Tests Flashcards
1
Q
Anticoagulant for general Haematology
A
Sodium, Potassium, EDTA (ethylendiaminetetraaceticacid)
2
Q
How does anticoagulation work?
A
irreversible binding of ca ions
3
Q
Heparin
A
used for plasma anticoagulation via antithrombin lll - blocks fibrinogen - fibrin
4
Q
Anticoagulant for blood clotting parameters
A
Na2Citrate - reversible Ca2 binding
5
Q
Blood Smear anticoagulant
A
Na2Citrate - least damage to blood
6
Q
Evaluation of perfusion
A
- Crt
- colour mucous mem.
- pulse strength
- Bp
7
Q
Evaluation of hydration
A
- skin tugor
- muc. mem.
- sunken eyes
- skin around oral, anal cavity
- bw changes
- urine output
8
Q
Evaluation of volume disturbances
A
- Clinical signs
- Pcv, Ht
- Hb cc
- plasma Tp, Alb
- MCV
9
Q
Pcv,Ht methods
A
- Mikrohematokrit - microcapill.,centrifuge,check ht scale
- Handheld hct meter- species spec, one drop, uses reflectance
- automated cell counter - mcv/number
10
Q
Additional info. after centrifug. blood
A
- colour
- red - haemolysis
- -white - hyperlipid.
- -dark yellow - hyperbilirubinaem.
- chocolate brown - methaem.
- buffy coat
- -wbcs
- microfilaria larvae
11
Q
Samples for osmolality invest.
A
hep. plasma , serum
12
Q
Osmolality methods
A
- mathematical
- =2(Na+K)+urea+glucose
- osmometer
- measures freezing point compared to water
13
Q
Electrolyte invest. anticoag.
A
heparinised full blood - since others interfere with the ion cc
14
Q
Ion cc method
A
using ion selective electrodes
15
Q
Inorganic p measurement
A
spectrophotometric from serum heparinised sample
16
Q
resp. function invest. sample
A
- Ca-equilibriated, Li-heparinised syringe
- arterial samples needed - no air contamination
- -astrup method
17
Q
Method of resp. func. invest.
A
ionselective electrodes to measure ph & CO2
based on these Hco3- and ABE and others are calculated
18
Q
routinely used acid base parameters
A
- ph - 7.35-7.45
- pCo2 - 40mmHg
- HCo3- 21-24mmol/l
- ABE - +-3.5mmol/l
- TCo2 - 23-30mmol/l
- SBE - +-3mmol/l
19
Q
Parameters for blood gas analysis
A
- pO2 - 88-118mmHg
- pCO2 - 35-45 mmHg
- SAT - v:75-80% a:90-100%
- FiO2 - 20,9% >0.5 risk of O2 toxicity
20
Q
Tests performed by side of animal in case of haemostasis analysis
A
- check for skin abnormalities anaemia, petechia, ecchymosis,
- cap. resistance
- bleeding time
- app. of first fibrin strand
- app. of clot
- clot retraction time
21
Q
Tests for CT
A
- fibrin strand - 1-2 min
- CT on watch glass - 7-15min
- CT in plastic syringe - 10-12 min
- CT in glass tube - 4-5min
- CT in act - containing SiO2 - activates factor 12 - 3min
22
Q
Platelet count test
A
- imp. if Bt is inc. use Na,K EDTA blood
- put sample in saline sol. and let sediment then put in bürker chamber
- estimate using blood smear
- automated cell counter - aggregates can be taken as larger cells
23
Q
Phys. platelet count
A
200-800 *10^9/l
24
Q
Reagent for PT
A
contains rat uterus as a tissue factor
25
PT method
using a coagulometer
26
Phys. Pt
10-15sec
27
Factors in Pt
7,10,5,2,1,13
28
APTT contsins
as platelet factor 3
29
Phys APTT
20-30 sec
30
Factors in APTT
9 , 11 , 8 , 10 , 5 , 2 , 1 , 13
31
Reagents in TT
decalcinated plasma + thrombin only
32
What is D-Dimer a derivate of
only from Fibrin not fibrinogen and thus a better way to check for incr. fibrinolysis
33
What do you check for with D-Dimer and fdp test
DIC
34
DIC signs
```
CT: incr.
BT: Incr.
Platelet count: decr.
PT: incr.
APTT: incr.
TT: incr.
FDP: incr.
