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Year Two - Urinary System > Testicular Cancer > Flashcards

Testicular Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is testicular cancer?

A

It is defined as the proliferation of malignant cells within the testicles

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2
Q

What is the most common malignancy in young males?

A

Testicular cancer

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3
Q

What are the two classifications of testicular cancer?

A

Germ Cell Testicular Cancer

Non-Germ Cell Testicular Cancer

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4
Q

What is the most common classification of testicular cancer?

A

Germ Cell Testicular Cancer

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5
Q

What is germ cell testicular cancer?

A

It is defined as testicular cancer which arises from germ cells, which are involved in sperm production

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6
Q

What are the two subclassifications of germ cell testicular cancer?

A

Seminoma Testicular Cancer

Non-Seminoma Testicular Cancer

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7
Q

What are the four subclassifications of non-seminoma testicular cancer?

A

Teratoma

Embryonal Carcinoma

Choriocarcinoma

Yolk Sac Tumours

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8
Q

What is non-germ cell testicular cancer?

A

It is defined as testicular cancer which arises from non-germ cells

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9
Q

What are the two subclassifications of non-germ cell testicular cancer?

A

Leydig Cell Cancers

Sertoli Cell Cancers

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10
Q

What seven risk factors are associated with testicular cancer?

A

Young Age, 20 – 35 Years Old

White Race

Family History

Infertility

Cryptorchidism

Klinefelter Syndrome

Mumps Orchitis

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11
Q

What is cryptochidism?

A

It is defined as a congenital condition in which the testicles don’t descend into the scrotum before birth

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12
Q

What are the three clinical features of testicular cancer?

A

Painless Testicular Lump

Hydrocele

Gynaecomastia

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13
Q

What is the most common clinical feature of testicular cancer?

A

Painless Testicular Lump

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14
Q

How is gynaecomastia associated with testicular cancer?

A

There is an increased oestrogen:androgen ratio

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15
Q

What two investigations are used to diagnose testicular cancer?

A

Blood Tests

Ultrasound Scan

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16
Q

What three blood test results indicate testicular cancer?

A

Increased hCG Levels

Increased AFP Levels

Increased LDH Levels

17
Q

Which tumour marker is associated with seminoma testicular cancers?

A

hCG tumour marker

18
Q

Which two tumour markers are associated with non-seminoma testicular cancers?

A

hCG tumour marker

AFP tumour marker

19
Q

Which tumour marker is associated with germ cell testicular cancers?

A

LDH tumour marker

20
Q

When are ultrasound scans used to diagnose testicular cancer?

A

They are the first line investigation

21
Q

What is the feature of testicular cancer on ultrasound scans?

A

Heterogenous mass

22
Q

What is the feature of non-seminoma testicular cancer on ultrasound scans? Explain

A

A cystic lesion containing heterogenous solid echoes

The echoes represent mutinous/sebaceous material, hair follicles, etc

23
Q

Why are testicular biopsies contraindicated in suspected testicular cancer?

A

There is a risk of tumour seeding along the biopsy tract

24
Q

What is the surgical management option of testicular cancer?

A

Orchidectomy

25
Q

What is the gold standard management option of testicular cancer?

A

Orchidectomy

26
Q

What is orchidectomy?

A

It involves surgical removal of the testicle

27
Q

When is radiotherapy used to manage testicular cancer?

A

It is recommended to adjuvantly manage seminoma testicular cancers, following surgical management

28
Q

When is chemotherapy used to manage testicular cancer?

A

It is recommended to adjuvantly manage germ cell testicular cancers, following surgical management

Year Two - Urinary System (15 decks)

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