if medications or mechanical devices are working properly
EKG or ECG stand for what?
electrocardiograph
EMR stands for what?
electronic medical record
EHR stands for what?
electronic healthcare record
electronic medical record or electronic healthcare record
a computerized legal record for each patient that describes the patient’s visits, tests, procedures, and clinical progress
engineering controls
devices that isolate or remove bloodborne pathogen hazards from the workplace (eg, needleless devices) “Work practice” controls are activities that reduce exposure risk.
EPA stands for what?
Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
the federal agency that, among other responsibilities, regulates the disposal of hazardous substances and monitors and regulates disinfectant products
ethics
a branch of philosophy that deals with distinguishing right from wrong and with moral consequences of human actions
EDTA stands for what? …I dare you to say it >:}
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)
an anticoagulant additive used to prevent the blood-clotting sequence by removing calcium and forming calcium salts. It prevents platelet aggregation and is useful for platelet counts and platelet function tests. Fresh samples are also useful for making b
EMLA stands for what?
eutectic mixture of local anesthetics
EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics)
a topical anesthetic that is an emulsion of lidocaine and prilocaine an can be applied to intact skin
evacuated tube system
method of blood collection using double-sided needles whereby the needle is attached to a holder/adapter and allows for multiple specimen tube fills and changes without blood leakage
vacuum tube system
method of blood collection using double-sided needles whereby the needle is attached to a holder/adapter and allows for multiple specimen tube fills and changes without blood leakage
exposure control plan
a document required in health facilities that details the process for medical treatment, prophylaxis, &/or follow-up an employee has been exposed to potentially harmful or infectious substances (eg, in the case of a percutaneous needlestick injury)
extrinsic factors
substances involved in the clotting process that are stimulated when tissue damage occurs
What are the tempuratures for freezing, boiling, and normal body temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?
Freezing = 32 Boiling = 212 Body = 98.6
fasting
refers to no ingestion of food or drinks (except for water)
fasting blood tests
tests performed on blood taken from a patient who has abstained from eating and drinking (except water) for a particular period of time
feathered edge
a term used to describe blood smears on microscopic slides; it is a visible curved edge that thins out smoothly and resembles the tip of a bird’s feather
femoral artery
located in the groin area of the leg and lateral to the femur bone, it is th largest artery used as an alternative site for ABG collections. Phlebotomists must be specially trained to perform collections from this site.
FUO stands for what?
fevers of unknown origin
fevers of unknown origin (FUO)
indicates the patient has an undiagnosed infection, which usually results in ordering blood cultures
fibrin
a substance that forms a blood clot
fibrinolysis
the final phase of the hemostatic process whereby repair and regeneration of the injured blood vessel occurs and the clot slowly begins to dissolve or break up (lyse).
fistula
an artificial shunt or passage, commonly used in the arm of a patient undergoing kidney dialysis; the vein and artery are fused through a surgical procedure. Only those trained can collect from this site
fomites
inanimate objects that can harbor infectious agents and transmit infections (e.g., literally anything you touch on a regular basis, dipshit.)
frontal plane
an imaginary plane (flat surface), running longitudinally, that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
guage number
refers to the size (diameter) of the internal bore of a needle. The larger the number, the smaller the bore size, and vice versa.
gauze or “2x2”
loosely woven material used for cleansing skin, bandages, and dressings. When used for phlebotomy procedures, they should be sterile or chemically clean.
geriatric
refers to an older patient
gestational diabetes
diabetes that begins during pregnancy (often in the second and third trimester). It occurs in 1 to 4 percent of pregnancies and usually subsides after delivery.
