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Toxicology > test1 > Flashcards

test1 Flashcards

1
Q

immunotoxicity will drop what

immunosuppression

A

t cells and b cells,
immediate or delayed, localized or widespread
penicillin, poison ivy, eggg white

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2
Q

mutagenesis ( gentic toxicity)

A

drug interacts directly with dna

dna damage

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3
Q

clastogenesis

A

chromosomal damage

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4
Q

aneugenesis

A

acquisition or loss of complete chromosomes

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5
Q

carcinogenesis

A

look it up

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6
Q

aqueous drugs

A

yum yum suspensions, emulsions, syrup,

–antibiotics or children

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7
Q

alcohol drugs

A

elixirs, spirits, tinctures

cough syrups

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8
Q

lozenges (troches)

A

dissolve in mouth

-zinc, cough drops

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9
Q

powders

A

drugs or drug extracts dried and ground….most often compressed into tablets
aspirin and cocaine

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10
Q

capsules

A

gelatin capsules filled with liquid or powders

-pain relievers, liqui-gels, vitamins/supps

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11
Q

delayed-released

A

various coatings release does over period of time aka extended release, sustained release
-adderall XR, Wellbutrin XL

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12
Q

enteric-coated

A

acid-resistant coating
take 1h before or 2h after meals
–aspirin

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13
Q

suppositories

A

mixed with substance (cocoa butter) that melts at body temp
inserted into rectum, urethra, vagina
-prep H, monistat, birth control

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14
Q

ointments

A

soft, oily, semi-solid containing drug
applied to skin or eyes
–neosporin

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15
Q

transdermal

A

drug embedded into bandage/patch

-nitro, estrogen, nictotine

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16
Q

parenteral injections

A

liquid or powder dissolved in sterile solutiong

-vaccines, morphine, epinephrine

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17
Q

spray/mist

A

liquids, sometimes fine powders inhaled thru nose or mouth

-asthma inhalers, nasal decongestents

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18
Q

MC type of med

A

oral

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19
Q

disadvantage or oral

A

GI tract ouchies and dont absorb all of it and/opr liver filters it out anyway

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20
Q

pharmacokinetic phse

A

“what the body does to the drug”

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21
Q

what is ADME

A

Absorption

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22
Q

tell me about asborption

A 
needs to be dissolved, must pass thru membranes (lipids and proteins)
passive diff (MC), active transport, pinocytosis, filtration
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23
Q

the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents

A

toxicology

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24
Q

drugs from plants

A

codeine/morphine, quinine, cocaine, heroin

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25
Q

drugs from animals

A

insulin, pepsin, premarin, growth hormone

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26
Q

heparin, coumadin

A

anticoagulants

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27
Q

propranolol, atendol

A

beta blockers

cardiac conditions, glaucoma, migraines, anxiety, hyperthyroidism

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28
Q

caffeine, lasix

A

diuretics

heart failure, liver cirrhosis, HTN, kidney diseases

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29
Q

lipitor, crestor, zocor

A

hypolipidemics

high cholesterol

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30
Q

nexium, prevacid, prilosec

A

proton pump inhibitors

GERD, peptic ulcer, erosive esophagitis, heartburn

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31
Q

Celexa, Lexapro, prozac, paxil, zoloft

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

depression, anxiety, OCD, chronic pain, eating disorders, PTSD, PMDD

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32
Q

Therapeutic effect

A

intended physiological effect of the drug

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33
Q

indication

A

medical cond. or diseases for which the drug is meant to be used (and contra)

34
Q

caution

A

cond. or types of patients that warrant closer observation for specific side effects

35
Q

side effect

A

unintended effect + or0

36
Q

adeverse efffect

A

negative side effect

37
Q

toxic effect

A

adverse effect resulting in drug poisoning

38
Q

mechanisn of action is

A

HOW a drug produces its effects

39
Q

receptor site

A

action usually begins after drug attaches itself to some chemical structure, usually specific location

40
Q

competitive antagonis

A

when boths agonist and antagonist drugs that bind to the same receptor are administered together

41
Q

strength is determined by

A

dose and freq

42
Q

dose

A

amount of drug given to produve and effect (response)

dose-response relationship

43
Q

frequency

A

how often the drug is given

time-response relationship

44
Q

maximal effect

A

when acheived, is known as the ceiling effect.

