Test4 Flashcards
Protocol
A set of rules used by computers to communicate with each other across a network. A convention or standard that controls or enables the connection, communication, and data transfer between computing endpoints.
TCP/IP
Two of the most important protocols in The Internet Protocol Suite; the Transmission Control Protocol and the Internet Protocol, which were the first two networking protocols defined in this standard.
Packet
A formatted block of data carried by a computer network, consisting of two kinds of data: control information and user data.
Router
A device that forwards data packets across computer networks.
• It performs the data “traffic directing” functions on the Internet.
• It is connected to two or more data lines from different networks.
• When a data packet comes in on one of the lines, it reads the address information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination.
• Then it directs the packet to the next network on its journey.
Downloading
The sending of data from a remote system such as a server to a typically smaller local system, when requested by those authorized to access it.
Packet-switching
A digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data into suitably-sized blocks and uses routers to deliver data streams (sequences of packets) over a shared network via multiple paths.
Internet
A global system of interconnected computer networks that use TCP/IP to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies.
Uploading
The sending of data from a local system to a typically larger remote system such as a server, with the intent that the remote system may share that data with those authorized users requesting it.
Client-server
A distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers and requesters of a resource communicating over a computer network.
World Wide Web
A system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet
HTTP
A networking protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. It is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
URL
An identification method that specifies where a requested resource is available and the mechanism for retrieving it.
Uniform resource locator. Web address
Hyperlink
A reference, of any type, to a file/document that the reader can request. It points to a file on some server, and by clicking on it, the user can request that file.
Browser
A software application for retrieving, presenting, and sending information resources on the World Wide Web.
A block of text that references a file/document that the reader can request. It points to a file on some server, and by clicking on it, the user can request that file.
Hypertext
EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)
The computer-to-computer exchange of strictly formatted messages that represent business documents (bills, purchase orders, receipt confirmation, etc.); the structured transmission of data between organizations by electronic means. It is used to transfer electronic documents or business data from one computer system to another computer system, i.e. from one trading partner to another trading partner without human intervention.
Technology that makes it easier for users to interact with and customize online applications, such as creating a folksonomy
Emergent Structure
Firms that brings buyers and sellers together in a marketplace
Exchanges
A revenue model in which the firm gives away its product/services for free, but then offers premium services for a fee. (Gmail, software, games)
Freemium
Firms that provide specialized information on behalf of product/service providers by linking to online retailers and receiving compensation for referrals as well as advertisement
Infomediaries
The worldwide publicly accessible system of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching
Internet
When customer interests are highly varied, this strategy focuses on selling “specialty” (not very popular) products to a large number of customers rather than selling very popular products to a relatively small number of customers
Long-tail strategy
It is exemplified by travel meta-search infomediaries such as Skyscanner, which eliminated significant costs of searching for products/services to customers
Market efficiency
Stringing together available digital resources into a novel web application that delivers new functionalities
Mash-up
Introduced by France Telecom about 30 years ago as a tool to check telephone directions, ordering flowers, purchasing train/airline tickets
Minitel
The revenue model in which the firm offers a product/service and charges based on usage
Pay-for-service revenue model
Firms that have no stores and provide their services entirely thru the internet
Pure play
It is exemplified by Orbitz,, a website that acts a new form of intermediary between customers and airline companies
Reintermediation
How a firm plans to make money
Revenue Model
A technology that enables the creation of short summaries of content with a link to the full-fledged version
RSS
Real Simple Syndication
The revenue model in which the firm offers a product/service and charges based on access regardless of the amount of usage
Subscription Revenue Model
Short descriptors associated with an object to categorize the increasing amount of available content
Tags
indexing
A technology that enables coauthoring and editing of Web content
Wiki
The revenue model in which the firm offers product/service for free but sells access to its audience to interested advertisers
Advertisement support
A revenue model in which revenue is generated from a third party based on customer traffic to the firm’s website.
Pioneered by Amazon
Affiliate
Firms that have physical locations such as stores
Brick and mortar
Firms that have a hybrid operation: Both physical (store) and online (website)
Bricks and clicks or clicks and mortar
The firm’s concept of what product/service it offers, based on what value proposition and how it will achieve a dominant position
Business Model
Transactions in which two or more business entities take part
Business to Business
Transactions that involve for-profit organization on one side as seller and an end consumer on the other as buyer
Business to Consumer
An online journal published on the web by an individual
Blog
Transactions that involve a for-profit organization on one side as buyer and an end consumer on the other as seller
Consumer to business
Transactions that enable individual customers to interact and exchange directly.