```
35
Tests for TP
Biuret, ultrasensitive tp analysis, refractrometry
36
Reagent for Biuret test
KNaSCN, CuSO4, KI, NaOH
37
Colour in biuret test
co-nh + cu+alkaline=purple colored complex
38
Ultrasensitive total protein analysis reagent
Na-molibdate, pirogallol red , binds proteins
39
Albumin measurements
spectrophotometry, serum electrophoresis
40
Reagent for alb spectrophotometr.
bromocresol green, binds to alb @ph4.2 and forms blue-green complex
41
Globulin analysis
- calculated
| - electrophoresis
42
How to calculate Globulin
difference of Tp and Alb cc in serum
43
What is the decr. of Alb/Glob. ratio most often caused by
the incr. of glob. - inflammatory process, neoplastic process
44
Classifications of Globs. on the basis of electrophoresis
- alb
- alpha1-glob.
- alpha2-glob
- beta glob
- gamma glob
45
The two most commonly used forms of protein electrophoresis
- Sodium docecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)
- Isoelectric focusing
46
Major protein fractions of serum and plasma
Serum: 60% alb, 40%glob
Plasma: 50%alb, 30%glob, 20%fibrinogen
47
Broad based peak in the beta and or gamma region of electrophoresis
Polyclonal Gammopathy
48
What does a monoclonal gammopathy look like
sharp spike in beta or gamma region
49
Most common cause for monoclonal gammopathy
multiple myeloma
50
Calculating Fibrinogen cc
plasma and serum tp difference
51
Which test indirectly gives info about fibrinogen
TT
52
Most frequent measurement of Glucose
handheld glucometer
53
When to perform glucose tolerance test IV
at the suspect of latent DM or insulinoma
54
When to perform oral glucose tolerance test
at the suspect of chronic bowel disease, epi
55
Evaluation of constant hyperglycaemia
at some point glucose binds itself to various proteins
these aggregates are too large to be excreted by the kidney and circulate longer in the blood - ketoamines are formed e.g. fructosamine
its cc represents gluc average 2-3 weeks prior
56
Glycated haemoglobin
serves as a marker for glucose level over the previous 2-3 months
57
Detection of ketone bodies
Ross reagent
58
Ross reagent
1g of nitroprussid-Na
100g of (NH4)2SO4
50g Na2CO3
59
Colour change of ross reagent with ketone bodies
white to purple
60
Samples for ketone body detection
plasma, urine milk
61
Diff. chylomicrons from other lipids in plasma
- freeze-warm-centrifuge-chylomicrons coagulate
- if layer under fat is clear - post prqnd. lipidaem.
- if layer is not clear - fat mob.
62
Lipid abs. test
at suspect of malabsorption, maldigestion, chronic bowel disease
63
what are cholesterol measurements used for
detection of incr. fat mobilisation - in this case total cholesterol incr.
64
Hgb measurements
Spectrophotometric (Drabkin) method
65
Reagents in Drabkin method
whole blood , K3Fe(SCN)6 , KCN
66
Would there be a notable incr. in Hgb in iv haemolysis
No
67
What causes right shift in the Hgb oxy.sat. curve
- incr. 2,3 DPG in RBCs
- incr. pCO2
- decr. ph
- incr. temp. of blood
68
What causes left shift in Hgb oxy sat curve
- decr. 2.3 DPG
- decr. p CO2
- incr. ph
- decr. temp. o blood
69
Rough estimation of Hgb
PCV/3*1000=Hgb
70
Methods of RBC count
- Bürker chamber
- estimated RBC count
- automated cell counter
71
how to estimate rbc count
Ht/5*100=Rbc count*10^12
72
phys RBC count
4-8*10^12/l
73
How would a non regenerative anaemia look like in a histogram
a sharp spike signifying that the RBCs are more uniform in size
74
How would a regenerative anaemia would look like n a histogram
a broad hill thats lower than a normal histogram - the broadness indicates a large spectrum of size in RBCs pointing to new rbcs being produced
75
What would a right shift in a RBC histogram signify
macrocytic anaemia
76
Calculating MCH
hgb/(rbccount*10^12) = MCH
77
What would one call incr. and decr. MCH
hypo- , hyper- chromasia
78
Calculating MCV
PCV/rbcc *1000 = MCV
79
Do Adults or new borns have larger RBCs
New Borns
80
Name 2 dog species with physiological extremely sized RBCs
Akita - 55-65fl small
| Poodle - 75-80fl large
81
Calculating MCHC
Hgb/PCV = MCH/MCV*1000 = MCHC
82
What happens to MCHC in haemolysis
very high
83
What does microcytosis and hypochromasia point towards?