GTT stands for what?
glucose tolerance test
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
a diagnostic test for detecting diabetes. The test is performed by obtaining blood and urine specimens at timed intervals after fasting, then after ingesting glucose. Each specimen is analyzed for its glucose content to determine if the glucose level retu
glycolytic inhibitor
an additive used in blood collection tubes that prevents glycolysis
glycolysis
the breakdown of sugar
granulocytes (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils)
mature leucocytes in the circulating blood; when stained and veiwed microscopically, granules are shown to be present.
nosocomial infections
infections aquired after admission into a health facility
HIA stands for what?
health care-aquired infection
HIA health care-aquired infection
infections aquired after admission into a health facility
HIPAA stands for what?
Health Insurance Portability and Accountablility Act
heelstick
a pediatric phlebotomy procedure that requires puncturing the skin of specified areas of an infant’s heel with a device that controls for the depth of the puncture. The designated areas should reduce the risk of bone injuries or complications such as infe
hematocrit
a commonly ordered laboratory test to assess the circulatory system; it describes the concentration of RBCs and therefore provides an indirect measure of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
hematology
the study of blood
hematoma
a localized leakage of blood into the tissues or into an organ. In phlebotomy, it can occur as a result of blood leakage during the vein punture, thereby causing a bruise (BTW, it is just a super-specific term for BRUISE!!)
hematopoiesis
the process of blood cell formation that occurs in the bone marrow
hemoconcentration
increased localized blood concentration of large molecules such as proteins, cells, and coagulation factors. This can be caused by excessive application of a tourniquet.
hemoglobin
the molecules that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the RBCs
Hemoglobin A1c
a point-of-care testing procedure for maintenance of blood glucose levels using an analyzer
hemolysis
a rupture of lysis of the blood cells
hemorrhage
excessive or uncontroled bleeding
hemostasis
maintenance of circulating blood in the liquid state and retention of blood in the vascular system by prevention of blood loss
heparin
an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting by inactivating thrombin and thromboplastin, the blood-clotting chemicals in the body
histograms
bar graphs often used as quality improvement tools
holder / adapter
plastic apparatus needed in specimen collection using the evacuated tube method. It secures the sterile, double-pointed needle: one end of the needle goes into the patient’s vein, and on the other end of the needle is placed an evacuated tube
home healthcare services
provision of health care services in a patient’s home under the direction of a physician.
homeostasis
means literally “remaining the same” also referred to as a steady-state condition, it is a normal state that allows the body to stay in a healthy balance by continually compensating with necessary changes
hospice
a program of facility for the care of terminally ill patients and support of their family or caregivers
HIV stands for what?
human immunodeficiency virus
hypoxia
a condition in which body tissues are not receiving enough oxygen
iatrogenic anemia
a types of induced blood loss resulting in anemia that occurs when too much blood is withdrawn in a short period of time; a patient who has this may require a blood transfusion
illness
a subjective, nonmeasurable term for any departure from wellness (eg, pain, suffering, distress)
immunology
the study of immunity and diseases of the immune system
implied consent
a complex legal term that varies from state to state in its interpretation. Basically, it designates conditions and situations when a patient does not or cannot provide consent but treatment is provided based on consent that can be inferred or assumed bec
incision
a cut into the skin. The term is used to describe the puncture made by an automatic skin puncture device.
infection control programs
guidelines designed to address surveillance, reporting, isolation procedures, education, and management of community-aquired and healthcare-associated infections.
informed concent
a complex legal term that basically refers to voluntary permission given by a patient to allow touching, examination, &/or treatment by healthcare workers after the patient has been given info about the procedures and potential risks and consequences. It
inpatients
hospitalized patients
insulin
a hormone produced by the pancreas that is released into the blood-stream to facilitate glucose absorption from the blood into the tissues where it is used for energy. When not produced or when production is impaired, blood glucose levels increase because
integumentary system
the body system referring to skin, hair, sweat and oil glands, teeth, and fingernails; involved in protective and regulatory functions
ICD stands for what?
