tests Flashcards
Leiter International Performance Scale – Revised
Culture reduced measure of nonverbal intelligence
It assesses intelligence of those with hearing or speech impairment, bilingual persons, non-English speaking examinees
No Verbal instructions; ages 2-20
Children who don’t speak English, have autism, TBI, speech or hearing impairment, impoverished environments, attentional problems
Match cards underneath corresponding illustrations
20 subtests, 2 batteries: visualization & reasoning and memory & attention
Human Figure Drawing Tests
Essentially kids drawing used as projective tests
First used by Florence Goodenough “Draw a Man Test” which later revised into “Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test”
Harris provided standardization and deviation IQ
Brief, nonverbal test of intelligence and it can be individually or grouped administered
Instructor must convey some instructions in English or through translator (but they are brief and basic)
Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude
Nonlanguage performance scale for ages 3-17
Administered through pantomine (expressed by mime), no verbal responses but we might use verbal instructions while children who have normal to mild hearing impairments
12 subtests: bead patterns, memory for colour, picture ID, paper folding, and etc.
Scores converted into Deviation Learning Quotient (LQ)
Useful for children who are deaf, have speech or language impairments, mental retardation, bilingual
Parallel norm: compared to those who are deaf and those who are not deaf
Test of Nonverbal Intelligence – 4 (TONI-4)
Language-free measure of cognitive ability for disabled and language-impaired people
Battery of cognitive tests with explicit goal of assessing overall cognitive functioning without relying on language
It takes 15-20 minutes with ages of 6-89
Response is nodding or pointing and test instructions are pantomimed
Recommended for people with aphasia, non-English speakers, and neurological trauma
Solve problems by identifying relationships among abstract figures
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test – IV
Most widely used
About 15 minutes and ages 2.5 through 90 years
Used to obtain a rapid measure of listening vocab with persons who are deaf or who have neurological or speech impairment
Also popular in school settings because it measures language reception
Especially useful for examinees with motor impairments: cerebral palsy, stroke
4 practice plates, 228 testing plates
Examiner presents a plate, states the stimulus word orally and ask examinee to point to the picture that describes the word
Vineland Social Maturity Scale
117 discrete items
Informant familiar with examinee checks off items
Compared to equivalent social age
Scales of Independent Behaviour-Revised
Measures adaptive behaviour and completed with help of parent, teacher or caregiver
Examiner reads a series of items and for each item records of score “0” – never did it, or “3” – does task very well
Motor skills, social & communication skills, personal living skills, and community living skills
Measure the frequency and severity of maladaptive behaviour problems
Problems includes hurtful to self, hurtful to others, destructive to property, disruptive behaviour, unusual habits, socially offensive, withdrawal, and uncooperative
Broad Band Tests of Normal Personality
A broadband test is one that measures the full range of functioning, as opposed to limited aspects – how best to conceptualize the multifacet notion of personality
Myer-Briggs Type Indicator
A forced-choice, self-report inventory that attempts to classify persons according to an adaption of Carl Jung’s theory of personality types
Extraversion vs. introversion
Sensing (rely on immediate senses) vs. intuition (beyond reach of conscious mind)
Thinking (logic and objectivity) vs. feeling (reliance on personal values)
Judging (decisiveness and closure) vs. perceiving (open-ended flexibility and spontaneity
Test takers categorized on one side or the other of each polarity and then given a four-letter code of personality
California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
T/F test designed to measure the dimensions of normal personality
2 version CPI-434 and CPI-260
CPI-260 is a computerized version: 20 folk measures, 7 work-related scales, 3 broad vectors
- Folk measures: dominance, sociability, independence, –empathy, self-controlling, and etc.
