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Carolina Vertebrates > Tetropods > Flashcards

Tetropods Flashcards

0
Q

What matters in Traditional Classification?

A

Anatomy and Physiology

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1
Q

Tetrapod

A

Has 4 legs. (Some have been modified to wings)

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2
Q

What are the traditional tetrapod classes?

A

Amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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3
Q

Which tetrapod classes lay amniote eggs and which lay anamniote eggs?

A

Amphibians lay anamniote and reptiles, birds, and mammals lay amniote eggs.

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4
Q

Which tetropods are ectothermic?

A

Amphibians and reptiles.

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5
Q

Which tetropods are endothermic?

A

Birds and mammals.

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6
Q

Amniote egg.

A

Does not need a moist environment to survive. It also has a yolk to feed the baby.

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7
Q

Anamniote egg

A

Must stay moist to survive.

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8
Q

An Endothermic reptile.

A

Python

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9
Q

Ectotherms are at the mercy of…?

A

The environment.

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10
Q

Carolina miss in amphibians.

A

Caecilians: These are tropical.

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11
Q

What order do salamanders fall under?

A

Caudata (The tailed ones)

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12
Q

Why must salamanders stay moist?

A

They lack scales. Their body does not conserve water very well.

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13
Q

How do sallies’ legs differ from lizards?

A

They are weak and to the side; not land efficient.

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14
Q

How do salamanders communicate?

A

Pharamones

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15
Q

Since salamanders let the eggs fend for themselves, what precautions do they take to defend the eggs?

A

The eggs are covered in a gelatinous mass.

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16
Q

Why do salamanders lay a lot of eggs?

A

They leave the eggs to fend for themselves and need at least some to survive.

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17
Q

How many eggs do salamanders lay?

A

200-300

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18
Q

What kind of fertilization do most salamanders do?

A

Internal

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19
Q

Where do salamanders lay their eggs?

A

Most lay them in the water, but some more terrestrial species, like the marbled salamander, lay them in a moist environment.

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20
Q

Metamorphasis

A

Begins life as a larva and transforms into an adult.

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21
Q

Direct Development

A

Born as a miniature adult (with a big head and big eyes).

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22
Q

Salamander metamorphosis.

A

This is the norm for salamanders. They hatch out as a larva and use their tail to get around. They have wimpy legs and external gills. Most will get rid of the gills as they morph into an adult.

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23
Q

Which salamanders do direct development?

A

Some of the terrestrial salamanders; for example the Green Salamander. They lay their eggs in a moist environment. When they are born they use their gills or skin to breathe.

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24
Q

Where do green salamanders live?

A

In trees.

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25
Q

Terrestrial adult salamanders

A

Mole salamanders and woodland salamanders

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26
Q

Semi-Aquatic adult salamanders

A

Dusky salamanders

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27
Q

Aquatic adult salamanders

A

Newts, Mudpuppies, Hellbenders, Sirens, Amphiumas

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28
Q

Mole salamanders

A

Sturdy terrestrial salamanders, made for digging, and have aquatic larvae. One species is the spotted salamander

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29
Q

What is the largest global family of salamanders?

A

Plethodontinae. The woodland salamanders fall under this category.

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30
Q

Woodland Salamander

A

Slimy. Slender and delicate compared to the mole salamander. One of the terrestrial salamanders.

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31
Q

Characteristics of woodland salamanders.

A

Breathe purely through skin, slow moving, direct development, internal fertilization.

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32
Q

Species of Woodland Salamanders.

A

Green salamander, Eastern Newt (which is poisonous), Redback salamander.

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33
Q

Where can you find Dusky salamanders?

A

Near a falls.

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34
Q

How do you tell the difference between a Northern and Southern Dusky?

A

Tail

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35
Q

Do Dusky Salamanders come up on land much?

A

They might come up on a rock in a creek for a little bit, but they stay pretty near the water.

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36
Q

Newts are what kind of salamander?

A

Aquatic

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37
Q

Name two newts.

A

Spotted and eastern

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38
Q

Characteristics of newts.

A

No gills, breathe through their skin or lungs; this is why they hang out at the surface of the water. They use their tail for maneuverability.

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39
Q

Do aquatic salamanders ever live on land?

A

Yes, some morph into a form suitable for land after living in the water for a while, like the red eft (which also changes color). After living on land for about a year the red eft turns green and morphs back into a water dwelling salamander.

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40
Q

Mudpuppies

A

Aquatic salamander with a flattened tail and is found in highly oxygenated water. It keeps its gills as an adult.

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41
Q

Hellbender

A

Aquatic salamander about 2.5-3 feet long. They look like Mudpuppies; flattened tail, internal gills. Rare around here, but can be found in flat rock areas. A relative of the Japanese Giant Salamander.