International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems
International Statistical Classification of Disease and Related Health Problems (ICD)
an internationally accepted system of diagnostic codes for classifying diseases based on body system or medical conditions or symptoms. Maintained by the World Health Organization
interstitial
a term describing the space between tissues and/or organs
interstitial fluid
minute amounts of liquid forming in gaps between layers of tissue; a natural component of capillary blood. aka:tissue fluid
tissue fluid
minute amounts of liquid forming in gaps between layers of tissue; a natural component of capillary blood. aka interstitial fluid
intravenous
within a blood vein
intravenous catheter
(aka, an IV) a vascular access device inserted into a blood vessel for administration of medications and nutrients and for blood collection.
intrinsic system
part of the coagulation process that involves the clotting factors contained in the blood
invasive
description for medical procedures whereby a medical instrument is inserted directly into a body cavity or organ, (eg, withdrawing spinal fluid)
iodine
a nonmetallic element or solution of iodine in alcohol (tincture of iodine, a 2% solution) that is used as an antiseptic. Some patients are allergic!
isolation procedures
methods used to protect individuals from patients with infectious diseases. Categories of isolation are based on the mode of transmission and include airborn, droplet, and contact precautions.
The Joint Commission
an independent, nonprofit organization that sets quality standards for health care.
judicial law
the system of courts, laws, and legal processes designed to resolve disputes
lancet/lancing device
a sharp apparatus or blade used to puncture or cut through skin for the purpose of aquiring a capillary blood specimen. The prefferred device is a sterile, single-use retractable safety mechanism that performs a puncture of predetermined depth
lateral
a directional term meaning toward the sides of the body or the sides of a body part
liable
a legal term that refers to a legal obligation that exists when damage occurs
light sensitive
describes some chemical constituents of laboratory specimens (bilirubin, vitamin B12, carotene, folate, urine porphyrins) that decompose if exposed to light and therefore should be protected/covered during transportation and handling. Aka, photosensitive
lipemic
describes serum that has a cloudy or milky appearance, usually due to a temporarilty elevated lipid level after the ingestion of fatty foods
lithium iodoacetate
an antiglycolytic agent and anticoagulant; not to be used for hematology testing or enzymatic determinations
litigation process
legal actions to determine a decision in court. Many malpractice cases are negotiated prior to a courtroom trial, and settled out of court.
lymphatic system
the body system responsible for maintaining fluid balance, providing a defense against disease, and absorption of fats and other substances from the bloodstream
lymphocyte
a type of white blood cell that is nongranular in appearance; plays a role in immunity and in the production of antibodies
lymphostasis
an obstruction and/or lack of flow of the lymph fluid
lysis
tearing or rupturing of cells; often refers to breakage of red blood cells
malice
a legal term referring to a reckless disregard for the truth committed with the intention of doing injury o another person (eg, slander)
malpractice
a legal term referring to improper or unskillful care of a patient by a health care provider, or any professional misconduct, unreasonable lack of skill, or infidelity in professional or judiciary duties; often described as “professional negligence.”
mastectomy
removal of a breast
medial
a directional term meaning toward the midline of the body
median cubital vein
the forearm vein that is most commonly used for venipuncture.
Medicaid
a shared federal and state funded program designed to provide health insurance for individuals with low incomes. Coverage and services vary from state to state.
medical record
definitiv documents, paper record or electronic medical record (EMR), that contains a chronological log of a patient’s care. It must include any info that is clinically significant or relevant to the patient’s care.
Medicare
federal program designed to provide health insurance for older patients and members of special groups defined by law
melanin
pigment in the skin that provides color and protects underlying tissues from aborbing ultraviolet rays
meningitis
an inflammation of the meninges (the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord)
metabolism
the critical chemical processes in the body that allow the formation or breakdown of substanced (eg, proteins) for the purpose of producing and using energy and maintaining life.