- Work-related scales: managerial potential, work orientation, creative temperament, leadership
- Broad Vectors: V1. extroversion or introversion, V2. rule favoring or rule questioning, V3 self realization, psychological competence, or ego integration
- V1 and V2 provide a four lifestyle → implementers (extro + rule favouring), supporters (intro and rule favouring), innovators (extro. And rule questioning), and visualizers (intro. and rule questioning)
- V3 indicates positive or negative expressions of lifestyles
Uses everyday language to describe examinee
Also provides information on test-taking attitudes: good impression, communality, and well-be
NEO-Personality Inventory- Revised
Based upon the five-factor model of personality (neuroticism, extroversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeableness)
Short Version: NEO Five-Factor Inventory
S – self report and R are outside observers
Very high internal consistency and validity
Used in both research and clinical psychopathology
Doesn’t describe on as being good/bad, just describes their nature
Defining Issues Tests
Similar to moral judgment scale, but more simpler and objective
Examinee reads dilemmas similar to Kohlberg’s and provides proper actions for each
Forced Choice (so they can consider all possibilities)
Issues: It is outdated, using the Heinz example still when it’s highly publized
Typically considered good alternative to Moral Judgement Scale
Religion as Quest
This was a response to extrinsic vs. intrinsic
Third religious orientation – Quest (more mature and flexible outlook)
Quest - complexity, doubt and tentativeness (openness)as ways of being religious
The Spiritual Well-Being Scale
Spiritual Well-Being – Two dimensions
- Vertical dimensions – well being in relations to God
- Horizontal Dimension – existential well-being (purpose in life without any specific religious reference)
The Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments Scale
It is very recent and promising
It has a good predictive power and strong psychometrics qualities
There are two dimensions: spiritual transcendence (e.g. prayer fulfillment, universality, and connectedness) & religious sentiments (religious involvement and religious crisis)
The Faith Maturity Scale
Practical tool to serve three research purposes
1. Data to vitality of faith in mainstream
2. ID contributions of demographic and personal variables to faith development
3. Furnish criterion for evaluating impact of religious education
Faith Maturity ~ degree to which a person embodies priorities, commitments, and perspectives characteristics of vibrant and life-transforming faith
Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale
Self/everyday (dealing with problems in self and others); scholarly (analyzing problems and coming up with new ideas); performance (composing lyrics); mechanical/scientific (solving scientific/mechanical problems); artistic (drawing or painting) `
Remote Associates Test
It is timed and examinee must find fourth word that “fits” to three words (rat-blue-cottage)
It also measures verbal intelligence
- merdnick developed it
viewed creativity as a product
Composite Creative Personality Scale
It uses adjectives such as active, curious, inventive, original, and argumentative, cynical, and impulsive
Most distinguishing characteristic: desire and preference to be somewhat remove from regular social contact, spend time alone on craft, and autonomous & independent
Self–report methods preferred assessment
- creativity as a personal characteristic
Harrington
Christiansen-Guilford Fluency Test
Measures alternative uses (list of possible uses for a common object); consequences (list of possible consequences to hypothetical event); ideational fluency (name things that belong in a given class)
- convergent vs divergent thinking
- creativity as a product
Torrance Test of Creative Thinking
this based on Guilford’ model
There are verbal tasks: such as asking questions, guessing causes, guessing consequences, product improvement, unusual uses, and just suppose
Other tasks includes engaging in ambiguous activity and questioning about it, guess causes of actions, and consequences of action
Other includes improvement to a toy, think of unusual uses for a common object, list problems, and benefits that may arise from an impossible situation
Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test
Emotional Intelligence Score (EI) and it has two areas: experiential and strategic; four branch score (perceiving, facilitating, understanding and managing), eight task scores
Life Orientation Test (LOT-R)
It is a six scored items and four fillers and it gets rate from highly pessimistic to highly optimisic
Gratitude Questionnaire – Six Item Form (GQ6)
Self-report of disposition to experience gratitude
Gratitude can be intensity, frequency, span (grateful for many things), and density (grateful to many individuals)
Gratitude is a single dimension
Gratitude, Resentment, and Appreciation Test
Gratitude as a multidimensional: appreciation to others and simple appreciation (to non-social sources), sense of abundance (absence of resentment)
Three tests created by Martin
Coping Humour Scale (CHS)
Situational Humour Response Questionnaire (SHRQ)
Humour Style Questionnaire (HSQ)
