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Chem Me > Tests + Synthetic Routes > Flashcards

Tests + Synthetic Routes Flashcards

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1
Q

Test for Alkenes

A

Add bromine water

Orange to colourless if positive

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2
Q

Test for Haloalkanes

A

Add silver nitrate
Chloroalkane - white
Bromoalkane - cream
Iodoalkane - Yellow

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3
Q

Test for Phenols

A

Add sodium hydroxide to test for acid
solid dissolves and colourless sodium salt forms

Add sodium carbonate to test for strong acid
Phenol is a weak acid so nothing happens

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4
Q

Test for Carboxylic acid

A

Add sodium carbonate

Fizzes (CO2) and turns cloudy (limestone)

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5
Q

Test for Carbonyl groups

A

Dissolve 2-4 DNP in sulfuric acid, water and methanol
Add solution to unknown
Orange precipitate forms

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6
Q

What are the Carbonyl groups

A

Ketone and aldehyde

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7
Q

Test for Aldehyde

A

Test for carbonyl group
If positive add Tollen’s reagent
Silver mirror forms

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8
Q

How to make Tollen’s reagent

A

silver nitrate solution with sodium hydroxide forms a brown precipitate
Add dilute ammonia solution until brown precipitate fully dissolves

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9
Q

Test for Ketone

A

Test for carbonyl group
Is positive add Tollen’s reagent
Nothing happens

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10
Q

Test for Primary alcohol

A

Add acidified potassium dichromate
Turns green
Add Tollen’s reagent - positive

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11
Q

Test for Secondary alcohol

A

Add acidified potassium dichromate
Turns green
Add Tollen’s reagent - negative

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12
Q

What can alkenes reactions form

A

Alkanes
Dihaloalkanes
Haloalkanes
Alcohols

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13
Q

What can alkanes reactions form

A

Haloalkanes

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14
Q

Reactants needed for Alkane to Haloalkane

A

X2 + UV light

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15
Q

Reactants needed for alkene to alkane

A

H2 + nickle catalyst + 150c

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16
Q

Reactants needed for alkene to dihaloalkane

A

X2 + 20c

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17
Q

Reactants needed for alkene to haloalkene

A

HX + 20c

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18
Q

Reactants needed for alkene to alcohol

A

Steam + Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) catalyst + 300c

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19
Q

What can alcohols reactions form

A 
Alkenes
Esters
Aldehyde
Ketone
Haloalkane
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20
Q

What can Haloalkane reactions form

A

Alcohols
Amines
Nitrile

21
Q

What can Ester reactions form

A

Alcohols

Carboxylic acids

22
Q

What can aldehyde reactions form

A

Carboxylic acids

Hydroxynitrile

23
Q

What can ketone reactions form

A

Hydroxynitrile

24
Q

What can Hydroxynitrile reactions form

A

Amines

Carboxylic acids

25
Q

What can Nitrile reactions form

A

Amine

Carboxylic acids

26
Q

What can Carboxylic acids reactions form

A

Esters

Acyl chloride

27
Q

What can Acyl Chloride reactions form

A

Carboxylic acids
Primary amides
Secondary amides

28
Q

Reactants needed for Alcohol to alkene

A

Conc sulfuric acid + 170c

29
Q

Reactants needed for Alcohol to ester

A

Carboxylic acid + acid catalyst + heat

Or Acyl Chloride

30
Q

Reactants needed for Primary alcohol to aldehyde

A

Acidified Potassium Dichromate + sulfuric acid + distilled

31
Q

Reactants needed for Secondary alcohol to ketone

A

Acidified Potassium Dichromate + sulfuric acid + reflux

32
Q

Reactants needed for Alcohol to Haloalkane

A

NaX + sulfuric acid + 20c

33
Q

Reactants needed for Haloalkane to alcohol

A

NaOH + water + under reflux

34
Q

Reactants needed for Haloalkane to amine

A

Excess ethanolic ammonia

35
Q

Reactants needed for Haloalkane to nitrile

A

NaCN + ethanol + under reflux

36
Q

Reactants needed for Ester to alcohol

A

Dilute acid/alkali + under reflux

37
Q

Reactants needed for Ester to carboxylic acids

A

Dilute acid/alkali + under reflux

38
Q

Reactants needed for Aldehyde to carboxylic acid

A

Acidified Potassium Dichromate + sulfuric acid + under reflux

39
Q

Reactants needed for aldehyde to hydroxnitrile

A

HCN

40
Q

Reactants needed for Ketone to Hydroxynitrile

A

HCN

41
Q

Reactants needed for Hydroxynitrile to amine

A

LiAlH4 + dilute acid
Or
Na + ethanol + reflux

42
Q

Reactants needed for Hydroxynitrile to carboxylic acid

A

Dilute HCl + reflux

43
Q

Reactants needed for Nitrile to amine

A

LiAlH4 + dilute acid
Or
Na + ethanol + reflux

44
Q

Reactants needed for Nitrile to carboxylic acid

A

Dilute HCl + reflux

45
Q

Reactants needed for Carboxylic acid to ester

A

Alcohol + acid catalyst + heat

46
Q

Reactants needed for Carboxylic acid to Acyl Chloride

A

SOCl2

47
Q

Reactants needed for Acyl Chloride to Carboxylic acid

A

Cold water

48
Q

Reactants needed for Acyl Chloride to Primary amide

A

Ammonia + 20c

49
Q

Reactants needed for Acyl Chloride to Secondary Amide

A

Amine + 20c

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