microbiology
the study of microorganisms
microcollection
a proess by which small amounts of blood are collected in small containers or tubes using specially designed devices
microcontainers
specialized collection devices designed for small quanitites of blood; some containing anticoagulants. These devices are typically used for pediatric or geriatric patients with fragile or inaccessible veins, and/or for fingersticks
microorganisms
living organisms that are too small to see with the naked eye such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi
misdemeanor
a legal term referring to many types of criminal offenses that are not serious enough to be classified as felonies
mode of transmission
refers to the method by which pathogenic agents are transmitted (eg, direct contact, air, medical instruments, other objects, and other vectors)
monocytes
a types of white blood cell that is nongranular and plays a role in the body’s immune system defenses
multiple-sample needles
used with the evacuated tube method of blood collection, these needles are attached to a holder/adapter and allow for multiple specimen tube fills and changed without blood leakage
muscular system
the body system comprised of all muscles of the body
NAACLS stands for what?
National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences
National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences (NAACLS)
an organization that accredits educational programs in clinical laboratory sciences, including phlebotomy
NFPA stands for what?
National Fire Protection Association
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
the trade association that has developed the labeling system for hazardous chemicals, including those used in healthcare
NPA stands for what?
NAtional Phlebotomy Association
National Phlebotomy Association (NPA)
a professional organization for phlebotomists that offers continuing educational activities and a certification examination for phlebotomists
needless system
a device that does not use needles for procedures that are normally associated with needle use. This includes collection of bodily fluids or withdrawal of body fluids after initial venous or arterial access is performed. It refers to procedures that have
negligence
a legal term referring to the failure to act or perform duties according to the standards of the profession
neonatal screening
typically refers to mandatory laboratory testing of infants for specified disorders such as PKU (phenylketonuria) and hypothyroidism. There is wide variability in what tests are required by each state.
neonate
a newborn infant; term used during the first 28 days after birth
nervous system
the body system that includes organs that provide communication within the body, sensations, thoughts, emotions, and memories
nothing by mouth (NPO)
medical instructions for the patient to be restricted from intake of food, medications, and/or liquids by mouth.
NPO stands for what?
nil per os nothing per mouth
occluded veins
closed or constricted veins
occult blood
(don’t be a dumbass) analysis that detects hidden (occult) blood in the stool
occupational exposure
contact via skin, eye, mucous membrans, or parenteral with potentially infectious materials as a result of an individual’s work duties
OSHA stands for what?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
an agency of the US Department of Labor requiring employers to provide a safe work environment including measures to protect workers exposed to biological and occupational hazards
osteochondritis
inflamation of the bone and its cartilage
osteomyelitis
inflamation of the bone due to bacterial infection
osteoporosis
a condition of the bone whereby the mineral density is reduced, making the bone more fragile
outcomes
a quality improvement term referring to what is accomplished for the patient (healing, return to wellness, or return to normal functions). Poor patient outcomes have been described as the “5 Ds”
List the 5 Ds
death, disease, disability, discomfort, and dissatisfaction
overnight specimen
a urine specimen collected immediately after waking up in the morning. AKA, first morning specimen
oxalates
anticoagulants that prevent blood-clotting sequence by removing calcium and forming calcium salts
panic value
aka critical laboratory value
pathogenesis
the origin of a disease
pathogenic agents
disease-causing bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites that are transmitted by direct contact, air, medical instruments, other objects, and other vectors
pathology
the study of all aspects of disease and abnormal conditions of the body
patient-focused testing
laboratory services usually designed around a team concept and focused on convenience to the patient
Patient’s Bill of Rights
a statement developed to affirm the rights of patients. Key elements invlove the right to respectful and considerate care; accurate info about diagnoses, treatment, and prognoses; informed concent; refusal of treatment; privacy; confidentiality; advance
peak
a term used for theraputic drug monitoring to describe the blood sample that is taken when the drug is at its highest concentration in the patient’s serum
percutaneous
through the skin
peripheral circulation
vascular circulation of blood to the arms, hands, legs, and feet
PPE stands for what?
