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PSY270 > Test1 > Flashcards

Test1 Flashcards

1
Q

Explain evidence that visual rich slides are more effective for learning than text dense slides

A

Fenesi and Kim on effective slide design (2014) Participants viewed slides with either:

1) Heavy text and audio narration.
2) Short summary sentences w/ pictures and audio narration that complement each other.

After a delay, quiz results showed that participants who saw the 2nd set of slides scored higher. (75% >55%).

Students rated text-heavy slides to be better however, objective evidence disagrees.

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2
Q

Describe evidence that use of a laptop in lecture impairs learning.

A

An experiment in McMaster assessed performance after a lecture for a student who was using a laptop and engaged in multitasking compared to participants who didn’t have a computer.

  • Multitasking scored 11% lower than the control.
  • People within eyesight of the multitasking performed 17% lower.
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3
Q

Explain how the science of the mind developed as a series of reactions against the status quo.

A
  • First: The Scientific method was described, it was a crucial step for the development of cognitive psychology.
  • Then structuralism as a specific study of the mind
  • Behaviourism
  • Then cognition as it’s own sub-discipline, and now we’re in the age of cognitive neuroscience.

Each movement was a reaction to what had come before.

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4
Q

René Descartes - “I think therefore I am [therefore I exist/have a mind] “

A

Introduced Critical thinking and was the first to suggest the separation of the mind and body (brain).

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5
Q

How did Wilhem Wundt contribute to Cognitive psychology ?

A

He initiated the Structuralist perspective.

- Analytic introspection.

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6
Q

What are the functions of the mind?

A

1) The mind creates and controls mental functions.
(Various mental abilities)
2) It is a system that creates representations of the world.
(Functioning and survival)

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7
Q

Fransiscus Donders

A

Tested Decision time
(= Choice reaction time - Simple reaction time)

  • He was the first to experiment in cognitive psychology.
  • Suggested that mental responses can only be inferred from behaviour.
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8
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

Tested memory loss over time using the repetition of 20 nonsense syllables.

Savings = Original learning time - learning time after delay.

The greater the delay the lower the savings.

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9
Q

William James

A

Narrated observations of his own experience (attention)

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10
Q

John Watson

A
  • Advocated for Behaviourism.
  • Thought that Analytic Introspection was too variable and unscientific.
  • Behaviourism on the other hand, involved studying the relationship between behaviour and the environment.
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11
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Operand Conditioning

- Behaviour controlled by stimuli.

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12
Q

Edward Chance Tolman

A

Concluded that the rat in the maze had a ‘Cognitive map’ of the maze when it was looking for the cheese.

The idea of behaviour being a affected by a factor other than external stimulus sparked the study of cognitive psychology .

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13
Q

Structuralism VS Functionalism

A

Understanding the mind purely based on its physical structure VS its functions (regardless of structure).
(Wundt VS James)

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14
Q

Define radical behaviourism.

A

• The idea that free will and consciousness are an illusion. All of our behaviour is based on association: classical conditioning, reward and punishment.

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15
Q

Representations

A

Transformations of a presented stimulus.

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16
Q

What is the role of the temporal cortex in vision.

A

It combines the signals from the neurons in the visual cortex to create a representation.

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17
Q

What are Feature Detectors (neurons)?

A

Feature Detectors are neurons that respond to specific stimuli.
(Eg Bars of light slanted at specific angles and moving in a particular direction)

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18
Q

Specificity Coding

A

Specialized neurons respond to specific objects.
(Eg neuron “B” responds when detecting face of person “b”)

  • This idea was later found to be unlikely because there would be infinitely many neurons.
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19
Q

Population Coding

A

Representation of an object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons.

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20
Q

Sparse Coding

A

representation by a pattern of firing over a small group of neurons.

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21
Q

Brain Organization

A

The localization of functions to specific areas of the brain.

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22
Q

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

A

The area in the brain specialized for face recognition.
Found on the underside of the temporal lobe.
Damage to this area can cause prosopagnosia.

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23
Q

Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)

A

Specialized in processing locations.

Found in the medial temporal lobe.

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24
Q

Extrastirate Body Area (EBA)

A

Activated by body segments.

Located in the occipital lobe.

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25
Q

Broca’s Area

Paul Broca

A

Is specialized in speech PRODUCTION
{Paul = P = Production}
Left Frontal Lobe

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26
Q

Wernicke’s Area

Carl Wernicke

A 
Speech Comprehension (language)
Temporal lobe
27
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Initial visual processing.

28
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

Found in the temporal lobe

29
Q

Somatosensory Cortex

A

Found in the parietal lobe.

Activated on touch, pressure and pain stimuli.

30
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Coordination of functions and higher cognitive functions.

31
Q

Double Dissociation

A

When damage to one are of the brain causes a deficiency in function A while function B is normal and damage to another area causes a deficiency in function B and not function A.

