test1 Flashcards
immunotoxicity will drop what
immunosuppression
t cells and b cells,
immediate or delayed, localized or widespread
penicillin, poison ivy, eggg white
mutagenesis ( gentic toxicity)
drug interacts directly with dna
dna damage
clastogenesis
chromosomal damage
aneugenesis
acquisition or loss of complete chromosomes
carcinogenesis
look it up
aqueous drugs
yum yum suspensions, emulsions, syrup,
–antibiotics or children
alcohol drugs
elixirs, spirits, tinctures
cough syrups
lozenges (troches)
dissolve in mouth
-zinc, cough drops
powders
drugs or drug extracts dried and ground….most often compressed into tablets
aspirin and cocaine
capsules
gelatin capsules filled with liquid or powders
-pain relievers, liqui-gels, vitamins/supps
delayed-released
various coatings release does over period of time aka extended release, sustained release
-adderall XR, Wellbutrin XL
enteric-coated
acid-resistant coating
take 1h before or 2h after meals
–aspirin
suppositories
mixed with substance (cocoa butter) that melts at body temp
inserted into rectum, urethra, vagina
-prep H, monistat, birth control
ointments
soft, oily, semi-solid containing drug
applied to skin or eyes
–neosporin
transdermal
drug embedded into bandage/patch
-nitro, estrogen, nictotine
parenteral injections
liquid or powder dissolved in sterile solutiong
-vaccines, morphine, epinephrine
spray/mist
liquids, sometimes fine powders inhaled thru nose or mouth
-asthma inhalers, nasal decongestents
MC type of med
oral
disadvantage or oral
GI tract ouchies and dont absorb all of it and/opr liver filters it out anyway
pharmacokinetic phse
“what the body does to the drug”
what is ADME
Absorption
tell me about asborption
needs to be dissolved, must pass thru membranes (lipids and proteins) passive diff (MC), active transport, pinocytosis, filtration
the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents
toxicology
drugs from plants
codeine/morphine, quinine, cocaine, heroin
drugs from animals
insulin, pepsin, premarin, growth hormone
heparin, coumadin
anticoagulants
propranolol, atendol
beta blockers
cardiac conditions, glaucoma, migraines, anxiety, hyperthyroidism
caffeine, lasix
diuretics
heart failure, liver cirrhosis, HTN, kidney diseases
lipitor, crestor, zocor
hypolipidemics
high cholesterol
nexium, prevacid, prilosec
proton pump inhibitors
GERD, peptic ulcer, erosive esophagitis, heartburn
Celexa, Lexapro, prozac, paxil, zoloft
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
depression, anxiety, OCD, chronic pain, eating disorders, PTSD, PMDD
Therapeutic effect
intended physiological effect of the drug
indication
medical cond. or diseases for which the drug is meant to be used (and contra)
caution
cond. or types of patients that warrant closer observation for specific side effects
side effect
unintended effect + or0
adeverse efffect
negative side effect
toxic effect
adverse effect resulting in drug poisoning
mechanisn of action is
HOW a drug produces its effects
receptor site
action usually begins after drug attaches itself to some chemical structure, usually specific location
competitive antagonis
when boths agonist and antagonist drugs that bind to the same receptor are administered together
strength is determined by
dose and freq
dose
amount of drug given to produve and effect (response)
dose-response relationship
frequency
how often the drug is given
time-response relationship
maximal effect
when acheived, is known as the ceiling effect.
ED50 is the
dose necessary to produce half of the maximum response
used to compare potency
first attempt to protect consumers in manufacture of food and drugs
1906 pure food and drug act
must label if contains dangerous ingredients
us pharmacopeia
national formulary
passed after a sulfa drug was given to peds patients, authorized FDA to demand evidence of safety for new drugs, issue standards for food, and conduct factory inspections
1938 federeal food, drug, and cosmetic act
made it so you had to have a prescription
1951 FD%C durham-humphrey amendment
approval of new food additives was required and safety determined by manufactureer b4 can be amrketed
1958 FD&C food additives amendment
standard labeling act
1962 FD&C Kefauver- Harris amend
pesticide tolerance levels checking…..act
1996 food quality protection act
therapeutic index
= LD50/ED50
drug allergy
drugs acts as an antigen and body produces antibodies against the drug
liver is what percent of adverse effect
9%
what will increase in liver if damaged on the bloodwork
AST and ALT aspartate transaminase alanine transaminase also bilirubin albumin will decrease
kidney damage is high likelihood…bloodwork will show what
BUN or Blood Urea Nitrogen
shows increase in renal dysfxn
an exaggerated or unwanted pharmacological response to drugs
pharmacokinetic-based: inc. conc. of the compound or metabolite
pharmacodynamic-based: altered responsiveness of the target site
organophosphate insecticides will cause what
CNS disurbance
mutagenesis (genetic toxicity)
drug interacts directly with DNA, DNA damage
clastogenesis
chromosomal damage
aneugenesis
acquisition or loss of complete chromosomes
pharmaceutic phase
occurs after the drug is given and involves disintegration and dissolution of the dosage form
pharmacokinetic phase
what the body does to the drug
ADME
absorption. distribution, metabolism, excretion
most absorption is
passive diffusion
what % reaches the blood from the gi route
20-40
blood brain barrier protects by restricting passage of electrolytes and water sol substances
but lipid sol substances pass readily.
the body does a few things to metabolize
make more polar(easier to excrete)
decrease half life
prevent accumulation
change bioactivity
enzymes for metabolism found in
liver mostly, then kidney, sm intestine, and most cells
when drugs are taken repeatedly,m they stim ________ which increase p450
DMMS..
then there is a faster rate of drug metabolism
there is also enzyme inhibition, which inhibit the DMMS, okaaay so heres the thing
enzyme induction and inhibition play an impt role in adverse drug rxns
if you have acidic urine, _____ drugs reabsorbed, _____ drugs excreted
acidic; basic
fat soluble molecules will be
actively trans into bile, end up in feces
the action of drugs on living tissue
pharmacodynamic phase
affected by the form of the drug and the route of administration
quick facts about Rx
2/3 of patients leave with Rx
close to 40% have Rx for 4 or more neds
the rate of adverse rxns inc dramatically with 4+
warfarin reacts with a lot of others,
ACE inhibitors interacts with potassium, spironolactone…….2 separate facts here bros
50% adults are on diet supps
vits, minerals, AAs, herbs
St johns wort, vit e, vit k
st johns wort does..
induces cyp450 enzyme system, which means it can reduce the conc. of meds in the blood.
vit k does what
counteracts coumadin
alcohol can do what
inc or dec the effect of many drugs, avoid
grapefruit has a ton of interactions
so does chocolate with MAOIs, and licorice with lanoxin toxicity
patients taking MAOIs need to avoid
high tyramine foods
fermented foods!