Defense Mechanism Rating Scale – Overall Defensive Functioning Scale
Defense Mechanisms ~ a way that the ego deals with anxiety
Repression ~ submerge into the unconscious
Displacement ~ transfer of feelings from the real object onto someone/something else
Denial ~ denying the anxious provoking situation
Reaction Formation ~ Individual has a prohibitive emotion towards someone or something so not only denies that it exist but makes it seem like the opposite is true
Undoing ~ compensating for a terrible behaviour that cannot be undone
Sublimation ~ turning socially unacceptable things into something productive
Humour ~ more mundane form of sublimation but channeling frustration and depression into jokes
Regression ~ go to an earlier mental state of age that was easier
Projection ~ identifying conflicts about yourself onto other people
Some Defense mechanisms are “mature” such as altruism, humour, suppression, anticipation, and sublimation
Cattell’s Factor Analytic Trait Theory
Use factor analysis to reveal basic traits of personality
Surface trait – obvious traits of personality
Source traits – stable and constant sources of behaviour
16-20 Personality factors identified
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) which is a paper/pencil formatting
The Five Factor Model of Personality
Goldberg found several consistencies that he referred to as the “Big Five” dimensions
Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (OCEAN) (CANOE)
Using trait terms in the analysis of personality is based upon the fundamental lexical hypothesis
Fundamental Lexical Hypothesis ~ traits convey important information about our dealing with others
Five factor come out repeated when people describe themselves with traits, it has evolutionary plausibility for survival and reproductive
Costa and McCrae: The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI)
Carl rogers theory
Q-techniques (Q-sort)
Procedure for studying changes in the self-concept
A key element of self theory/q-sort is a large number of cars with printed statements on them and examinees sorts these cards on a 9-point scale from least like me to most like me
Examinee may be compared t norm groups or ideal sorts (real sort ~ sort cards that best describes you | ideal sort ~ sort cards in a way you would like your ideal person to be)
Q-sort technique was the first designed as a therapy outcome test
A Classification of Projective Techniques
Projective divided into five categories:
Association to inkblots o words (Rorschach Inkblot Test)
Construction of stories or consequences (TAT)
Completion of Sentences or Stories
Arrangement/Selection of Pictures or Verbal Choices (Szondi Test)
Rorschach
5 are black/grey, 5 are coloured
Ages 5+
The Comprehensive System
- The method for scoring inkblot test
Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS): - newest version for scoring
- First establish rapport, sit next to the client, for each card examiner ask examinee “What might this be?” and must provide four responses (affords better fit with norms), the examiner scores test and patient is scored on location, content, form quality, thought processes, determinants
- Very controversial and low reliability and lack of predictive validity
Supporters cite improvements in scoring offered by Exner ~ efforts to improve standardization and slightly improved reliability and validity
Further improvements with R-PAS assessment system
Sentence Completion Test
Examine presented with a series of stem consisting of the first few words of a sentence and must provide an ending
Completed sentence reflect internal motivation, attitudes, and etc.
Two ways of interpretations: subjective- intuitive analysis of the underlying motivations or objective analysis by means of scores assigned to each completed sentence
Loveinger’s Washington University Sentence Completion test (very theory bound) and Rotter Incompletion Sentence Bank (strongest empirical underpinning and is most widely used in clinical settings)
Rotter Incomplete Sentence Bank
3 similar forms: high school, college, and adult
It has 40 sentences
Objective and quantitative scoring
Each sentence receives adjustment score of ”0” (good adjustment) through ”6” (poor adjustment)
Omission: no response or response too short (no score); conflict response: indicative of hostility or unhappiness; positive response: indicative of positive or hopeful attitude; neutral response: either positive or negative (no score)
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
30 pictures that portrays a variety of subject matters and themes in black/white and one card is blank
Pictures of people engaging in ambiguous activities
Examine makes up a story about each picture; what lead to the current scene, what is happening, how characters are thinking and feeling and what is the outcome
TAT developed by Henry Murray which was originally measure the construct of needs and press
Needs organize perception, thought, action, and energize behaviour in the direction of their satisfaction
Press refers to the power of environmental events in influencing people
Alpha press is the objective or “real” external forces while beta press is subjective and perceived components of the external forces