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42
Q

Which groups of salamanders are the weirdos?

A

Amphiuma and Siren.

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43
Q

Amphiuma

A

Aquatic salamander that looks like an eel. It has little tiny feet and internal gills. It is mean; will bite and hang on.

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44
Q

Amphiuma habitat

A

Murky, low-country swamp.

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45
Q

Siren

A

Aquatic salamander with external gills and front feet, but no back feet.

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46
Q

Siren habitat

A

Coastal plain, in cleaner water than the amphiuma.

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47
Q

From what order are frogs and toads?

A

Salientia, aka Anura: “no tails”.

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48
Q

Frogs and toads lay what kind of eggs?

A

Anamniote

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49
Q

Frogs and toads lay eggs in the form of…

A

Sometimes a bunch, sometimes a string.

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50
Q

What kind of fertilization do frogs and toads use?

A

External fertilization.

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51
Q

What reproductive mechanism do frogs and toads use to attract a mate?

A

Their voice. This is important because they lay a lot of eggs and the bigger the male, the more eggs that can be fertilized.

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52
Q

In comparison to salamanders, how many times more eggs do frogs lay?

A

3-4 times as many.

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53
Q

Frog and toad lifecycle.

A

Starts out as an anamniote egg. Almost universally, frogs and toads undergo metamorphosis. They start out as a larva (tadpole) with internal gill, then they start to develop (hind legs first). They will lose their tail.

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54
Q

What characterizes frogs and toads?

A

No tail.

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55
Q

What are the three groups of frogs?

A

True toads, true frogs, and hylid frogs.

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56
Q

True Toads

A

Most adapted to dry conditions because they have more carotin in their skin, so that they can absorb and retain water. They have poison glands in their warts, especially the ones behind their eyes. Not very good jumpers.

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57
Q

What makes true toads more adapted to dryness.

A

The amount of carotin in their skin.

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58
Q

Which group of frogs and toads are good jumpers?

A

The true frogs.

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59
Q

Name two true frogs.

A

The Southern Leopard frog and the green frog. This group also contains the bull frogs.

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60
Q

If a frog makes a peep before it jumps in the water, what kind of frog is i most likely?

A

Green Frog.

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61
Q

What are the three groups of hylid frogs?

A

Tree frogs, Chorus frogs, and Cricket frogs.

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62
Q

Which frogs are better at climbing than jumping?

A

Tree frogs

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63
Q

Name a tree frog.

A

Gray Tree Frog.

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64
Q

What is the gray tree frog camouflaged to look like?

A

Lichen

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65
Q

Name a chorus frog.

A

Spring Peeper.

66
Q

What are the Carolina misses with regard to reptiles?

A

The Tuatara (which is only found in New Zealand) and Boid snakes (not naturally occurring).

67
Q

Why is a tuatara not a lizard?

A

It looks and acts like a lizard, but is anatomically different.

68
Q

Where have Boid snakes been introduced?

A

The Everglades

69
Q

What are the Carolina’s near misses when it comes to reptiles?

A

Worm lizard are found only on the coastal plain, we have one crocodilian; the American alligator, and one ellapid snake; the eastern coral snake.

70
Q

What groups of lizards are represented in the Carolinas?

A

Anoles, skinks, whiptails, glass lizards, and fence lizards.

71
Q

Why are lizards more adapted to land than salamanders?

A

They have scales.

72
Q

Will you be poisoned by touching a poisonous lizard? Why or why not?

A

No, because unlike salamanders, they have scales.

73
Q

In what ways are lizards the improved salamander?

A

They have better eyes, legs, and a jaw which allows them to eat things almost as big as themselves. They are better water conservers.

74
Q

What is the development process of a lizard?

A

They start out as anamniote egg and undergo direct development

75
Q

Where should you go to find a lot of lizards?

A

Out west.

76
Q

Skinks

A

Look like salamanders, particularly the ground skink, but they do have scales and an ear hole thus identifying them as a lizard.

77
Q

Name a skink.

A

Blue tailed skink.

78
Q

Glass lizard

A

A legless lizard, though it does have a more lizardy head and an ear hole.

79
Q

Where can you find a glass lizard?

A

The Coastal Plain.

80
Q

What distinguishes a snake from a legless lizard?

A

They have more ribs which they use to pull themselves along. Their lower mandible can pop out and also split so that it can eat thing much bigger than its head.

81
Q

What kind of fertilization is found in snakes.

A

Internal.

82
Q

What mode of birth is found in snakes?

A

Mainly oviparity (give birth to an egg), but some do ovo-viviparity (live birth).

83
Q

What is the difference between birds eggs and snakes’ eggs?

A

Snakes’ are not as rigid.

84
Q

3 groups of snakes represented in the Carolina’s.

A

Crotalids (pit vipers), Elapids, Collubrids

85
Q

Colubrid snakes

A

The non-venomous snakes.

