test1 rhodes Flashcards

Question

Economic Determinism

Answer 1

theory that posits economic factors as the primary drivers of historical and social change Economic determinism is central to Marxist theory emphasizes class conflict and the pursuit of profit, in shaping social relations, institutions, and historical development.

Answer 2

ownership of resources, communal living arrangements, and a lack of class distinctions or private property. Friedrich Engels, proposed the concept of primitive communism

Answer 3

refers to the surplus production or resources generated by a society beyond what is necessary for subsistence. produced through labor and serves as the basis for economic exchange, accumulation, and social differentiation.

Answer 4

refers to the capacity for logical reasoning, critical thinking, and decision-making based on evidence, reason, and systematic analysis Max Weber's concept of rationalization -increasing rationalization of social and economic life in modern societies

Answer 5

hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups within a society based on social and economic factors -wealth, power, status, and access to resources entails unequal distribution of resources

Answer 6

theory that posits the natural environment as the primary determinant of human behavior, culture, and societal development. environmental factors shape human societies and their histories. non marxist

Answer 7

one of the earliest known systems of writing Sumerians in ancient Mesopotamia around the 4th millennium BCE facilitated record-keeping, administrative documentation, literature, and religious texts in ancient Mesopotamian civilizations contributes to transmission of knowledge over time

Answer 8

research approach used in social sciences to study similarities and differences across cultures, societies, or historical periods. involves systematic comparison of social happenings to identify patterns, regularities, and underlying principles.

Answer 9

the difference between total agricultural output and the consumption needs of its farmers. allows for economic/ social diversification, gives insurance/ rainy day, accumulation of wealth importance of surplus production for economic development,

Answer 10

historical materialism [history] divided into several stages, based on the main economic system or means of production used during that period Each economic system created its own particular class structure and political and social systems Each economic system contains some contradiction or flaw that leads to conflict and eventually to transformation

Answer 11

the difference between the maximum amount of time that a farmer could work over the course of the year and the time he actually worked results in unemployment, underemployment, and lower wages. central concern in economic theory and labor market analysis allows for leisure, education, political participation

Answer 12

a system of beliefs, practices, rituals, and moral values centered on the worship of supernatural beings, deities, or higher powers. involves organized institutions, sacred texts, and community gatherings.

Answer 13

founder of the Achaemenid Empire, ruling from 559 to 530 BCE. renowned for his military conquests, administrative innovations, and policies of tolerance cyrus cylinder "Cyrus restores various exiled peoples to their homes (Ashur, Susa, Akkad, etc.) and restores their temples and gods" - he is remembered for his role in the liberation of the Jews from Babylonian

Answer 14

Akkadian cuneiform by King Cyrus the Great of Persia after his conquest of Babylon in 539 BCE one of the earliest examples of human rights declaration

Answer 15

city-states in ancient Greece, characterized by independent political entities with their own governments significant aspect of ancient Greek political organization,

Answer 16

elite force of infantry soldiers in the Achaemenid Empire -body guard of kings disciplined training, distinctive uniforms, and unwavering loyalty. contributed to Persian expansion and maintenance of imperial authority. found by cyrus in 6th century

Answer 17

heavily armed infantry soldiers in ancient Greek city-states 7th century phalanx was a defining feature of ancient Greek warfare, emphasizing collective discipline, cohesion, and teamwork

Answer 18

military formation used in ancient warfare, particularly by Greek and Macedonian armies showcasing the effectiveness of disciplined infantry tactics in overcoming superior numbers or terrain disadvantages.

Answer 19

one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions founded by the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra) in ancient Persia 6th century BCE dualistic struggle between good and evil promotes ethical principles such as truth, righteousness, and the cosmic order significant influence on the religious and cultural development of ancient Persia -precursor to other monotheistic religions,

Answer 20

prominent city-state in ancient Greece, in Attica democratic governance, cultural achievements, and intellectual innovations, center of learning, philosophy, and the arts. birthplace of democracy - first known democratic system of government, characterized by citizen participation, rule of law, and political equality (men only)

Answer 21

a high-ranking magistrate or official elected to govern the city-state for a term of one year administering justice, overseeing public affairs, and upholding the laws of Athens integral part of the Athenian democratic system

Answer 22

principal legislative body of ancient Athens, (all eligible males) met regularly to debate and vote on matters of public policy, including laws, etc cornerstone of Athenian democracy, -direct citizen participation, deliberation, and decision-making in political affairs.

