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Cell And Molec > test4 > Flashcards

test4 Flashcards

1
Q

Enables proteins to bind to phosphotyrosines

A

SH2 or PTB domains

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2
Q

Enables proteins to bind proline-rich regions of proteins

A

golgi

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3
Q

The activity of the Sos protein

A

Ras-GEF

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4
Q

Constitutive Ras activity is associated with

A

cancer

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5
Q

associated with the inner nuclear membrane

A

intermediate filaments (lamins)

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6
Q

found at the cell cortex and within microvilli

A

actin filaments

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7
Q

the contractile ring is made of this

A

actin (and myosin)

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8
Q

forms actin bundles that can associate with myosin II

A

alpha-actinin

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9
Q

binds individual actin subunits, preventing assembly

A

thymosin

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10
Q

prevents actin:myosin cross-bridging

A

tropomyosin

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11
Q

nucleates new actin fiber formation on the side of existing fibers

A

Arp2/3 complex

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12
Q

binds individual subunits and speeds elongation

A

profilin

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13
Q

What does kinesin-13 do

A

it is a catastrophe factor that destabilizes microtubules

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14
Q

associate with the growing plus ends of microtubules

A

+Tips

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15
Q

What is the function of stathmin?

A

binds pairs of microtubule dimers, preventing polymerization

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16
Q

Associates with the minus ends and is found at the MTOC

A

gamma-TuRC

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17
Q

What nucleotide to tubulin proteins bind and what happens when it is hydrolyzed

A

alpha and beta bind GTP:GDP if beta tubulin binds GDP, the protofilaments/microtubules become less stable

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18
Q

What fluorescent dye is typically used for cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry (a DNA histogram)

A

Propidium iodide (PI)

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19
Q

Cyclin-Cdk complexes G-Cdk, G/S-Cdk, S-Cdk, and M-Cdk go with what cyclins and Cdk partners?

A

G-Cdk - Cyclin D ; Cdk4, Cdk6
G/S-Cdk - Cyclin E ; Cdk2
S-Cdk - Cyclin A ; Cdk2, Cdk1
M-Cdk - Cyclin B ; Cdk1

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20
Q

Mitogens signaling via Ras activate a

A

MAP kinase cascade

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21
Q

Which transcription factor stimulates delayed-response gene expression

A

Myc

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22
Q

How is Rb inactivated?

A

by phosphorylation

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23
Q

What might excessive mitogen signaling lead to?

A

Myc and p53-dependent cell cycle arrest or apoptosis

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24
Q

DNA double strand breaks activate which kinase?

A

ATM

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25
Q

UV-induced DNA damage induces which kinase?

A

ATR

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26
Q

How do Chk1/Chk2 destabilize the p53:Mdm2 complex?

A

phosphorylation of p53

27
Q

How does p53 activation lead to cell cycle arrest?

A

Expression of the CKI, p21

28
Q

What negative feedback mechanism regulates p53 levels?

A

p53 can transactivate the Mdm2 gene, leading to p53 oscillations in response to persistent DNA double strand breaks

29
Q

cells responding to signaling factors they secrete themselves

A

autocrine signaling

30
Q

different types of intercellular signaling

A

contact dependent, paracrine, synaptic, endocrine

31
Q

positive feedback can generate

A

all or none responses

32
Q

What are some cell surface receptors?

A

ion channel coupled receptors,
G protein coupled receptors,
enzyme coupled receptors

33
Q

What are some intracellular receptors?

A

preformed signaling complex on a scaffold protein
assembly of signaling complex on an activated receptor
assembly of signaling complex on phosphoinositide docking

34
Q

intracellular signaling proteins can act as molecular switches by?

A

GTP binding or phosphorylation

35
Q

What are some mechanisms of receptor desensitization

A 
receptor down regulation
receptor inactivation
receptor sequestrination
inactivation of signaling protein
production of inhibitory protein
36
Q

How do G proteins work

A

ligands binding to GPCR activate G proteins

37
Q

cAMP activates which enzyme?

A

PKA

38
Q

What binding domain enables proteins to bind to phosphoinositides?

A

PH

39
Q

How are RTKs activated?

A

by signaling proteins that cause dimerization and trans-autophosphorylation of RTKs

40
Q

What are MAPK cascades?

A

central signaling pathways that regulates a wide variety of cellular processes

41
Q

The PI 3 kinase pathway promotes what

A

cell survival and growth

42
Q

What transmits info from extracellular chemical signals to the nucleus resulting in DNA transcription and expression of genes

A

JAK/STAT signaling

43
Q

What happens in interphase?

A

cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA

44
Q

What happens in M phase?

A

cell separates DNA into 2 sets and divides cytoplasm

45
Q

What are the major control steps of the cell cycle?

A

start transition, G2/M, metaphase to anaphase

46
Q

Activation of Cdk requires what?

A

a CAK - Cdk activating kinase

47
Q

How is Cdk activity regulated?

A

by inhibitory phosphorylation and cyclin level changes

48
Q

what are the phases of mitosis?

A

prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

49
Q

what are the 3 types of microtubules?

A

astral kinetochore interpolar

50
Q

major motor proteins of mitotic spindle

A

kinesins and dyneins

51
Q

cohesins do what

A

regulate separation of sister chromatids

52
Q

cytokinesis is driven by

A

an actin contractile ring containing myosin II

53
Q

3 major types of cytoskeletal protein filaments

A

actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments

54
Q

nucleation is what in the formation of cytoskeletal polymers

A

rate limiting step

55
Q

critical concentration is

A

when steady state phase is reached

56
Q

toxins that affect actin filaments

A

actin and tubulin

57
Q

listeria moves by

A

polymerizing actin

58
Q

smooth muscle does not express

A

troponin

59
Q

microtubules are formed

A

by the polymerization of a dimer of 2 globular proteins

60
Q

tubulin forms

A

microtubulin

61
Q

which end of microtubules is more dynamic

A

positive end

62
Q

rescue phase=

catastrophe phase=

A

growth phase

shrinking

63
Q

kinesin moves to

dyneins move to

A

kinesins move to plus end dyneins move to minus end

64
Q

cell projection is a

A

cell protrusion

Cell And Molec (5 decks)

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