There is a double dissociation between the areas in the brain and the functions.

Proven for facial vs Object recognition.

32
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Structural imaging of the brain that uses large magnets.

33
Q

functional MRI (fMRI)

A

records the activation of different areas of the brain.

The more active areas in the brain use up more oxygen; as oxygen is released from the blood cells they respond more strongly to the magnetic field.

34
Q

Distributed Representation

A

The idea that cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain.

35
Q

Perception

A

Experience that results from stimulation of the senses.

36
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

Processing that starts with stimulation of receptors.

37
Q

Top-Down Processing

A

Processing that begins with a person’s knowledge, experience and expectations.
Involved in recognition of objects based on a small number of geons.
(Construction of the complete representation w/ fragmented stimuli)

38
Q

The direct pathway model (Pain) `

A

Stimulated pain receptors send their signals directly to the brain.

However, it was later found that pain perception was affected by other factors than the stimulation of the skin.
(Expectation, attention, and distracting stimuli)

39
Q

The likelihood principle.

A

We tend to perceive the object that is most likely to cause the pattern of stimuli that we received.
- Proposed by Hermann Von Helmholtz.

40
Q

Unconscious Inference

A

the process by which occurs the judgement of what it most likely to occur.
(refer to the likelihood principle)

41
Q

The Gestalt Principles of (perceptual) Organization

A
  • Good Continuation
  • Simplicity
  • Similarity
  • Familiarity
42
Q

The law of Good continuation

A Gestalt Principle of Organization

A

Points are seen to belong together if, when connected they from straight or smooth lines, and the lines are seen to follow the smoothest path.
Objects overlapped by other objects are seen as continuing.

43
Q

The law of Simplicity

A Gestalt Principle of Organization

A

Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.

44
Q

The law of similarity

A Gestalt Principle of Organization

A

Similar things appear to be grouped together.

45
Q

The law of Familiarity

A Gestalt Principle of Organization

A

Things that form patters that are familiar or meaningful are likely to be grouped together.

46
Q

Environmental Regularities and perception.

A 
Regularly occurring (physical/Semantic) properties in the environment influence our perception. 
(Top-Down based on our expectations and knowledge of the environment)
47
Q

Oblique Effect

Topic: (Physical) Environmental regularities and Perception

A

Humans can perceive horizontal and vertical orientations more easily than oblique orientations.
This is due to the fact that oblique orientations are less frequent in the environment.

48
Q

The light from above Assumption

Topic: (Physical) Environmental regularities and Perception

A

Since light normally comes from above, we can perceive a scene/object differently as we assume that light is coming form above.

49
Q

Semantic Regularities

Topic: Environmental regularities and Perception

A

The characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes

50
Q

Scene Schema

Topic: Environmental regularities and Perception

A

Our knowledge of different kinds of scenes ans what they contain.

51
Q

What vs Where pathways (Ungerleider and Mishkin)

A

Researchers found a double dissociation between the WHAT and WHERE functions of object identification.

WHERE: Dorsal pathway to the parietal lobe; involves spacial information and locating objects in space.
(The landmark discrimination problem)

WHAT: Ventral pathway to the Temporal Lobe; Recognizing/Identifying objects.
(Object Discrimination Task )

52
Q

Define: Attention

A

The ability to focus on one stimulus or location.

53
Q

Define: Selective attention

A

Actively ignoring stimuli as while focusing on a specific one.

54
Q

Define: Distraction

A

One stimulus interfering with anther.

55
Q

Divided attention

A

Attending to multiple stimuli at the same time.

56
Q

Attentional Capture

A

A rapid shifting of attention

57
Q

Visual Scanning

A

Movement of the eyes from one location to another

58
Q

Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention

A

Multiple Stimuli are received and held in the sensory memory before being processed by the filter.
The filter only allows one processed stimulus to pass to the detector and long term memory.

This is an example of an Early Filter Model

59
Q

Dichotic Listening

A

Presenting different stimuli to left and right ears.

60
Q

Shadowing

A

Repeating information heard from one ear.

61
Q

Attenuation Model of Attention

Anne Treisman modified Broadbent’s model

A

The Attenuator unit replaces the filter and analyses the incoming message for:
- Physical Characteristics
- Language
- Meaning
before passing it into the dictionary unit then memory.

– Even the unattended message is somewhat perceived (subliminally) and is not totally filtered out.

62
Q

Inattention Blindness

A

When focusing on a demanding task, we fail to notice unexpected events. (Gorilla in video)

63
Q

Change Blindness

A

Failure to Notice large changes between scenes that are otherwise easily detectable. Often happens during eye movement or in moments of distraction.

64
Q

STOPPED AT CHAPTER 4 LATE SELECTION MODELS

A

CONTINUE FROM THERE

PSY270 (2 decks)

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