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Manual Software Testing > Testing Concepts > Flashcards

Testing Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

What is software?

A

Collection of computer programs that helps us to perform a task

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of software?

A

System, Programming, and Application

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3
Q

What are examples of system software?

A

Device drivers, operating systems, servers

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4
Q

What are examples of programming software?

A

Compilers, debuggers, interpreters

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5
Q

What are examples of application software?

A

Web applications, mobile apps, desktop apps

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6
Q

What is software testing?

A

Activity to detect and identify defects in software

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7
Q

What is the goal of testing?

A

Release quality product to the client

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8
Q

What are the parameters for software quality?

A
  1. Bug-free
  2. Delivered on time
  3. Within budget
  4. Meets requirements/expectations
  5. Maintainable
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9
Q

What is a project?

A

Software app developed for a specific customer based on the requirement

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10
Q

What is a product?

A

Software app developed for multiple customers based on market requirements

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11
Q

What is an error?

A

Human mistake, identified by developers

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12
Q

What is a bug/defect?

A

Something isn’t working in software, according to client requirements; identified by testers

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13
Q

What is a failure?

A

Deviation identified by the end-user when working with the software; found in production environment

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14
Q

Why do software have bugs?

A
  • Miscommunication
  • Software complexity
  • Programming errors
  • Changing requirements
  • Lack of skilled testers
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15
Q

What does SDLC stand for?

A

Software Development Life Cycle

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16
Q

What is SDLC?

A

Step-by-step process used to design, develop, and test software

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17
Q

What are the important 3 P’s of a company?

A

People, process, product

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18
Q

What are the 3 P’s?

A

People, Process, Product

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19
Q

What are the 5 phases of the SDLC?

A
  1. Requirements analysis
  2. Design
  3. Development
  4. Testing
  5. Maintenance
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20
Q

Why is the SDLC important?

A

Provides structure; Ensures team follows a set of steps to deliver a quality product

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21
Q

What happens in the requirements analysis phase?

A

Collect and understand requirements from customer/stakeholder, and document them

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22
Q

Who is usually involved during the requirements analysis phase?

A

Project managers or product managers, who will talk to the customers, get the requirements

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23
Q

What happens in the design phase?

A

Designers design software, set the blueprint for the UI, etc

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24
Q

What happens in the development phase?

A

BDevelopers start coding the software

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25
Q

What happens in the testing phase?

A

Testers conduct several testers before delivering to customer (functional, non-functional, performance, security, etc)

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26
Q

What happens in the maintenance phase?

A

Deploy software in customer environment, ready for use

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27
Q

What are the 6 phases of the waterfall model or linear model?

A
  1. Requirement analysis
  2. System Design
  3. Implementation
  4. Testing
  5. Deployment
  6. Maintenance
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28
Q

What happens in the requirement analysis phase, in the waterfall model?

A

Same as SDLC, but prepare a SRS document

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29
Q

What does SRS stand for?

A

Software Requirement Specification

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30
Q

What is in the SRS document?

A

Document every requirement from the customer

31
Q

What happens in the system design phase, in the waterfall model?

A

Based on the SRS document, designers provide a design and prepare a design document

32
Q

What happens in the implementation phase in the waterfall model?

A

Based on the design document, developers develop the software

33
Q

What happens in the testing phase in the waterfall model?

A

Based on the software coded by developers, testers start testing, providing test cases, test plans, and test results

34
Q

What happens in the deployment phase in the waterfall model?

A

Prepare installation documentation, functional flows, how software will work (user manual)

35
Q

What happens in the maintenance phase in the waterfall model?

A

Send software into customer environment for use

36
Q

In a waterfall model, each phase depended on what?

A

The previous phases. You can’t jump to one phase without completing the previous one

37
Q

What are the advantages of the waterfall model?

A
  1. Good quality of product - every phase has detailed documentation
  2. Since requirement changes are not allowed, chances of finding bugs are less - waterfall is a fixed model, frequent changes = more bugs
  3. Initial investment is less since testers are brought on in later stages - initial stages are biz-oriented
  4. Preferred for small projects where requirements are freezed - static documents that are never changed
38
Q

What are the disadvantages of the waterfall model?