regenerative anaemia
84
Normocytic, normochromic
non regenerative anaemia
85
microcytic , hypochromic
iron, copper, piridoxine, def. anaemia , liver fail. , portosyst. shunt
86
Staining reticulocytes
brylliant cressil green
87
What can be seen in stained reticulocytes
asophil punctuates which are rna remnants
88
rbcs unable to carry oxygen
nucleated rbcs, too young
89
Why do we count reticulocytes and not nucleated rbcs
because in case of def. some nucleated rbcs might never reach functional status of reticulocytes
90
Invest. of osmotic resistance
- make dilution of Saline sample from 0.3 to 0.25% , drip blood in different tubes - check for haemolysis
- similar but with a control group, a hypotonic solution and a phys. saline solution
91
Interpretation if osmotic resistance test shows haemolysis in only the hypotonic solution but not saline solution
Membrane defect of rbcs
92
Interpretation if osmotic resistance test shows haemolysis in the hypotonic solution and saline solution
intravasal haemolytic crisis
93
Stainings for RBC smear
may grünwald, giemsa, diff quick..
| smears must be prepared using fresh samples
94
Things to check for in a rbc bloodsmear
- intensity of rbc staining
- size of rbcs
- rbc type
- incl. bodies
- parasites
95
Name all RBC types
- young and nucleated
- reticulocytes
- spherocyte
- stomatocyte
- acanthocyte
- schystocyte
- anulocyte
- codocyte
- echynocyte
- sickle cell
96
Name all incl. Bodies of rbcs
- heinz body
- howell joly body
- basophilic punctuates
- hb inclusions
97
Name all Rbc Parasites
-haemobartenella canis, felis, bovis
-babesia spp.
-ehrlichia canis...
-dirofilaria immitis
-anaplasma marginale
.....
98
Possible findings in haemolysis
- PCV decr.
- reticulocytes incr. (reg.)
- polychromasia, poikilocytosis
- leukocytosis
- sphercytosis
- total BR incr.
- indirect BR incr.
- lactate dehydrogenase incr.
- haptoglobin decr.
- rbc osmotic resistance decr.
- jaundice
- hyperchromic stool
- urobilinogen and hgb in urine incr.
99
Whats most important for WBC counting
blood smear analysis
100
Methods for counting WBCs
- bürke chamber
| - hematology analyser
101
What is the very first sign of acute inflammation
APPs
102
When does Neutropenia occur and what is it caused by
- during the first period of the inflammatory process
| - caused by migrating factors
103
other tests to examine inflammatory processes
Glutaric aldehyde test
erythrocyte sedimentation test
crp
104
Explain the glutaric aldehyde test
- method used to examine the incr. of fibrinogen and globulin in plasma
- fibrinogen - app - incr. during inflamm.
- glutaric aldehyde solution causes rapid coagulation if there is an incr. of these proteins - which would be the case in an acute inflamm.
105
explain esr in inflamm.
- apps and globulins might attach to rbcs
| - quicker sedimentation
106
Good indicator for inflammatory process
CRP
107
How to obtain ruminal fluid
- by orogastric tube
| - by ruminal puncture
108
physical examination of ruminal fluid
- Odor
- Color
- Consistency
- Sedimentation
109
What could a milky grey colour in the ruminal fluid point towards
grain overfeeding, lactic acidosis
110
Biochemical examination of ruminal fluid
- ph
- vfa -hplc
- tests for reduction capacity
111
Name the main VFAs
- acetic acid
- propionic acid
- butyric acid
112
haematological findings in acute pancreatitis
- polycythemia
- degrad. of rbcs (schysiscytosis, acanthocytosis)
- anaemia
- leukocytosis
- neutrophilia , left shift
113
Determination of pancreatic enzymes in the plasma
- alpha amylase activity
- lipase activity
- phospholipase a2 activity
- trypsinogene, trypsin cc
- elastase cc
- pancreas specific lipase - best
114
Determination of substrates in acute pancreatitis
- glucose cc
- c of electrolytes
- alpha 2 macroglobulin cc
- alpha1 antitrypsine cc
- triacylglycerol cc
- Ca cc
115
alpha amylase detection meth.
