Test1: Chapters 1,3, & 4 Flashcards
The application of Picturative thought to the asking and answering sociological questions. Someone using this “thinks himself away” from the familiar routines of daily life.
Sociological Imagination
The underlying regularities or patterns in how people behave in their relationships with one another
Social Structure
Aspects of society we take for granted but it was created by society. It is an idea or practice that a group of people agree exists. It is maintained over time by people taking its existence for granted.
Social construction
What concept is this example?
Ex: Gender
- People interact with babies differently based on their sex.
- These interactions teach children what is considered traditionally
“masculine” and “feminine”, and they incorporate these norms into
their behavior as they start to occupy the role of “boy” or “girl”.
Social Construction
There are many instances of this sense of structure that make society run smoothly, such as students quietly sitting in a classroom during a lecture.
- It is the most rational choice.
- It is the result of norms internalized through the socialization.
- It is a product of beliefs and values.
Social Order
How do we learn about how to function in society? It is the social processes through which children develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self which is ______.
Socialization
Sociologists ask how people live in light of the social transformations of their time.
- Alexis de Tocqueville wanted to understand how the conditions of democracy and equality were possible.
- His study, Democracy in America, famously portrayed the United States as a nation of joiners, leading sociologists today ask whether current Americans are less involved in public-spirited activities than their ancestors.
- Max Weber, Karl Marx, and Émile Durkheim all studied the social changes of their eras brought on by industrialization and bureaucratization.
Social Change
This Person wanted to understand how the conditions of democracy and equality were possible. His study, Democracy in America, famously portrayed the United States as a nation of joiners, leading sociologists today ask whether current Americans are less involved in public-spirited activities than their ancestors. Who is the person that studied social transformations?
Alexis de Tocqueville
This French Philosopher believed that the scientific method could be applied to the study of human behavior and society and that this new field could produce knowledge of society based on scientific evidence (positivism) . He initially called the subject social physics which he later coined the Term sociaology. Some consider this person the founder of Sociology.
Auguste Comte
This french sociologist thinks the aspects of social life shape our actions as individuals. They beleived that social facts could be studied scientifically and that social life could be analyzed like any object or event in nature. This person is associated with anomie.
Émile Durkheim
A feeling of aimlessness or despair provoked by modern social life. Most likely to occur during a perood of rapid change.
Anomie
According to Durkheim, the social cohesion that results from the various parts of a society functioning as an integrated whole.
Organic Solidarity
The conditioning influences our behavior in the groups and societies of which we are members.
Durkheim said it is an external constraint on our choices and activities.
Social constraint
The specialization of work tasks by means of which different occupations are combined within a production system.
Division of labor
Egocentric thinking stage.
Piaget’s Preoperational stage
Not quite highly abstract thinking yet stage
Piaget’s concrete stage
Abstract Thinking stage
Piaget’s Formal operational stage
He developed the Materialist conception of history.
This person follows class conflict. From his viewpoint, the capitalist class controls and exploits the masses of struggling workers by paying less than the value of their labor.
Predicted that the working class would come aware of its exploitation, overthrow the capitalists, and establish a free and classless society.
Regarded as one of the most profound sociological thinkers; However his social and economic analyses have also inspired heated debates among generations of social scientists.
Karl Marx
material or economic factors have a prime role in determining historical change.
Materialist conception of history
An economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested in order to produce a profit.
Capitalism
Struggle between the capitalist class and the working class.
Class Conflict.
- Marx imagined a future where societies would no longer be split into a small class that monopolizes economic and political power and a large mass of people who benefit little from the wealth their work creates.
- His ideal economic system, while not eradicating all inequality, would be characterized by communal ownership and would lead to a more equal society than we know at present.
Post Capitalism
He was influenced by Marx, but he thought ideas and values were just as important for social change as economic factors. He focused on why Western societies developed so differently from other societies, studying religion in particular.
Max Weber
A type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time, salaried officials. It enables large organizations to run efficiently, but it also poses problems for effective democratic participation in modern societies.
Bureaucracy
- She is called the “first woman sociologist”.
- She was an active proponent of women’s rights and the abolition of slavery.
- She is credited with introducing sociology to England through her translation of Comte’s Positive Philosophy.
Harriet Martineau
- He was the first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University and a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
- One of his most important sociological contributions is the idea of double consciousness.
W. E. B. Du Bois
“The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line.”
* Du Bois was the first social researcher to link the problems faced by African Americans to social and economic causes.
* This is a connection that most sociologists now widely accepted.
* He also connected social analysis to social reform.
Race Relations
