Testing and Imaging

Question 1

1. What is the most common cause of cloudy urine?
   a. Bacterial cystitis
   b. Urine overgrowth with yeast
   c. Phosphaturia
   d. Alkaline urine
   e. Significant proteinuria

Answer 1

1. c. Phosphaturia. Cloudy urine is most commonly caused by
   phosphates in the urine.

Question 2

2. Conditions that decrease urine specific gravity include all of
   the following EXCEPT:
   a. increased fluid intake.
   b. use of diuretics.
   c. decreased renal concentrating ability.
   d. dehydration.
   e. diabetes insipidus.

Answer 2

2. d. Dehydration. Conditions that decrease specific gravity
   include (1) increased fluid intake, (2) diuretics, (3) decreased
   renal concentrating ability, and (4) diabetes insipidus.

Question 3

3. Urine osmolality usually varies between:
   a. 10 and 200 mOsm/L.
   b. 50 and 500 mOsm/L.
   c. 50 and 1200 mOsm/L.
   d. 100 and 1000 mOsm/L.
   e. 100 and 1500 mOsm/L.

Answer 3

3. c. 50 and 1200 mOsm/L. Osmolality is a measure of the
   amount of solutes dissolved in the urine and usually varies
   between 50 and 1200 mOsm/L.

Question 4

4. Elevated ascorbic acid levels in the urine may lead to false-
   negative results on a urine dipstick test for:
   a. glucose.
   b. hemoglobin.
   c. myoglobin.
   d. red blood cells.
   e. leukocytes.

Answer 4

4. a. Glucose. False-negative results for glucose and bilirubin may
   be seen in the presence of elevated ascorbic acid concentra-
   tions in the urine.