Tests

Question 1

observational studies and describe the types

Answer 1

Used to find a connection b/w exposure and outcome w/o manipulation or intervention
Cohort studies - subjects are sorted into 2 groups based on diff of their risk factors (exposure) and assessed at various intervals to see how many ppl had a certain outcome (ex: 100 smokers and 100 nonsmokers being assessed for 20 yrs to see how many develop lung ca)
Cross sectional studies - categorizing ppl into diff groups at a single point in time (ex: finding prevalence of lung ca in 100 smokers and 100 nonsmokers in a single point in time)
Case control studies - identifying ppl w/ or w/o the outcome and look backwards into their history to see if they encounter an exposure (ex: 100 pts w/ lung ca and 100 pts w/o lung ca = assessed for their smoking hx)

Question 2

Selection bias vs detection bias vs observation bias

Answer 2

When sample group doesn’t represent actual pop vs when educated professionals use their knowledge inconsistently (ex: a physician wants to study HTN and DM and studies more obese pts rather than healthy pts), REDUCE BY BLINDING vs aka Hawthorne effect, when results = altered b/c test subjects know they’re being studied, REDUCE BY RANDOMIZATION

Question 3

Internal validity vs external validity/generalizability

Answer 3

Support for causality vs representation of the sample reflecting the pop; low generalizability: narrow conditions for sample selection —> doesn’t reflect pop; high generalizability: sample = representative of target pop; when researcher affects participant behavior –> external validity = threatened

Question 4

Independent vs dependent events in probability

Answer 4

Both events don’t influence e/o —> probability of each event remain the same throughout vs both events influence e/o —> probability of 1 event affects probability of another event

Question 5

Mutually exclusive outcomes

Answer 5

Outcomes that can’t occur at the same time (ex: can’t have both heads and tails in a coin toss)

Question 6

Longitudinal studies

Answer 6

repeated observations of same variable over long periods of time

Question 7

Mixed methods study

Answer 7

uses both quant and qual components