86
Q

Name 3 Colubrids.

A

Black rat snake, Ring neck, Black racer.

87
Q

Name an elapid.

A

Coral snake. These have rings all the way down.

88
Q

Where in the Carolina’s can you find an elapid?

A

In the Coastal Plain and in the Sand Hills. They are small and few.

89
Q

Name a few pit vipers.

A

Timber rattlers, eastern diamond backs, Southern Copperhead, the moccasins: water moccasin and cottonmouth, Pigmai rattlesnakes (found further south).

90
Q

What is the creature in the US that has more representative species than anywhere else in the world?

A

Salamanders

91
Q

What are the two basic morphologies of salamanders?

A

Terrestrial and Aquatic

92
Q

What Salamander group is the biggest in the Carolina’s?

A

Woodland Salamanders.

93
Q

Which of the Aquatic Salamanders have an eel like body?

A

Amphiumas and Sirens

94
Q

Which of the Aquatic Salamanders have a lizard-like body?

A

Newts, mudpuppies, hellbenders

95
Q

Which are the Semi-Aquatic Salamanders? Which family are they part of?

A

Dusky salamanders and Brook salamanders. 1 family- Plethodontinae.

96
Q

Which are the Terrestrial salamanders?

A

1.5 families) Mole salamanders (family ambystomatidae) and the terrestrial plethodontids: 1. Spring Salamander and Red salamander and 2. Woodland salamander (family plethodontidae).

97
Q

Characteristics of terrestrial salamanders.

A

Long and skinny lizard-like body with 4 weak legs and a long tail. Bigger head, larger eyes, and flatter body form than typical lizard. Shiny, because no scales.

98
Q

Terrestrial vs Aquatic salamander

A

Terrestrial adults live on land. Aquatic adults live or spend most of their time submerged in water.

99
Q

Gas exchange of salamanders.

A

Some have internal gills, some have lungs, some use integumentary exchange (breathe through skin).

100
Q

What determines gas exchange in salamanders?

A

Habitat

101
Q

Why do salamanders not require much food and oxygen?

A

They are ectotherms.

102
Q

Because salamanders are not good at retaining moisture since they do not have scales, dry =…

A

die

103
Q

What do salamanders use for locating a mate?

A

Visual and/or olfactory (they release pheromones)

104
Q

Why can’t we smell pheromones?

A

They are supposed to be private chemicals.

105
Q

What do salamanders have that is better than frogs and fish?

A

Better nostrils.

106
Q

Because salamanders do internal instead of external fertilization, compared to frogs and toads, their courtship is more…

A

behavioral to make sure mate of good quality.

107
Q

Male salamanders package sperm in a capsule called a…

A

spermatophore.

108
Q

What other creatures besides salamanders utilize a spermatophore?

A

Octopods and insects.

109
Q

Why use a spermatophore?

A

It protects the sperm and is filled with nutrients or defensive chemicals, as is the case with salamanders.

110
Q

What is direct fertilization in salamanders?

A

This involves a cloacal kiss and they produce fewer eggs. Typically between 1 male and 1 female.

111
Q

What salamanders do group fertilization?

A

Spotted Salamanders and Newts.

112
Q

Indirect fertilization in salamanders.

A

The male eaves the spermatophore lying around or directs the female to it and hope she picks it up.

113
Q

Do salamanders care about parental care?

A

Yes, females, and occasionally males often guard the eggs.

114
Q

Why can you see a baby salamander inside its anamniote egg?

A

There is no water-conserving shell.

115
Q

The salamanders that lay a lot of eggs; how do they protect them?

A

Encase them in a gelatinous mass.

116
Q

How do newts protect their eggs?

A

They lay a small number of eggs and just glue them onto plants. They can get away with this where there are not many predators.

117
Q

Can salamander eggs be laid outside of the water?

A

Yes, in a moist environment.

118
Q

Why is it risky to lay eggs outside of the water?

A

There could be a drought.

119
Q

What is the benefit of laying eggs on land?

A

They can be put underground and mama can guard them. This is seen in land dwelling salamanders. She usually produces fewer eggs and sometimes cares for the babies.

120
Q

What is the most common developmental mode in salamanders?

A

Metamorphosis.
1. Egg hatches into aquatic larva with internal or external gills and water- adapted appendages (puny legs).
2. Larva gradually transforms into a terrestrial, non-gilled air breathing juvenile that resembles a small adult.
3 Growth to adult size and reproductive maturity either is completed in the water or on land.

121
Q

What kinds of salamanders do direct development?

A

Some terrestrial Woodland Salamanders.

122
Q

Some salamanders do pedomorphosis. What is that?

A

It is a failure in metamorphosis. The adult keeps the larval form (external gills, water adapted limbs, ect.).