The hero of the story typically represents the examinee and they identify with them and project their needs and striving and feeling onto this hero
Pictures set you up for negativity, sad facial expression, and dark colour
Picture Projective Test (PPT)
General purpose instrument with improved psychometric qualities
Developers note that the TAT pictures exert a negative “pull” on storytelling (dark shades)
PPT based on pictures from the Family of Man (pictures show more meaningful projective material, have more than one human character, about half show positive affection expression between humans, and about half show humans in active poses)
Much more positive in thematic content and emotional tone, more active, greater emphasis on interpersonal themes
Children’s Apperception Test (CAT)
Direct extension of the TAT
10 pictures for ages 3-10 years old
Animal version for younger children (animals in human settings, children identify with animals better)
Personality description based on 10 variables: main theme, main hero, main needs and drives of hero, conception of environment, perception of parental, contemporary, and junior figures, conflicts, anxieties, defenses, adequacy of hero, integration of ego
Lack of psychometric scoring, reliability, and validity
Other Variations of the TAT
Developed for ethnic, racial, and linguistic minorities
Thompson TAT – African American Figures
TEMAS – Hispanic Persons
The Draw-A-Person Test
Goodenough used the Draw-A-Man task for estimating intelligence
Karen Machover created the “Draw-A-Person” test which is widely used
Examinee gets a blank sheet of paper and pencil and easer and is asked to draw a person, then they are instructed to draw another person of the opposite sex of the first person, and then they’re asked to make up a story
Interpreted in a clinical-intuitive manner
More appropriate for screening of children suspected of behaviours disorder and emotional disturbances
The House-Tree-Person Test
reehand drawing of a house, tree, and person
Examinee has complete freedom, one in pencil, one in crayon
Originally intelligence test
House drawing mirrors examinee’s home life and intrafamilial relationships, tree drawing reflects the way the examinee experiences the environment, person drawing echoes examinees interpersonal
Personality Research Form
Based on Murray’s need-press theory of personality
Murray found 15 needs and developed the TAT test to identify those needs
Jackson expanded these needs and produced several forms of assessment
Personality Research form exists as parallel long forms (form AA and BB)
440 T/F which yields 20 personality scale scores and two validity scores: infrequency and desirability
Most popular PFR is “E” which as 22 scales and modified 352 items
Used mostly on college students
Very easy readability: only need to be in 5th-6th grade
Good predictor of job performance
State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Self report measure of anxiety used in clinical settings
Current version: Y
Also available to children and translated in 40 languages
Purpose is to differentiate between the temporary condition of state anxiety and the more long-standing quality of trait anxiety
- State Anxiety ~ transitory emotional state characterized by apprehension and tension and by activation of the automatic nervous system
State scale measures how a person feels in that moment and it fluctuates in response to environment
- Trait Anxiety ~ relatively stable individual differences in anxiety proneness – scale assesses how a person feel “generally”
Good for research and clinical application and very reliable and valid
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
Designed to measure the major dimensions of normal and abnormal personality
Three major dimensions of personality: Psychoticism (P); Extraversion (E); Neuroticism (N)
EPQ has scales to measure these dimensions and incorporate a Lie (L) scale
Yes/No Questions and used for ages 16+
Junior EPQ: 7-15
High P scores includes high on aggressive, hostile, impulsive, preferences for odd things (antisocial and schizoid patient) and low P scale on empathy and interpersonal sensitivity
High E score on loud, outgoing, fun-loving and Low E score on introverted, solitude, and quiet
High N scores includes nervous, maladjusted, over-emotional and Low N includes stable and confident
Comrey Personality Scales
Short, self-report, suitable for college students and adults
8 Personality scales with items divided equally between positively and negatively worded statements – there is also a validity check and assessment of social desirability bias
CPS scale includes a validity check, response bias, trust vs. defensiveness, orderliness vs. lack of compulsion, social conformity vs. rebelliousness, mental toughness vs. sensitivity, empathy vs. egocentrism
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
567 T/F personality inventory originally used for psychiatric diagnosis
Scales were developed by contrasting item responses of psychiatric patients with items of control subjects
Requires sixth grade reading level
Has a four validity, ten clinical scales, dozens of supplementary scales
- Validity: cannot say (items omitted); L (items scored in false direction); F (items answered by normal subjects); K (detects forms of defensiveness)
