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Test2 Flashcards

1
Q

Internet Protocol Stack (TCP/IP)

A

konzeptuelles Model und set von Kommunkiations Protokollen, welche im Internet benutzt werden

  • Application Layer, HTTP (Prozess zu Prozess)
  • Transport Layer, TCP (Host zu Host)
  • Internet Layer, IP
  • Link Layer, LAN
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2
Q

Sichere und idempotente Operation

A

Sichere: ändert state gar nicht (GET)
Idempotente: ändert state absolut -> mehrmaliges ausführen der gleichen Operation hat gleiches Ergebnis wie einmaliges ausführen (PUT, DELETE)

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3
Q

HTTPS

A 
HTTP + TLS
zusätziche Protokoll Ebene
-> Transport Layer Security
- designed um Kommunikations-Sicherheit zu bieten
- Verschlüsselung ist transparent
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4
Q

Protocol or network stacks

A

architectural patterns for network designs

  • enable data transmission through communication networks
  • Consist of individual protocols
  • Protocols can be considered layers of the stack
  • Each protocol interacts only with the immediate above or below protocols
  • Lowest protocol interacts with communication hardware
  • Topmost protocol interacts with user
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5
Q

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model

A 
Konzept Model, welches Kommunikations Funktionen standartisiert, ohne zugrunde liegende Struktur und Technologie zu beachten
Application L
Presentation L
Session L
Transport L
Network L
Data Link L
Physical L
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6
Q

Internet Protocol (IP)

A

Kern Protokoll des Internets

  • Verbindungslos
  • für packet-switch Netzwerke
  • best effort delivery
  • Hosts werden über eindeutige (IP-) Adressen identifiziert
  • unterteilt in unterschiedliche Netze
    IPv4 : 32-Bit e.g. 130.149.7.201
    IPv6: 128-Bit e.g. 2607:f8b0:4004:0815:0000:0000:0000:2003
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7
Q

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

A

Stellt host-to-host Verbindung

reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of bytes zwischen apps die auf hosts laufen, welche über ein IP Netz kommunizieren

benutzt Ports zum identifizieren

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8
Q

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

A

request-response aplication layer protocol for client-server communication

  • HTTP client establishes TCP connection to particular port on host
  • HTTP server listening on that port waits for client to send a request
  • upon receiving request, server sends back status line e.g. HTTP/1.1 200 OK
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9
Q

HTTP status codes

A

1xx: Informtional
2xx: Success
3xx: Redirection
4xx: Client Error
5xx: Server Error

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10
Q

Ressource Identification

A

URI-Uniform Resource Identifiers: reference identifying an abstract or physical resource
can be URL, URN oder both
-> ://?

URL-Uniform Resource Locators: subset of URIs that identifies resources by their primary access mechanism (e.g. network location), is physical address of a ressource
-> transport://user:password@host:port/path[?search][#fragmentid]

URN: identify a resource independent of its primary storage location, logical address of a resource

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11
Q

CRUD Resource Lifecycle

A

resource Created with POST
Read with GET
Updatet with PUT and
Deleted with DELETE

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12
Q

Domain Name System (DNS=

A

hirachisches, dezentrales Namensgebungs System für Resourcen im Internet

übersetzt lesbare Domains (e.g. tu-berlin.de) zu IP Adressen

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13
Q

HTML

A

vorhersschende markup language für web pages

beschreibt die Struktur der Text-basierten Informationen eines Dokuments

In tags geschreiben

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14
Q

CSS

A

stylesheet language
-> definiert Farbe, Fonts, Layout, etc.

designed um Dokument Präsentation und Inhalt zu trennen

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15
Q

Document Object Model (DOM)

A

Iinterface für HTML

HTML Dokument wird wie ein Baum behandelt, jeder Knoten ein Objekt der Teil des Dokuments repräsentiert

definiert:

  • HTML elements als obkects
  • properties der Elemente
  • methods um auf Elemente zuzugreifen
  • events für alle Elemente

auf HTML DOM kann mit JavaScript zugegriffen werden

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16
Q

Browser Page Rendering

A

Browser zeigt nicht HTml tags und scripts, sondern interpretiert und zeigt deren Inhalt