Personal protective equipment
petechiae
minute, pinpoint hemorrhagic spots in the skin that may be indicative of a coagulation abnormality. For phlebotomists, it should be a warning sign that the patient may bleed excessively
PKU stands for what?
phenylketonuria
phenylketonuria (PKU)
a congenital disorder, usually diagnosed at birth, that can cause brain damage resulting in severe retardation, often with seizures and other neurologic abnormalities
photosensitive
sensitive to light
POL stands for what?
physician’s office laboratory
physician’s office laboratory (POL)
nonhospital laboratories usually based in a physician’s office/clinic at the private practice
plaintiff
a legal term referring to the person who initiates a lawsuit or legal action
plasma
the liquid portion of the blood in which blood cells are suspended
platelets are also known as what?
thrombocytes
thrombocytes are also known as what?
platelets
platelets (thrombocytes)
blood cells that aid in blood clot formation
pleural fluid
fluid from the lung cavity
pneumatic tube systems
a transportation system used in many healthcare facilities for specimens and paper-based documentation.
point-of-care
the location where patient care is taking place, eg, the patient’s bedside, at ancillary or mobile sites, or in the patient’s home.
point-of-care testing (POCT)
refers to tests and procedures that are actually performed at the patient’s bedside or at any other point-of-care. The tests are not sent to a lab; rather, they are rapid methods designed to produce quick results on site.
porphyrins
a type of photosensitive analyte
postcentrifugation phase
the period of time after a specimen has been certrifuged but before serum or plasma has been removed for testing
posterior
the back (or dorsal) area of the body that includes the cranial and spinal cavities
postprandial glucose test
a glucose test performed after ingestion of a meal; useful for screening patients for diabetes because glucose levels in serum specimens drawn two hours after a meal are rarely elevated values two hours after a meal.
precentrifugation phase
period of time after a blood sample has been collected but before centrifugation
preevacuation
vacuum within a blood collection tube that is created during the tube manufactoring process
preexamination (preanalytical) phase
a lab testing phase in which tests are ordered and specimens are collected and prepared for testing.
preexamination phase variables
Patient: fasting versus nonfasting, stress, availability Transportation: specimen leakage, tube breakage, excessive shaking Specimen processing: centrifugation, delays, contamination, exposure to heat or light Specimen: hemolysis, inadequate volume, in
premature infant
an infant born before 37 weeks of gestation (normal is 40 weeks)
primary tube
a tube containing the patient’s blood sample
PT stands for what?
proficiency testing
proficiency testing (PT)
testing that is part of the quality management of lab services and involves subscribing to an outside sourse to provide “unknown” or “blind” specimens to see how one lab’s results compare with another’s. It is part of the accrediting process for most labs
protective environment aka reverse isolation
precautionary measures and procedures designed to protect patients who are particularly susceptible to or at increased risk of aquiring infections. (eg, patients with low WBC counts, burns, &/or immunosuppressed or bone marrow transplant
proximal
nearest to the center of the body or to the point of attachment
pulmonary arteries
the arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.
pulmonary circuit
the circulatory pathway by which blood leaves the heart and enters the right and left pulmonary arteries
pulmonary veins
these are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
qualitative tests
aka, screening tests tests to detect the presence or absense of a substance. (Do you have something in your system or not? Like a drug test.)
quality
refers to a specimen that is correctly identified, collected, and transported
quality control material
daily controls that are used in analytic testing to determine acceptable ranges of test results (i.e., tolerance limits)
quantitative tests
aka, confirmatory tests tests to detect the exact measurement or quantity of substance in the specimen (how much of that booze you drank is still coursing through you?)
radial artery
located on the thumb side of the wrist, this artery is most commonly used to collect blood specimens for ABGs. Must be specially trained to do it.
red blood cells
blood cells that funcion to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body
erythrocytes are also known as?
red blood cells
red blood cells are alo known as?
