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Question 1

Modal Argument? an what is the objection?

Answer 1

(P1) morality is objective only if god exist
(P2) morality is objective
(P3) – God exists
Euthyphro Objection-God commands it because it’s permissible. (thermometer reads because water is boiling)

Question 2

Conceivability Argument? and what is the objection?

???

Answer 2

(P1) Inverted spectrum and zombies are conceivable- the concept of those scenarios is coherent.
(P2) Conceivability entails possibility
(P3) – Inverted spectrum and zombies are possible
(P4) Physicalism is true only if inverted spectrum and zombies are not possible.
(P5) – Physicalism is false.

Question 3

What are the types of possibility?

Answer 3

Physical possibility- consists with the laws of nature

Metaphysical possibility- consists with the laws of logic. (not entail contradiction) Example.. a square circle.

Question 4

mental causation argument for physicalism?

Answer 4

(P1) minds have casual effects on physical objects and physical objects have casual effects on minds.
(P2) Pysical effects only have physical causes.
(P3) – Minds are physical.

Question 5

The Design Argument?

Answer 5

(P1) Organisms such as plants and animals have complex features suited to survival in the
environments where those organisms live; these features need to be explained.
(P2) The specific complex features that organisms have are either explained by random chance
or by God designing them to have those features.
(P3) Random chance cannot explain why organisms have their specific complex features.
(P4)– The best explanation for why organisms have their specific complex features is that
God designed organisms to have those features.
(P5) Only true explanations are best.
(P6)– God designed organisms to have their specific complex features.

Question 6

What are the objections to the Design argument?

Answer 6

–Evolutionary objection to the design argument.
and
–Explanatory Impotence objection to the Design Argument

Question 7

The Evolutionary Objection?

Answer 7

[P2] is false. There aren’t just those two possible explanations. The
biological theory of evolution via natural selection explains why organisms have the complex
features they have without appealing to design.

Question 8

The Explanatory Impotence Objection?

Answer 8

[P4] is false because appealing to design does not explain
why organisms have the complex features they have. Explanations make sense of a phenomenon;
they show how something came about. Claiming that God designed organisms to have the features
they have does no more explaining than claiming, for example, that a wizard did it by magic. In
neither case does one know more after the alleged explanation than what one knew before.

Question 9

Fine tuning argument?

Answer 9

F1 The conditions necessary for organisms to exist obtain.
F2 The best explanation for why those conditions obtain is that God designed the world
that way.
F3 Only true explanations are best.
F4 – God designed the world to have the conditions necessary for organisms to exist.

Question 10

objections to the fine tuning argument???

Answer 10

Here the Fine-Tuning Argument runs into Occam’s Razor: not only are we faced with
the sheer number of possibilities but now we also have to explain what would have brought
about the choice of these conditions rather than the others.

Question 11

Principle of sufficient reason?

Answer 11

For everything that exists, there is an explanation of why that thing exists.
Alternatively— nothing can exist without being caused to exist.

Question 12

The cosmological argument? (1st version)

and the Objection?

Answer 12

(P1) The world exist
(P2) “Principle of Sufficient Reason”
(P3) – There is explanation for why the world exist.
(P4) Nothing can explain its own existence
(P5) – Something besides the world itself explains why the world exist
(P6) Explanation can not continue infidently.
(P7) There is a first explanation.
Objection:
nothing explains why god exist P2 & P4 are incosistent with eachother. Not all premises are true.

Question 13

The Cosmological Argument? (Restricted Version)

Answer 13

(P1) the world exists
(P2) nothing in nature can exist without being caused to
exist.
(P3) nothing in nature causes itself to exist.
(P4) – the world was caused to exist by something outside of the world itself.
(P5) casual chains cannot extend infinitely into the past.
(P6) – There is a first cause ( god exist)

Question 14

objections to the cosmological argument (restricted version)

Answer 14

there is no independent reason to accept limiting the principles of sufficient reason to things that exist in nature.

Question 15

the cosmological argument (modal version)?

Answer 15

(P1)Things could have been different – the universe has certain features but it could have had
different features.
(P2) There is an explanation for everything. (Principle of Sufficient Reason)
(P3) – There is an explanation for why things are the way they are, rather than the ways they
could have been.
(P4) Nothing can explain itself.
(P5) – The universe is explained by something else.
(P6) Explanations cannot continue indefinitely.
(P7) If the universe is explained by something else, then God exists.
(P8)– God exists.

Question 16

Objection to the Cosmological Argument (modal version)?

Answer 16

– true in all possible worlds – then the world could not have been different than it actually is.According to [CM4], nothing can explain itself. But that means God cannot explain its own
existence.

Question 17

what is physicalism and anti-physicalism?

Answer 17

physicalism- minds ( including conscious mental states) are physical.
Anti-physicalism- minds ( or atleast conscious mental states) are not physical.