CSS Dokumente werden mit HTML vom Browser verlinkt

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17
Q

Offline Web applications

A

Work offline with a locally deployed application on a local database, and synchronize when going online again

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18
Q

JavaScript Pro-Con

A

Pro:

  • Dynamic: JavaScript kann user Aktionen erkennen (keystroke)
  • Usability: da JS im Browser läuft, kann es schnell auf User Aktionen reagieren
  • Distribution: von allen modernen Browsern unterstützt, viele development tool/frameworks existieren

Con:

  • Debugging: schwieriger da dynamic typing und Logik sowohl auf Server und Cient Seite
  • Security: Klartext in Browser zugänglich für Hacker
  • Performance: Fat Clients mit viel Code müssen geladen werden, Problem bei mobile devices
  • Cross-browser incompatibilities: mehrmaliges Testen und unterschiedliche Versionen von Code für verschiedene browser
19
Q

JQuery

A

Einfachere DOM travesierung

unterstüzt event-handling und Ajax

  • Tag Selector: $(‘some-tag-name’)
  • Class Selector: $(‘.some-class’)
  • ID Selector: $(’#some-id’)
20
Q

AJAX

A

Asynchronous JavaScript and XML

Gruppe von Web-Dev Technken um interaktive Web-Anwendungen zu kreieren

ermöglicht Datenaustausch Website-Server ohne neuladen der Websiite

  • XML, (X)HTML and CSSto render information
  • DOM(Document Object Model) to interact with the information
  • JavaScriptto glue everything together
  • XMLHttpRequest (XHR) object to retrieve data asynchronously from the Web server
21
Q

Asynchronous Processing in AJAX

A
  1. Kick off an HTTP request performed in background via XMLHttpRequestobject
  2. XMLHttpRequestasynchronously contacts server and retrieves data 3.Server retrieves data and sends it backCan take any amount of time
  3. Event listener used to detect when the XMLHttpRequestfinished retrieving dataListens for changes in “readyState” variable
  4. Callback into JavaScript code
22
Q

AJAX Pro-Con

A

Pro:

  • Seamless HTML integration: muss nicht in HTML integriert werden
  • Standards-based cross-browser support: funktioniert in fast jedem Browser, kein plug-in benötigt
  • Backend agnostic: funktioniert mit jedem HTTP-kompatiblem Backend

Con:

  • Performance: Server Aufrufe können steigen, viele feine asynchrone Aufrufe
  • Security: Cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) prohibited
23
Q

REpresentational State Transfer (REST)

A
  • “abstract architecture” of the Web
  • constraint-based design
  1. Resource Identification
    - Name everythingthat you want to talk about
    - identified by URI’s
  2. Uniform Interface
    - same small set of operations (verbs, e.g. HTTP) applies to a large set of resources (nouns)
    - Verbs are universal
    - > No need to learn about functions
  3. Self-Describing Messages
    - Resources are abstract entities, resources are never exchanged or otherwise processed directly
    - All interactions use resource representations
    - Data format of a representation is known as a media type
  4. Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State
    - Resource representations contain links to identified resources
    - applications navigateinstead of calling
    - Application statealso is represented as a resource
  5. Stateless Interaction
    - move state to clients or resources
    - Every request happens in complete isolation, all information required for the server to fulfil the request are included in the request