erythrocytes
reference ranges
when referring to lab values, these are lab test value ranges that are considered within “normal” limits. aka, referrence intervals
respiratory system
a body system comprised of anatomical structures and organs that assist in respiration or breathing (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs)
sagittal plane
an imaginary plane, running longitudinally, that divides the body into right and left halves
sample
one or more parts (blood or tissues) taken from a system (the patient’s body), and intended to provide info on the system
sample integrity
quality or completeness of a blood sample
sclerosed veins
veins that have become hardened
secondary tube / specimen
a tube or specimen containing removed plasma/serum (an aliquot) after specimen centrifugation of a primary tube containing the patient’s blood sample
separated plasma / serum
a plasma or serum that has been removed or separated from contact with blood cells. It is referred to as an aliquot. It can be removed from the primary tube after centrifugation using a pipette, or separated from cellular contact with a chemical or physic
septicemia
formerly called “blood poisoning” the term means the presence of toxins or multiplying bacteria in the blood
serum
when blood is allowed to clot, sera (fluid portion) separates from the blood cells that form a fibrin clot. It contains the same constituents as plasma except that the clotting factors are contained within the blood clot
SST stands for what?
serum separation tube
serum separation tube (SST)
a tube that contains a polymer barrier that is present in the bottom of the tube
skeletal system
a body system comprised of all the body’s bones and joints
skin puncture
aka dermal puncture a cut into the skin or dermis
dermal puncture
a cut into the skin or dermis
sodium fluoride
an additive (antiglycolytic agent) present in specific blood collection tubes that is used for glycolytic inhibition tests
sodium polyanethole sulfonate (SPS)
an additive typically used in blood culture bottles to prevent clotting
SPS stands for what?
sodium polyanethole sulfonate
specimen
the discrete portion of a body fuild (blood or urine) or tissue taken for examination, study, or analysis of one or more characteristics (analytes), to determine the character of the whole
specimen integrity
theundisturbed wholeness of a high-quality blood sample that can be adversely affected or compromised by the method of transport, timing delays, temperature, agitation, exposure to light, and centrifugation methods
specimen rejection
the judgement that is specimen is unacceptable with regard to the suitability of the specimen for testing or when it may not be used for lab analyses
stakeholders
individuals, groups, organizations, &/or communities that have an interest in or are influenced by health care survices. They can be internal to the organization or external.
standard of care
the practices or guidelines that a reasonably prudent person in a similar job or profession or level of training would follow in any particular circumstance.
SOP stands for what?
standard operaing procedures
standard operating procedures (SOP)
instructions to achieve uniform or consistent performance of a function
standard precautions
a set of safeguards designed to reduce the risk of transmission of microorganisms. guidelines apply to all patients and all body fluids, nonintact skin, and mucous membranes and include the use of barrier protection (such as gloves, gowns, masks, protect
STAT
designation for an emergency situation that requires immediate action. In the case of blood collection and analysis, tests that are ordered as such should be given the highest priority for collection, delivery to the lab, analysis, and reporting. (deriv
steady state
also referred to as homeostasis, it is a condition that allows the normal body to stay in balance by continually compensating for any disturbanced with changes neccessary to restore the normal status, thereby remaining in a healthy condition
sterile technique
the use of procedures that produce an aseptic condition (ie, free from all living microorganisms and their spores.)
superficial
near the surface of the body (eg, “superficial” veins show up easily on the skin)
superior vena cava
one of the two large veins that brings oxygen-poor blood from the body to the heart. It carries blood from the head, arms, and upper body (the “inferior” vena cava carries blood from the lower body)
supine
lying face upward
suprapubic specimen
an uncontaminated urine specimen obtained by aspirating urine from the patient’s bladder through the abdominal wall
suseptible host
a component in the chain of infection; the degree to which an individual is at risk for aquiring an infection. Factors affecting susceptibility are age, drug use, degree nd nature of the patient’s illness, and status of the patient’s immune system
syncope
the transient (and frquently sudden) loss of consciousness due to a lack of oxygen to the brain (fainting) and resulting in an inability to stay in an upright position.