- Interpretation: scale by scale (validity of test is determined by inspecting the four validity scales) or configural (classifying profile as belonging to one or another loosely defined code types)
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory - III
Designed to provide information for psychiatric diagnosis (like MMPI)
Advantages over MMPI: much shorter and clinical patterns patterns compatible with DSM of the APA
Theory-driven test from Millon’s elaborate theoretical formulations on the nature of psychopathology and personality disorder
27 scales: 11 personality traits; 3 severe personality pathology; 7 clinical syndromes (anxiety and depression); and 3 severe clinical syndromes; 3 validity (disclosure, desirability, debasement, defensiveness)
Reliability is good and validity is mixed agreement
Personality Inventory for Children -2 (PIC-2)
5-19 years old for T/F completed by parent
Children’s emotional and behavioural adjustment in the home, school, community
Personality Inventory for Youth: Filled out by child, Student Behaviour Survey: Filled out by Teacher
3 responses validity scales (inconsistency, dissimulation, deliberate exaggeration, defensiveness) and 9 adjustment scales
Theory consistent with relationship with DSM for children
Exposure-Based Methods
Behavioural Avoidance Test ~ measures how long the client can tolerate the anxiety-inducing stimulus
Fear Survey Schedule ~ device that require respondents to indicate the presence and intensity of their fears in relations to various stimuli
DSM-IV has 5 axes
Axis I includes the clinical disorders (substance disorder, anxiety disorder, major depression)
Axis II includes the personality disorders
Axis III includes the general medical conditions
Axis IV includes the psychosocial and environmental problems (loss of friends, unemployment)
Axis V includes the Global Assessment Function Scale
DSM advantages
Reduces complexity of clinical phenomena
Facilitates communication between clinicians
Predicts outcome of disorder
Decides treatment
Determines prevalence of disease worldwide
Decision about insurance coverage
DSM disadvantages
Takes a lot of time
Does not specify method for arriving at the diagnosis
Interrater agreement is only high for some diagnoses and low for others
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia
Evaluating Axis I mood and psychotic disorders
Semistructured with standard questions
Part 1 includes the axis symptoms for the current episode, worst period, and current week
Part 2 includes the survey of past episodes
Questions allow examiner to determine severity of disturbance and its diagnosis
Reliable and valid and the kappa coefficient greater than .85
This is known as the gold standard
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV
SCID-I for axis I diagnoses
SCID-II for axis II diagnoses
SCID-P for determining the different diagnosis in the psychotic symptoms
SCID-NP for nonpatient setting where current psychiatric disorder is unlikely
Examiner reads questions to examinee in sequence and based on an
Behavioural Observation of Students in School (BOSS)
Six categories of classroom behaviour and its classifies behaviours as active engagement, passive engagment, off-task motor, off-task verbal, and off-task passive
Threats to validity – observer drift (observer becomes fatigued and less vigilant over time and misses behaviour); observer expectation, coding complexity
Systematic Direct Observation
Direct observation: form of behavioural assessment, design a coding scheme and then go and observe the behaviour
Primarily used for assessment for children, especially in school settings
Systematic, direct observation is highly structured
Five characteristics: measure specific behaviour, operationally define target behaviour before hand, observations under objective and standardized procedures, times and place carefully specified, and scoring is standardized
Objective and structured coding system
Approaches includes simple frequency counting of behaviours within discrete time periods & record duration of behaviour
Direct link to intervention
Analog Behavioural Assessment
Closely related to systematic and direct observation
The difference in the settings of observation (systematic is natural setting)
Clients observed in a contrived but plausible setting and area instructed to engage in relevant tasks that are designed to elicit behaviour of interest
Create a state of affairs analogous to pivotal situations in real life
ecological Momentary Assessment
Came from advances in wireless connectivity
“Real-time measurement of patient experience in the real world and at the point of experience”
Device beeps when it needs responses several time a day – less than a minute to response
Avoids recalls biases: more accurate portrayal of episodes; and recency bias: people more likely to recall recent events
More accurate and reliable approach to assessing patients experience than retrospective questionnaires
It cannot be fake and it cannot be used for research of treatments, but it can be used to test psychological theories
The Daubert trilogy
generated a guidelines that trial judges may use in determining the admissibility of expert testimony
Is the proposed theory testable?