-> scalability, mashup-ability, usability, accessibility

24
Q

Cookies

A

frequently used mechanism for managing state by the client

The ideal RESTful cookie is never sent to the server

25
REST Weakness
- REST-style synchronous semantics on top of back end systems creates design mismatches - Challenging to identify and locate resources appropriately in all applications - lack of standards
26
JSON
- text-based, human-readable data interchange - Language-independent text format Structure: 1. A collection of name/value pairs 2. An ordered list of values
27
Well-formed and valid XML documents
Well-formed: •The document has exactly one root element •Every element is opened and closed •Every element has to be closed before its surrounding element is closed •There cannot be more than one attribute with the same name with in one element Valid: A valid document additionally conforms to some semantic rules.
28
XSD
Schema language to validate XML documents Simple types are XML nodes which are either empty or contain only content, nested elements and attributes are not allowed •length, minLength, maxLength •pattern, enumeration •minInclusive, maxInclusive, minExlusive, maxExclusive(for numbers) Complex types may have nested subelements and attributes - minOccursand maxOccurs - use: required, optional and forbidden - sequence - choice - all
29
SOAP
Netzwerkprotokoll, mit dessen Hilfe Daten zwischen Systemen ausgetauscht und Remote Procedure Calls durchgeführt werden können. Eigenschaften: •Protokoll zum Austausch XML-basierter Nachrichten über ein Computernetzwerk. SOAP stellt Regeln für das Nachrichtendesign auf, • regelt, wie Daten in der Nachricht abzubilden und zu interpretieren sind, und • gibt eine Konvention für RPC vor. • SOAP macht keine Vorschriften zur Semantik applikationsspezifischer Daten, die versendet werden sollen, sondern stellt ein Rahmenwerk zur Verfügung, welches erlaubt, dass beliebige applikationsspezifische Informationen übertragen werden können. • SOAP wird für entfernte Prozeduraufrufe ebenso genutzt wie für einfache Nach-richtensysteme, beziehungsweise zum Datenaustausch
30
SOAP messages
seen as envelopeswhere the application encloses the data to be sent * Header (divided into blocks) * Body (also divided into blocks)
31
WSDL
XML-based * What a service does (the operations) * Where a service resides (an address) * How to invoke a service (dataformats, protocols)
32
WS-* vs. REST
Architectural style for distributed hypermedia systems -> REST simplicity = freedom from choice Middleware interoperability standards ->WS-* complexity = freedom of choice
33
Modern, RPC-style, contract-first services
1. Write the server interface using a programming-language independent IDL 2. Compile IDL into programming language-specific client stubs and server-side skeletons 3. Implement server and client (programming language-specific) 4. Stubs and skeletons serve as proxiesfor clients and servers, respectively. Stubs and skeletons mesh perfectly, even if they are compiled into different programming languages. 5. Requests pass from client to server through thebroker using stubs and skeletons
34
IDL
interface definition language | is a specification language used to describe a component's interface in a programming language-neutralway
35
Interpreted vs. Compiled Languages
Interpreted language •Code is directly interpretedby a “runtime engine” •Often dynamically typed languages Compiled language •A compiler transforms language codeinto machine-readable code •The compiled artifacts are called binaries or executables •Binaries are platform-specific
36
Deployment Process
1. Find VM where application should run (or is running in a previous version) 2. Make sure Java (in the right version!) is installed on VM 3. Upload *.jar-archive to VM 4. Copy/Update configuration to run 5. Stop old version (use right command) 6. Start new version (use right command
37
Virtualization + Hypervisors
creating a virtual (in contrast to actual) version of a resource •To applications („guests“) inside a virtual environment, the fact that it is virtual may be unknown Hypervisors (also called Virtual Machine Monitors, VMMs) are special software, which enable managing virtualized resources and provide isolation
38
Container
packageconsisting of the application and its dependencies
39
Immutable Infrastructure
no incremental changes to a running application’s context Update: “Snapshotted environment”: couple infrastructure configuration to specific software version; environments are killed and replaced Environment Handling: Phoenix (dies and returns as it was originally) Environment Configuration: Either version 1 or version 2 no in-betweens Application State: Requires decoupling of state or special handling of stateful applications
40
Build-Test-Deployment
build dependencies are resolved -> software artifact identify errors regarding functionality and interoperability -> test report create runnable instance of software artifact in specific environment -> running production instance or production-ready “bundle”
41
Java Persistence API
contains more features ``` @Entity @Id @OneToMany(mappedBY = "...") @Table @Column @JoinColumn ```
42
NoSQL
BASE systems: • Basically Available • Soft State • Eventually Consistent Key-Value Stores Document Stores Column Stores Graph Stores
43
Runtime Environment
can refer to an individual layer or their combination • Each layer requires configuration • Virtualization allows abstraction from physical hardware • Assuming environments to be immutable makes deployment safer and repeatable • In practice, this is done by creating images of VMs or containers that contain the software artifac

Anwendungssysteme (2 decks)

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