123
Q

Pedomorphosis is rare, but it does happen in some aquatic species. Which ones?

A

Mudpuppies, Sirens, and a few mole sallies. The amphiuma also, but it des adapt its gills to internal gills.

124
Q

What is a salamander that can choose to do paedomorphosis?

A

Tiger Salamander

125
Q

Why would the tiger salamander choose to keep its larval form?

A

If there is going to be a drought or freeze.

126
Q

What is the cave-dwelling, albino salamander that does paedomorphosis?

A

Axolotl

127
Q

What is a salamanders defense?

A

Cutaneous glands; either for slime or poisonous chemicals and display posture.

128
Q

What is a salamander that exudes a sticky slimy mess out of its cutaneous glands?

A

Slimy salamander

129
Q

Why would a salamander be brightly colored?

A

They cannot spray poison; they can only exude it which means the predator must get pretty close. The coloration warns the predator that the salamander is poisonous before it gets too close.

130
Q

What are the poison glands behind the eyes called?

A

These are paratoid glands and are the most toxic. Mostly seen in toads, but some salamanders.

131
Q

Aposematic coloration

A

Warns predator “keep away” with those bright colors.

132
Q

Name two salamanders that utilize a display posture.

A

California Newt and Red Eft.

133
Q

Display posture.

A

Looks like the salamander is having a seizure. “Surely you don’t want to eat me”.

134
Q

What are the poisons that the Red Eft exudes called?

A

Tarichotoxins

135
Q

Mimicry

A

Bright colors, but not toxic. Trying to fool the predators.

136
Q

How close does a mimic have to be to the real thing to hopefully scare off predators?

A

If it is really poisonous, the general neighborhood will do. The less poisonous, the closer to the real thing it needs to be.

137
Q

About how many species of salamanders are there in the Carolina’s?

A

40

138
Q

Why are the Carolina’s such a good place for salamanders?

A

Water diversity, ideal temp and precipitation, a wide ranging topography, mountains for the refugia to go to when the temps increased.

139
Q

Do salamanders prefer lentic or lotic?

A

Lotic (unless looking for larvae)

140
Q

You might not find many fish here, but the salamanders love it!

A

Waterfalls, seeps, wet places only on the local map.

141
Q

Can salamanders tolerate salt water?

A

NO! THEY DO NOT HAVE SCALES!

142
Q

What is a salamander that lives on the sandhills?

A

Flatwood salamander

143
Q

What is an enemic salamander?

A

It is a species only found in that one location.

144
Q

Describe the Carolina’s glacial history and its impact on salamanders.

A

At the height of the glacial period, the carolina’s were the home of firs and pines. As the glaciers retreated to above the great lakes, the wildlife moved north or retreated to the mountains (the most cold loving goin to the mountains in western NC). These are the glacial refugia.

145
Q

Family Salamandridae

A

Newts and mudpuppies

146
Q

Family Cryptobranhidae

A

Giant Salamanders (Hellbender, Giant Japanese Salamander). Means hidden gill.

147
Q

Family Amphiumidae

A

Means both ends. Amphiuma

148
Q

Family Sirenidae

A

Sirens

149
Q

Family Plethydontidae

A

Means lungless. Dusky Salamanders and Woodland Salamanders.

150
Q

Newts

A

Start out as larva with external gills. As they morph into an adult they lose their external gillsand breathe through their lungs. The adults are aquatic and have well developed legs so that they can come up on land for a little. But, they are primarily aquatic and have a fin-like tail.

151
Q

What one of the few salamanders can you find in ponds?

A

Newts: For example, red spotted newt.

152
Q

Name a newt in the Carolina’s.

A

Eastern Newt, specifically the red spotted newt.

153
Q

Name three newts.

A

Oregon newts, California newts, Eastern Newts, Red eft( the land dwelling morphology of green newt)

154
Q

Name a mudpuppy.

A

Common mudpuppie

155
Q

Mudpuppies

A

Paedomorphosis. They are different from newts in that they keep their external gills. They have sturdy legs because they are bottom crawlers and not very good swimmers.

156
Q

Hellbender

A

Internal gills, bottom crawlers. Found in big wide rivers with flat rocks.

157
Q

Name an amphiuma.

A

Two toed amphiuma

158
Q

Amphiuma

A

internal breathing structures, 4 tiny feet, can find them from Lake Murray down to the coast.

159
Q

Name a Siren.

A

Greater Siren

160
Q

Siren

A

External gills, paedomorphosis, only front legs

161
Q

Mole salamander

A

Chunky, land dwelling, short legs, big heads.

162
Q

Name a mole salamander.

A

Marbled Salamander

163
Q

Name two Plethodontidae

A

Dusky Salamander, Woodland Salamander

Carolina Vertebrates (2 decks)

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