synoval fluid
fluid in the joint cavities
syringe method
a method whereby a syringe is used to collect blood, which is then placed in a transfer device for safety moving the blood from the syringe into collection tubes
systemic ciruit
a part of the cardiovascular system that carries blood to the tissues of the body
systolic pressure
the pressure inside the arteries when the heart is contracting and pumping blood; usually the first (top) measure reported in a blood pressure reading. aka, systole
tachycardia
a faster than normal heart rate when a patient is at rest, usually more than 100 BPM (It’s normal to increase during exercise, etc)
test panel
a preselected list of tests performed at one time to check for abnormalities
TDM stands for what?
therapeutic drug monitoring
therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
testing procedures to evaluate drug levels in a patient’s blood. This is valuable for drug dosage and to monitor the patient for a variety of other factors such as clinical effectiveness or toxicity.
therapeutic phlebotomy
the removal of blood for therapeutic reasons (eg, in conditions where there is an excessive production of blood cells)
thermolabile
redily destroyed or deactivated by heat; a term applied to constituents that degrade if exposed to warm tmperatures
thrombi
blood clots formed somewhere within the cardiovascular system; they may occlude a vessel or attach to the wall of a vessel
timed specimen
a test is ordered to be drawn at a particular time or during a particular time span such as 8 hours or 24 hours.
transmission-based precautions
categories of precautionary measures based on the route of transmission of disease. Three types are airborne, droplet, and contact precautions
transverse plane
an imaginary plane running horizontally that divides the body into upper and lower sections
trough
a term used for therapeutic drug monitoring to describe the blood sample that is taken just prior to the next dose, or when the drug is theoretically at the lowest concentration in the patient’s serum
turbid
cloudy or milky in appearance
turnaround time (TAT)
the time it takes for a blood specimen to be ordered, collected, transported, processed, analyzed, and a result reported
ulna
a thin, long bone in the forearm, located opposite the thumb
universal precautions
refers to an infection control concept of bloodborne disease control, requiring that all human blood and other potentially infectious materials be treated as if known to be infectious for HIV, HBV, HCV, or other bloodborne pathogens, regardless of the per
urinary system
a body system of organs and processes enabling the production and elimination of urine. Comprised of kidneys, ureters, the bladder, and the urethra
vascular
referring to a network of blood vessels that includes veins, arteries, and capillaries
vasoconstriction
a rapid construction of the blood vessels to descrease blood flow to the area
vein
a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood toward the heart after O2 has been offloaded to the tissues, and CO2 has been picked up by the RBCs. The exception is the pulmonary veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
venae cavae
the largest veins of the body; they carry blood from the body back to the heart.
venipuncture
withdrawing a venous (from a vein, not an artery) blood sample using a needle attached to an evacuated tube system or other collection devices.
ventral
the front, or anterior, area of the body including the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities
ventricles
the two lower chambers of the heart. They are referred to as the right and left ventricles to indicate the side of the heart where each is located
venules
smaller veins that flow into larger veins
virology
the study of viruses
virulence
the degree to which an organism (bacterium or virus) is infectious or potentially infectious.
visceral (nonstriated, smooth, involuntary) muscles
muscles that line the walls of internal structures (eg, veins and arteries)
volume
space occupied by a liquid and usually measured in liters or milliliters
white blood cells (leukocytes)
blood cells that provide for defense against infectious agents
white blood cells are also known as?
leukocytes
winged infusion system
also called a butterfly set or scalp needle set, the system can be used for difficult venipunctures due to small or fragile veins. The needle is typically smaller, and it has a thin tubing with a Luer adapter at the end so that it can be used with a syrin
work practice controls
practices that diminish the likelihood of exposure to hazards by altering the manner in which the work i performed (eg, prohibiting the recapping of needles with a two-handed approach)
zone of comfort
the area of space surrounding a person/patient that is considered “private or personal”; if a stranger (phlebotomist) gets too close to the individual, they may begin to feel uncomfortable