Has the proposed theory been tested using valid and reliable procedures?
What is the known or potential error rate of the scientific theory or technique?
What standards controlling the technique’s operation maximize its validity?
Has the theory been generally accepted as a valid by a relevant scientific community?
Do the expert’s conclusions reasonably follow from applying the theory to this case?
Malingering
the intentional production of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms, motivated by external incentives such as avoiding military duties, avoiding work, obtaining financial compensation, evading criminal prosecution, or obtaining drugs
Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS)
172 item interview schedule for malingering
It was based on strategies identified in the clinical literature as potentially useful for detecting malingering
Rare Symptoms
Symptoms Combinations
Improbable or Absurd Symptoms
Blatant Symptoms
Subtle Symptoms
Severity of Symptoms
Selectivity of Symptoms
Reported vs. Observed Symptoms
There were five supplementary scales are used to interpret response styles
32 repeated inquiries to detect inconsistency of responding
Test of Memory Malingering
50 item visual recognition test that includes two learning trials and an optional retention trial
The secret to the test is that it appears to be difficult, while actually it is quite easy
Malingerers encounter an enticing opportunity to perform poorly, whereas other complete the task with near perfect
44/45 is considered to be normal, but anything lower is considered to be malingering
M’Naughten Rule
Oldest!
It states that the jury ought to be told in all cases that every man is to be presumed to be sane, and to possess a degree of reasons to be responsible for his crime; until it to be proved otherwise
The Guilt But Mentally Ill typically states that allow for GBMI verdict, the judge instructs the jury to return with one of four verdicts
Guilty of the crime
Not guilty of the crime
Not guilty by reason of insanity
Guilty but mentally ill
Competency to Stand Trial
he defendant’s capacity to understand the criminal processes, including the role of the participate in that process
The defendant’s ability to function in that process, primarily through consulting with counsel in the preparation of the defense
The defendant’s capacity, as opposed to willingness, to relate to counsel and understand the proceedings
The defendant’s reasonable degree of understanding, as opposed to perfect or complete understanding
The Psychopathy Checklist-Revised
Consists of 20 items rating scale carefully designed to assess the qualities of psychopathic personality in a quantitative and empirical fashion
Prior to filling out the rating scale, the examiner conducts a lengthy semistructured interview
Items are rated on a 3-point scale – “0”means doesn’t apply; “1” means it somewhat applies; “2” definitely applies
Computer-Assisted Psychological Assessment
the entire range of computer applications in psychological assessment
Clinical Judgment
the decision marker processes information in his/her head to diagnose, classify, or predict behaviour
Actuarial Judgment
empirically derived formula is used to diagnose, classify, and predict behaviour
Advantages of Computerized Testing and Report Writing
Quick turnaround
Inexpensive cost
Near-perfect reliability
Complete objectivity
Measurements application such as flexible adaptive testing virtually require the use of computer for their implementation
Computer based reports can speed up the entire consultation process
Computer scored and interpreted psychological tests cost considerably less than those produced entirely by clinician efforts
Computer simply do not make clerical scoring errors, nor do they vary their methods of stimulus presentation from one day to another
They are not distorted by halo effects or other subjective biases that might enter into clinically derived reports
Disadvantages of Computerized Testing and Report Writing
Computers can so dominate the testing process that the clinical psychologists is demoted to a mere clerk – or is removed from the assessment loop entirely
Computerization of the testing process raises practical, legal, ethical, and measurement issues that deserve a thoughtful view
Skeptics do not attack the practice of computerizing the mechanics of test administration and scoring; these computer applications are seen as efficient and appropriate uses of modern technology
Clinicians should not assume that the computerized adaption and the original version of a test produce identical results
Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT)
A family of procedures that allows for accurate and efficient measurement of ability
Most forms of computerized adaptive testing share the following features:
Based on extensive pretesting
These items response characteristics and a CAT item-selection strategy are programmed into the computer
In selecting the next item for presentation, the computer uses the examinee’s total history of responses up to that point
The computer also estimates the precision of measurement
Testing continues until a predetermined level of measurement precision is reached
The examinee’s score is based on the difficulty level and other measurement characteristics of items passed
