Testicular cancer COPY Flashcards
What is testicular cancer?
Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in men aged 20-30 years.
What percentage of testicular cancer cases are germ-cell tumours?
Around 95% of cases of testicular cancer are germ-cell tumours.
What are the two main types of germ-cell tumours?
Germ cell tumours may essentially be divided into seminomas and non-seminomas.
What types of tumours are classified as non-seminomas?
Non-seminomas include embryonal, yolk sac, teratoma, and choriocarcinoma.
What are examples of non-germ cell tumours?
Non-germ cell tumours include Leydig cell tumours and sarcomas.
What is the peak incidence age for teratomas?
The peak incidence for teratomas is 25 years.
What is the peak incidence age for seminomas?
The peak incidence for seminomas is 35 years.
What are some risk factors for testicular cancer?
Risk factors include infertility, cryptorchidism, family history, Klinefelter’s syndrome, and mumps orchitis.
What is the most common presenting symptom of testicular cancer?
A painless lump is the most common presenting symptom.
What other symptoms may be present in testicular cancer?
Pain may also be present in a minority of men, along with hydrocele and gynaecomastia.
What causes gynaecomastia in testicular cancer?
Gynaecomastia occurs due to an increased oestrogen:androgen ratio.
What tumour markers are elevated in seminomas?
In seminomas, hCG may be elevated in around 20% of cases.
What tumour markers are elevated in non-seminomas?
In non-seminomas, AFP and/or beta-hCG are elevated in 80-85% of cases.
What is the first-line diagnostic tool for testicular cancer?
Ultrasound is the first-line diagnostic tool.
What does management of testicular cancer depend on?
Management depends on whether the tumour is a seminoma or a non-seminoma.