- starch digestion test
| - p-nitrophenol meth.
116
Cases of increased alpha amylase activity
- acute pancreatitis
- acute kidney failure
- FIP
- lymphoma
- DM
- ileus
- gastric perforation
- parotitis
- chronic enteritis
117
How to measure lipase
ELISA - pancreas specific lipase
118
Determination of lipase activity
turbidimetric method
119
Why can't we use alpha amylase , lipase activity alone to diagnose pancretitis
Because these enzymes are incr. in case of kidney failure aswell as the excretion is mainly done by kidney
120
What is the diagnosis in case of urine amylase and cretinine incr. and plasma amylase incr. but plasma cratinin stays the same (or incr.)
Pancretitis
121
Diagnosis when urine amylase and creatinine decr. and plasma amylase and creatinin incr.
Kidney failure
122
Examination of EPI
- TLI cc
- BT-BAPA test
- dyed agar gel digest., schwachmann filmtest
- lipid absorption test
- faecal elastase test
- examination of undigested faecal particles
123
Which faecal smears should be prepared when examining EPI
- giemsa - for undig. striated muscle fiber
- lugol - for undig. starch
- sudan - for undigested lipid part.
- gram staining may be helpful
124
What does finding 1 thromb. in a 1000x view signify
20*10^9/l
125
Phys. platelet count
200-800 * 10^9
126
Phys. PT time
10-15 sec
127
Phys. APTT
20-30 sec.
128
list intrinsic pathway problems
- haemophilia a-factor Vlll def.
| - haemophilia B - factor lX def.
129
list extr. pathway problems
- factor VII def
| - dicumarol tox.
130
list common pathway problems
- liver hyp.func. - decr. in coag.fac. prod.
- DIC
- factor : X / V / II / I / XIII def.
131
Couls cause DIC
septicaemia, pancreatitis, wide spread burn, necrosis of big tumors, shock...
132
How to test the ruminal fluid reduction potential test?
- Nitrite red. test
| - Methylene blue red. test
133
How to perform Nitrite red. test
KNO2 with rum. fluid - heat -add Griess Ilosvay
-in presence on nitrite - pink colour - phys. nitrite should be reduced to nothing
134
phys. rumen pH
6,3 - 7
135
VFA intratuminal
acetate, proprionate, butyrate
136
What's unconj. BR bound to
Alb
137
How does UBG get made
bacterially reduced BR
138
Blood Br measurements
van den bergh
- sulphanilic acid and NaNO2
- sample - serum
139
Why can't Br1 not be filtered by kidney
is bound to Alb - too large
140
Gmelin test
- HNO3 layered under urine
- condensed material on surface of glass - acidic urea
- yellow - urine
- white - protein
- purple - indicane
- green - biliverdin
- brown - UBG
- HNO3
141
What is the BSP retention test based on
-administration of brom sulphalein and the excretion cap- of hepatocytes
142
incr. BSP retention
- liver cirrhosis
- liver tumor
- hep. lipidosis
- right sided heart failure - perfusion issue
- shunt
- blockage of portal vessels
143
What is the entero-hepatical circulation
nearly 90% of conjugated bile acids get reabsorbed and transported back to the liver - faecal loss 2-5%
144
Good liver function test
simple ammonia cc
145
Ammonia metab.
prod. in int. by bb. - abs. to portal v. - liver detoxifies it via ornitin cycle
146
Ammonia measurement
- Spectrophotometrically - NH3 + alpha ketoglutaric acid +NaDH+h+ - GLDH - change in absorbancy
- port.ammonia checker - reflectometric method
- Ammonia tolerance test
147
Drugs with incr. parasympathomimetic effect of int. mot.
Neostigminum, methysulphuricum, physostigminum
148
Drugs with parasymp.lyt. effect on int. mot.
Atropinum-sulphuricum, N-butil scopolamine bromide
149
Methods of examining int. absorption
- Glucose tolerance test - test for DM or insulinoma
blood glucose should be normalised within 30-60 minutes - IV
- oral gluc. - blood gluc should be doubled by 30 min and normalised at 120 min
- BT-PABA test - n-benzoil-l-tyrozil-paraaminobenzoic acid given orally - check cc
- Corn Oil test
- Lactulose - Rhamnose test
150
How are lactulose and rhamnose absorbed
- Lactulose paracellularly
| - Rhamnose transcellularly
151
Evaluation of EPI
- TLI cc (trypsin like immunoreactivity)
- BT-PABA test
- dyed agar-gel digestion and schachmann filmtest
- lipid absorption test
- examining undig. faecal particles
152
How can TLI cc diagnose pnacreatitis
in case of pancreatitis more trypsinogen or active trypsin enters the bloodstream
153
Which are the Coag. fact. prod. by liver
2, 7, 9, 10
154
Ways of sampling bile acids
- after 12 hours of starvation
| - postprandialy
155
Sampling for ammonia
- starving for 24h
| - EDTA anticoag. - taken without air contam.