45
Q

ED50 is the

A

dose necessary to produce half of the maximum response

used to compare potency

46
Q

first attempt to protect consumers in manufacture of food and drugs

A

1906 pure food and drug act
must label if contains dangerous ingredients
us pharmacopeia
national formulary

47
Q

passed after a sulfa drug was given to peds patients, authorized FDA to demand evidence of safety for new drugs, issue standards for food, and conduct factory inspections

A

1938 federeal food, drug, and cosmetic act

48
Q

made it so you had to have a prescription

A

1951 FD%C durham-humphrey amendment

49
Q

approval of new food additives was required and safety determined by manufactureer b4 can be amrketed

A

1958 FD&C food additives amendment

50
Q

standard labeling act

A

1962 FD&C Kefauver- Harris amend

51
Q

pesticide tolerance levels checking…..act

A

1996 food quality protection act

52
Q

therapeutic index

A

= LD50/ED50

53
Q

drug allergy

A

drugs acts as an antigen and body produces antibodies against the drug

54
Q

liver is what percent of adverse effect

A

9%

55
Q

what will increase in liver if damaged on the bloodwork

A 
AST and ALT
aspartate transaminase 
alanine transaminase
also bilirubin 
albumin will decrease
56
Q

kidney damage is high likelihood…bloodwork will show what

A

BUN or Blood Urea Nitrogen

shows increase in renal dysfxn

57
Q

an exaggerated or unwanted pharmacological response to drugs

A

pharmacokinetic-based: inc. conc. of the compound or metabolite

pharmacodynamic-based: altered responsiveness of the target site

58
Q

organophosphate insecticides will cause what

A

CNS disurbance

59
Q

mutagenesis (genetic toxicity)

A

drug interacts directly with DNA, DNA damage

60
Q

clastogenesis

A

chromosomal damage

61
Q

aneugenesis

A

acquisition or loss of complete chromosomes

62
Q

pharmaceutic phase

A

occurs after the drug is given and involves disintegration and dissolution of the dosage form

63
Q

pharmacokinetic phase
what the body does to the drug
ADME

A

absorption. distribution, metabolism, excretion

64
Q

most absorption is

A

passive diffusion

65
Q

what % reaches the blood from the gi route

A

20-40

66
Q

blood brain barrier protects by restricting passage of electrolytes and water sol substances

A

but lipid sol substances pass readily.

67
Q

the body does a few things to metabolize

A

make more polar(easier to excrete)
decrease half life
prevent accumulation
change bioactivity

68
Q

enzymes for metabolism found in

A

liver mostly, then kidney, sm intestine, and most cells

69
Q

when drugs are taken repeatedly,m they stim ________ which increase p450

A

DMMS..

then there is a faster rate of drug metabolism

70
Q

there is also enzyme inhibition, which inhibit the DMMS, okaaay so heres the thing

A

enzyme induction and inhibition play an impt role in adverse drug rxns

71
Q

if you have acidic urine, _____ drugs reabsorbed, _____ drugs excreted

A

acidic; basic

72
Q

fat soluble molecules will be

A

actively trans into bile, end up in feces

73
Q

the action of drugs on living tissue

A

pharmacodynamic phase

affected by the form of the drug and the route of administration

74
Q

quick facts about Rx

A

2/3 of patients leave with Rx
close to 40% have Rx for 4 or more neds
the rate of adverse rxns inc dramatically with 4+

75
Q

warfarin reacts with a lot of others,

A

ACE inhibitors interacts with potassium, spironolactone…….2 separate facts here bros

76
Q

50% adults are on diet supps

A

vits, minerals, AAs, herbs

St johns wort, vit e, vit k

77
Q

st johns wort does..

A

induces cyp450 enzyme system, which means it can reduce the conc. of meds in the blood.

78
Q

vit k does what

A

counteracts coumadin

79
Q

alcohol can do what

A

inc or dec the effect of many drugs, avoid

80
Q

grapefruit has a ton of interactions

A

so does chocolate with MAOIs, and licorice with lanoxin toxicity

81
Q

patients taking MAOIs need to avoid

A

high tyramine foods

fermented foods!

Toxicology (1 decks)

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