Consumer to Consumer
It’s exemplified by Conpaq which faced significant resistance from electronics store chains carrying its devices when it created its direct-sale website
Channel conflict
It is exemplified by many travel agents that found it difficult to stay in business after airlines started selling directly to customers and eliminated travel agent commissions
Disintermediation
It enabled computer-to computer exchange of structure data by two or more organizations that agreed on message standards
EDI
electronic data interchange
Simultaneous evaluation of a firm’s current and future info system needs
Strategic Impact Grid
An identification method that specifies where a requested resource is available and the mechanism for retrieving it
URL
A system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the internet
WWW
A distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers and requesters of a resource communicating over a computer network
Client-server model
Most valuable networks are the largest ones, the act of joining a network by an individual creates value for other members of the network
Network effects
Network value is based on …
plentitude
A market that is subject to strong positive feedback. Winner take all tendencies
Tippy Market
The moment in the evolution of the market where one organization or technology reaches critical mass and goes on to dominate it. Point where winners/losers are defined
Tipping Point
Example of Tippy Market
Sony BluRay and Toshiba’s HD-DVD
The value of one network to one type of member depends on the number of members from the other side that take part in the network. Two types of members. Example: Adobe and Adobe Reader
Two-Sided networks
The number of possible recipients of the message
Reach
Amount of information that can be transmitted, tailored to the individual needs, level of interactivity of the message
Richness
IM, Voice over IP (VoIP), Blogs, RSS, chat rooms are examples of “what” services?
Internet
Examples of Dominant Business Models
Online retailing Infomediaries Content providers Online communities Exchanges
Develops and publishes content - news, gossip, and historical/reference
Content Providers
Examples of Web 2.0 technologies
Wiki, Sidewiki, Blogs, RSS, Tags, Microblogs
Unidirectional, short bursts of communication to self-directed audience of followers
Microblogs
example: Twitter
Decisions IT people should not make
How much to spend on IT and IT capabilities
Taking inventory of IS resources a firm is currently using and critically evaluating them in terms of how well meeting business needs. Are they satisfying organization’s objectives?
IS Assessment
Look at hardware, software, databases, people, networks
Strategic Impact Grid
Factory, Strategy
Support, Turnaround
Reasons for developing IS guidelines
The IS vision provides an articulation of the ideal state of IS resource use, while guidelines offer a context for decision making
Examples of IS technical guidelines
Standardization, remain flexible
Follow trends of dominant vendors rather than niche.
Buy software packages
Store data centrally
Don’t obtain monolithic package that duplicate data
Fall back solutions to reduce impact if mission critical systems fail
Set of processes, policies and practices for administering and controlling an entity
Governance
Two principle aspects of Governance
It Risk Governance and IT Value Governance
Three methods for funding IS
Chargeback, Allocation, Overhead
A financial estimate designed to explicitly recognize the life cycle of IT assets. Extends beyond acquisition - includes training of users, maintenance, upgrades, security
Total cost of ownership
Engaging foreign provider to supply the products or services the firm no longer intends to produce internally.
Offshoring
Three factors affecting project risk
Project size, experience with technology, organizational change
Advantages of off-the-shelf applications
Faster rollout
Knowledge infusion
Economically attractive
High quality
Highly structured methodology where the outputs of one stage become the outputs of the next. This model is predicated on the notion that detailed justification and planning is the vehicle to reduce risk/uncertainty in system design & development efforts
Systems Development Life Cycle
Also call the waterfall model - no going back, water can’t flow up
Steps in defining, building, implementing SLDC
Plan
Definition: Investigation, feasibility analysis, system analysis
Build: system design, programming, testing
Implementation: Install, operations, maintenance
Four installation migration approaches to SLDC
Parallel: old/new system run together
Direct: old stopped new started
Phased: New progressively takes over old
Pilot: Run new in one unit before rolling out everywhere - good for multiunit operations (hotels, chain retailers)
Common application - what type of software to use?
Use Package software
Not a Common application, not mission critical - what type of software?
End User Development
Mission critical and NOT highly structured - what type of software?
Prototype
Mission critical and highly structured and there is a competitive urgency - what type of software?
Agile
No competitive urgency and there is internal IT capability - what type of software?
SDLC
No internal IT capability - what type of software?
Outsource
A networking protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. It is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web.
HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
A digital networking communications method that groups all transmitted data into suitably-sized blocks and uses routers to deliver data streams over a shared network via multiple paths.
Packet-switching
A reference, of any type, to a file/document that the reader can request. It points to a file on some server, and by clicking on it, the user can request that file.
Hyperlink