156
Ammonia eval.
- spectrophotometric
- refractometric - portable ammonia checker
- ammonia tolerance test
157
List the potential liver damage enzymes
- AST - aspartate-aminotransferase
- ALT - alanine-aminotransferase
- GLDH - glutamate dehydrogenase
- ALKP - AP-Alkaline-Phosphatase
- GGT - gamma glutamyl transferase
158
What's the basis of the liver enzyme spectrophotometric determination
NADH+H+ -> NAD
| causes dicoloration
159
which ALKP appears in blood
bone and liver orig.
160
What to measure ( liver damage enzymes)
```
Dog: ALT,ALKP,GGT
Cat: ALT, ALKP (acute), GGT
Ru:AST, GLDH
Eq: AST, GGT
Su: AST, GGT, ALKP
```
161
how does each urea test start
splitting Urea into two NH3 molecules
162
Urea tests
- urea color test
| - enzymatic urea test
163
How to evaluate Creatinine cc
Jaffe method using picric acid - evaluated spectrophotometrically
164
Calculating creatinine clearance
C=U* V/P
u= creatinine in urine
V= urine output/min
P=Creatinine cc in plasma
165
essential indicator for glomerular dysfunction
Proteinuria
166
What's the urine Creatinine cc based on
spec gravity
167
Tests for tubular function
- Spec Gravity
- water depr test
- Urine osmolality
- fractional electrolyte clearance for Na
168
What particles may be in the urine in case of tubular damage
Enzymuria - ALKP, GGT
169
Methods of evaluating Glucose in blood
- Handheld glucometer - via electrical conductance
- GOD/POD - enzymatic method
- Gluc. tolerance test IV/oral
170
Constant hyperglycaemia check for
- Fructosamine since the longer circulating glucose forms ketoamines - shows gluc. cc from 2-3 weeks
- Glycated haemolobin - 2-3 months prior gluc. cc
171
Checking for Ketone bodies
Ross reaction test strips
172
What do we use CHolesterol measurements for
detection of incr. fat mob.
173
What is spec. gravity an indicator of
conc. func. of tubules
174
what is decr. ADH prod a sign of
Central diabetes insipidus
175
What is decr. response to ADH a sign of
Peripheral diabetes insipidus
176
How does Hyposthenuria relate hyperadrenocorticism
incr. Aldosterone func./prod. means that more Na+ remains in the body and thus the urines Spec. Grav. decr.
177
What does medullary washout result in
the loss of the concentrating ability of the kidney despite the right endocrine conditions
178
How does the water deprivation test help in detailing kidney problems
differentiating between (with desmopressin test) CDI, PDI , PP
179
What can be evaluated with a urine test strip
- Specific Gravity
- pH
- Proteinuria
- Pus - best checked microscopically
- Haematuria
- Glucosuria
- Ketonuria
- Nitrite
- Bilirubin, UBG
180
How does paradoxical aciduria work
in vomiting Na+ is reabsorbed with HCO3- decr. HCO3 excr. urine pH becomes more acidic
181
Pseudoproteinuria
protein in urine not bc of kidney failure but from lower urogenital tract
182
What are bence jones proteins
paraproteins appearing as a spike in beta or gamma globulin region - neoplastic indicator
183
CAuses of proteinuria
- glomerulonephropathy
- tubular transport defect
- inflammation
- haematuria
184
Real and fake proteinuria
- prerenal
- - neonates
- -exercise
- -extreme thermal cond.
- renal=real
- -glom./tub. def.