A
  1. Requirement changes not allowed
  2. If there is a defect in the requirements, it will continue to the other phases
  3. Total investment is more because reworking defect is time consuming - if a defect is found in testing, for example would have to go back to the previous phases
  4. Test starts only after coding - best to code earlier to save time and money
39
Q

What is the spiral/iterative model?

A

Iterative model that overcomes drawbacks of waterfall model

40
Q

What are the 4 quadrants in the spiral/iterative model? (in order)

A

Planning, risk analysis, engineering & execution, evaluation

41
Q

What happens in the planning quadrant of the spiral model?

A

Requirement analysis

42
Q

What happens in the risk analysis quadrant of the spiral model?

A

Prototype

43
Q

What happens in the evaluation quadrant of the spiral model?

A

Customer evaluation, Cost evaluation, testing

44
Q

What happens in the engineering & execution quadrant of the spiral model?

A

Development and designing

45
Q

What is risk analysis in the spiral model?

A

Evaluates how much risk is involved in the project (ex: how many developers are required)

46
Q

How does the spiral model work?

A

Go through the cycle, starting at requirement analysis, each time creating a different version of the software until you reach the end

47
Q

What are the advantages of the spiral model?

A
  1. Accommodates requirement changes - can be changed at the completion of each cycle
  2. Great for product-based companies - for each iteration, a new version of software with new features (on top of existing functionalities) is released to market
  3. Testing is done in every cycle, before moving on to the next one
  4. Customer will get to use the software for every cycle
48
Q

What is version control model?

A

Software is released in multiple versions

49
Q

What are disadvantages of the spiral model?

A
  1. Requirement changes aren’t allowed in between cycles
  2. There is no testing in the requirement & design phases
50
Q

What does VV-model (aka V model) stand for?

A

Verification & Validation model

51
Q

What is on the left side of the V model?

A

Verification

52
Q

What is on the right side of the V model?

A

Validation

53
Q

What sets the V model apart from the other SDLC models?

A

In every phase, there is testing

54
Q

What happens in first phase of the V model?

A

Collect BRS, CRS, and URS

55
Q

What does BRS stand for?

A

Business Requirement Specification

56
Q

What does CRS stand for?

A

Customer Requirement Specification

57
Q

What does URS stand for?

A

User Requirement Specification

58
Q

What is BRS?

A

Document containing requirements set by the customer/client, prepared by the business unit of a company

59
Q

Based on BRS, CRS, and URS, what kind of testing can be conducted?

A

User acceptance testing (UAT)

60
Q

What happens in the second phase of the V model?

A

SRS document is prepared

61
Q

What does the SRS document contain?

A

More technical details about the customer/client’s requirements (data flow diagrams, venn diagrams, etc)
Prepared by the project/product manager

62
Q

Based on the SRS document being prepared, what type of testing can be conducted?

A

System testing

63
Q

User acceptance testing and system testing are what type of testing techniques?

A

Black-box

64
Q

What happens in the third phase of the V model?

A

Designers prepare a high-level design document (HLD) and a low-level design document (LLD)
- Software is divided into main modules (HLD), sub-modules (LLD)

65
Q

Based on the HLD and LLD, what type of testing can be conducted (validation)?

A

Integration testing

66
Q

What happens in the fourth phase of the V model?

A

Coding, based on the HLD and LLD

67
Q

In the coding phase of the V model, what type of testing can be conducted (validation)?

A

Unit testing

68
Q

Integration testing and unit testing are what type of testing techniques?

A

White-box

69
Q

What is reviewed in the first and second phase of the V model (verification)

A

BRS, CRS, URS, SRS

70
Q

What is reviewed in the third and forth phase of the V model (verification)

A

HLD, LLD

71
Q

How are documents in the verification stage of the V model tested?

A

Through walkthroughs and inspection

72
Q

What is unit testing?

A

When a single module/component of code is tested

73
Q

What is integration testing?

A

When all the modules of the software are integrated and tested at once

74
Q

Unit testing and integration testing is conducted by who?

A

Developers

Manual Software Testing (4 decks)

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