Answer 23

form of government in which citizens participate directly in decision-making and policy-making processes no representitives assemblies, councils, or town meetings practiced in ancient Athens

Answer 24

a resident foreigner or immigrant who was not a citizen but lived and worked in the city-state subject to some legal restrictions/ obligations enjoyed some legal protections and economic opportunities. reflects the city-state's cosmopolitan character and its openness to foreign residents

Answer 25

ancient Greek philosopher in Athens during the 4th century BCE student of Socrates known for his dialogues and his theory of forms. (instead of boring essays he did dialogues with questions and answers with explanations) his Academy (he had a school) in Athens served as a center of philosophical inquiry and education for centuries.

Answer 26

ancient Greek philosopher who lived in Athens during the 5th century BCE. best known for his method of inquiry, the Socratic method, and his ethical teachings. focused on questions of ethics, knowledge, and the nature of the self, people don't like others questioning how they do things oral, did not write

Answer 27

a Greek philosopher 4th century BCE student of Plato philosophical works: "Nicomachean Ethics" "Politics" -they provide systematic analyses of human nature, virtue, and the ideal state

Answer 28

ancient Athenian lawmaker and statesman 7th century BCE Draco's Law established harsh penalties for various offenses in Athens imposed the death penalty for a wide range of crimes, leading to the term "DRACONIAN" to describe excessively harsh laws or punishments.

Answer 29

an ancient Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet 6th century BCE. Solonian Constitution, -aimed to address social, economic, and political grievances in Athens. laid foundation for Athenian democracy by introducing measures to: -alleviate debt bondage -redistribute land -extend political participation to broader segments of society

Answer 30

ancient Athenian statesman and reformer 6th and early 5th centuries BCE implemented democratic reforms that transformed the Athenian political system: - democratic institutions such as the Council of Five Hundred -introduction of OSTRACISM. marked a significant expansion of democracy in Athens enhancing citizen participation, decentralizing political power promoting equality before the law

Answer 31

high council of elders in ancient Athens, associated with the administration of justice and the oversight of public morality representing the aristocratic elite and serving as a check on the power of the democratic assembly

Answer 32

series of wars fought between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire 5th century BCE Battle of Marathon Battle of Thermopylae Battle of Salamis showcased the resilience of Greek city-states against the might of the Persian Empire affirmed the ideals of democracy, freedom, and independence in the face of foreign aggression. (battle)

Answer 33

prominent city-state in ancient Greece military-like society, strict social hierarchy, and emphasis on discipline and obedience dual kingship, militarized education system (agoge), and rigid caste system ^different from Athens democratic traditions

Answer 34

an alliance of Greek city-states formed in the aftermath of the Greco-Persian Wars, led by Athens created for mutual defense against Persian threats,, then later evolved into an Athenian-dominated naval empire. reflects Athens' emergence as a dominant naval power and its efforts to dominate other Greek city-states

Answer 35

an influential statesman and general of ancient Athens 5th century BCE. known for his leadership during the golden age of Athens: -overseeing the construction of the Parthenon -promoting democracy, culture, and imperial expansion

Answer 36

a protracted conflict fought between Athens and its Delian League allies against Sparta and the Peloponnesian League from 431 to 404 BCE the defeat of Athens and marked the end of its golden age. led to: -the decline of Athenian democracy -the rise of Spartan hegemony -period of political instability and cultural upheaval in the Greek world

Answer 37

free inhabitants of ancient Sparta who lived in the surrounding territories of Laconia and Messenia neither full citizens nor slaves but had an intermediate status -farmers, artisans, and traders crucial role in supporting the Spartan economy and military -providing essential resources -labor -skilled craftsmanship buffer zone

Answer 38

sub-division of the Spartan population composed of freeborn soldiers who served as light infantry in the Spartan army mobility, agility, and knowledge of the rugged terrain of the Spartan homeland scouts, raiders, and shock troops

Answer 39

class of unfree laborers in ancient Sparta -were bound to the land -obligated to work for their Spartan overlords majority of the population in Spartan territory and were subject to harsh treatment and social repression providing agricultural labor, domestic services, and military support

Answer 40

emphasizes dignity, worth, and potential of human beings reason, ethics, and the pursuit of knowledge --> important to self-improvement revival of classical Greek and Roman ideals during the renaissance promoting the study of literature, history, art, and science challenging traditional worldviews.

Answer 41

variant of humanism additional principles such as equality, justice, and tolerance advocates for: liberal democracy, civil liberties, and the rule of law ^there are "essential" for human welfare and progress. advocates for principles of equality, social justice, and human dignity.

Answer 42

emphasizing social justice, collective welfare, and unity among individuals and communities humanists that don't like capitalism support this one (connects humanism to socialism) MARXIST

Answer 43

connects humanism to insights of evolutionary biology, psychology, and anthropology explores the evolutionary origins and development of human capacities and behaviors. draws on scientific understandings of human evolution for debates about human nature, morality, the human condition insights into the evolutionary roots of human cooperation, culture, and consciousness -(looking at behaviors of historic humans and seeing why we do the things we do present day)