- -really high prot. cc
- spuria =fake
- -lower ug tract
185
How to determine WBC in urine
microscopically, test strip
186
Benzidine test
- test to show presence of blood hgb or myoglob.
| - brown to green
187
Organic urine sediments
- Rbcs
- cells from lower UG tract
- Viral incl. bodies
- microbes
- mucin
- casts
188
Inorganic urine sediments in alkaline urine
- Struvite
- Calciumcarbonite
- Calciumphosphate
- Amourphousphosphate
- NH3 ureate
189
Inorganic urine sediments in acidic urine
- calcium oxalate
- uric acid
- Cystine
- Br
- Sulphonamides
190
causes for fluid acc in cavities
- incr. in vascular pressure
- decr. in colloid onc. pressure
- incr. permeability due to inflamm. causes
191
Types of fluid
- transudate
- exudate
- mod. transudate
- blood
- chylus
192
What to measure in cavity fluid
- Alb/glob - FIP
- Creatinine - Bladderrupture
- Alphaamylase -Lipase - gall bladder rupt./ duoden. perf./ abscess rupt.
- LDH - neoplasia
193
What to check in body cavity fluid cytological analysis
- inflamm or not
- septic or not
- non iflamm - reactive or neoplastic
194
Exudate
inflammatory causes
195
mod. transudate
long term stasis of fluid
196
Where to sample CSF samples
occipital zone, lumbosacral zone
197
What's considered the best test in thyroid evaluation
Thyroid stim. test
198
How to perform thyroid stim. test
collect t4 sample - give TSH - check t4 after 6 h
199
Common cause for feline hyperthyroidism
thyroid neoplasia
200
Causes for Hyperadrenocorticism
- incr. acth prod from a pituitary lesion
| - andrenocortical tumour
201
How does Low dose dexamethasone suppression test work
Dex. suppresses pituitary gland, but not in hyperadrencort.
| -can help differentiate betw. Adrenal and pituitary hyp.ad.cort.
202
High dose dexamethasone suppression test is used for?
differentiating pituitary and adrenal causes
203
Serum osmolality
270-300 mOsm/kg
204
What is the difference between Hyperaldosteronism and Hyperadrenocorticism
Hyperaldosteronism is an excess production of Aldosteron while hyperadrenocorticism is a hyperfunction of the adrenal glands in general
205
How do the clinical signs differ between hyperald. and hyperadren.
In hyperald. only aldosteron is prod. in excess so there would be an Incr. in Na and a decr. in K while in hyperadrenocorticism the whole adrenal gland is hyperfunctioning which leads to an incr. in Glucocorticoids as well - polyphagia, weight gain, pu/pd , alopecia, lethargy
206
Is Cl an ec enzyme
Yes
207
What does abomasal displacement cause
Hypochloraemia
208
Name the Electrolytes most important for muscle function
Ca, Mg, K
209
Mg and Ca are Ec or IC electrolytes
EC
210
Name the blood smear evaluation stains
May Grünwald, Giemsa, Diff quick
211
Name the forms of leukemia
ac. lymphoblastic leukemia, ac. myeloblastic leukemia, ac. erythroblastic leukemia, lymphoma stage V
212
What effect do glucocorticoids have on immune cells
suppresses them
213
What will be found in acute leukemia
blast cells
214
What can be found in chronic leukemia
mature differentiated cells in huge nr.
215
Name the WBCs and their frequency
```
Neutrophil granulocytes (60-77%)
Lymphoid cells (12-30%)
Eosinophil granulocytes (2-10%)
Basophil Granulocytes (1%)
Monocytes (1-5%)
```
216
Explain the platelet aggregation test
@ prospect of thrombocytopathy - put platelets together with ADP and epinephrine - speed and rate of coagulation analysed by spectrophotometer
217
What sample is used for coagulation test
centrifuge then use plasma
218
Which factors are used in PT
7, 10, 1, 2, 13, 5
219
Why is 3 not used in PT
because it is supplied in the reagent
220
Which factors are used in APTT
8, 9, 10, 1, 2, 13, 5, 11
221
What can Alb be measured with
Spectrophotometrically with bromocresol green or serum electrophoresis for TP measurement
222
What disease could be expected if a polyclonal gammopathy is present
chronic inflammatory disease - liver disease, FIP, occult heartworm disease
223
What could be expected if a monoclonal gammopathy is present
neoplastic disease - multiple myeloma, lymphoma, chronic lmphocytic leukemia
non neoplastic disease - occult heartworm disease, FIPV, ehrlichia canis, lymphoplasmacytic enteritis
224
What is a leukemoid reaction
Sometimes after a great stimulus enormous number of WBC in blood
225
What is the glutaric aldehyde test
inflammatory test - causes rapid coagulation of the APP fibrinogen and labile globulins the speed of coagulation is correlating with the inflammation
226
Name possible tests to check intestinal absorption
iv, oral glucose test
Bt-BAPA test
corn oil test
lactulose rhamnose test
227
Name the causes for metabolic acidosis
- loss of HCO3 - diarrhoea, ileus
- hyperkalaemia - H/K pump
- incr. acid prod. - anaerobic glycolysis - lactic acid
- incr. acid intake
- incr. ketogenesis
- renal failure - decr. acid excr.
228
What is the anion gap useful for?
diff. between the causes for met. acidosis
229
How can the anion gap diff. between met. acidosis causes
- if HCO3 is lost and Cl replaces it -> primary HCO3 loss like diarrhoe
- if HCO3 is lost and Cl stays the same - the unmeasured anions must incr. -> cause met. acidosis
230
Name the causes for a met. acidosis where the anion gap stays normal
- diarrhoea - hco3 loss
- early kidney failure - H+ retention
- renal tubular acidosis
- acidifying substances
231
Name the causes for met. acidosis where teh anion gap is incr.
- azotaemia, uraemia
- lactacidosis - shock, hypovolaemia, tissue necr.
- ketoacidosis - diabetic
- toxicosis
232
Name the reasons for met. alkalosis
- incr. acid loss - vomiting, abomasal displacement
- hypokalaemia - H/K pump
- intake of rotten/alkaline food
- decr. hepatic ammonia synth.
233
Name the causes for resp. acidosis
- pulmonary oedema
- pleural effusiun, pneumothorax
- airway obstruction
- depression of central control of respiration
- resp. muscle weakness
234
Name the causes for decr. Albumin
- decr. intake of proteins
- decr. synthesis - liver failure, acute inflammation
- incr. utilisation - phys. conditions - pregnancy, work, exercise, production
- incr. loss
- via kidneys - PLN
- via enteral - PLE
- skin - burn
- whole blood loss
- sequestration
235
What can we largely say about the protein fractions
alpha glob. - APPs
beta globulins - immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM)
gamma globulins - immunoglobulins (IGG)
236
How to avoid in vitro catabolism of Gluc
- store the sample cooled
- seperate plasma from blood quickly
- coagulate rbc with trichloric acetic acid
- take blood samples with NaF tubes
237
Name some causes for microcytosis
- chronic blood loss
- iron, copper deficiency
- portosystemic shunt
238
Name the causes for macrocytosis
- mostly regenerative anaemias
- polycythaemia absoluta vera
- vit. b12, folic acid, cobalt deficiency
- erythroleukemia
239
Name the causes for hypochromasia
- newborns
- reg. anaemia
- iron def anaemia
240
Name the causes for hyperchromasia
- erythroleukemia (polycythaemia absoluta vera)
- Vit. b12, folic acid, cobalt def.
- immunhemolytic anaemia
- lead poisoning
- splenectomy
241
What could microcytic and hypochromic RBCs point towards
decr. HB synthesis
242
What could cause a decr. HB synth.
-iron, copper, piridoxine def. anaemia, liver failure, portosystemic shunt
243
How to stain reticulocytes
brylliant cresil green
244
What are gross signs that could be seen in a blood smear evaluation
- rouleau formation - coin arrangement
- RBC aggregates
- large cells
- thrombocyte aggregates
245
List the laboratory findings of Hemolysis
- PCV decr.
- Reticulocytes incr. (reg.)
- polychromasia, poikilocytosis
- leukocytosis
- spherocytes
- total BR incr.
- BR 1 incr.
- LDH incr.
- Haptoglobin decr.
- RBC osmotic resistance decr.
- jaundice
- hyperchromic stool
- UBG and HGB in urine incr.
246
When can we expect to see a right shift in WBC
=many segmented and hypersegmented old neutrophils
- chronic inflamm.
- effect of glucocorticoid
247
What is a stress leukogram
right shift, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, lymphopenia and eosinophilia together
248
Name the "other" inflammation tests
glutaric aldehyde test
esr test
c reactive protein test
249
Which sample do we use for acid base analysis
arterial non air contaminated sample
| ca equilibrated, li heparinised
250
Why do we need Astrup samples in acid base analysis
bc we measure the partial CO2 pressure and thats volatile
251
What could hyperkalaemia cause in regards to acid/base
met. acidosis
