test1 Flashcards
1
Q
What did Alexander Graham Bell say after meeting an 8-year-old Helen Keller?
A
I feel that in this child I have seen more of the Diving than has been amanifest in
anyone I ever met before.
2
Q
What does Garbarino think kindles the spark of divinity in a child?
A
Connection, acceptance, nurtured.
3
Q
Dr. Garbarino describes the most abused and neglected person he ever met, Byron. What
positive qualities did Byron possess?
A
He loved his children, worked with disabled adults in a halfway house, and
mentored a 14 year old boy.
4
Q
What do Patrick Tolan and Nancy Guerra find to be the most effective treatments for
delinquent and criminally violent youth?
A
Changes in thinking along with chances to practice nonviolent behavior.
5
Q
Why does Dr. Garbarino say there is no such thing as a baby?
A
Because babies can_t exist without a relation to another person.
6
Q
What does Jack Gewirtz_ research show?
A
That smiling keeps each motivated to invest more in the relationship, human
babies are primed to smile.
7
Q
Name and describe the four categories of attachment.
A
Secure is a warm and responsive attachment, insecure-avoidant is generalized
wariness and distancing on the child_s part. Insecure-ambivalent indicates a high
level of distress and inconsolability. Disorganized-disoriented pattern indicates a
mix of behavior as from the other three classifications.
8
Q
Describe the study by Dymphna van den Boom. What was it_s main finding?
A
Teaching parenting skills to parents of difficult children in the first year of life has
a major impact 68% became securely attached instead of 28%.
9
Q
What argument does Judith Rich Harris make in The Nurture Assumption?
A
That the effect of parenting is very much indirect.
10
Q
What is a main focus of Terrance Real_s book, I Don_t Want to Talk about It?
A
The emotional disconnectedness among boys and men.
11
Q
When Dr. Garbarino asks Malcolm whom he trusts, what does Malcolm say?
A
Nobody.
12
Q
What two particular patterns of father influence does Dr. Garbarino say help explain
the development of violent boys?
A
The presence of an abusive father and the absence of a caring and resourceful
father.
13
Q
Dr. Garbarino says growing up fatherless influence a child in what three important
ways?
A
Fatherless children are more likely to grow up in poor areas with limited
resources and children ask the question why don_t I have a father.
14
Q
Dr. Garbarino tells the story of John Bowlby conducting therapy with a little boy who
hadn_t developed a secure attachment to adults. When Bowlby left the room one time to
answer the phone, what did the boy do?
A
The boy had thrown the cat into the fire.
15
Q
Give a couple of examples from the chapter of school shooters who abused animals.
A
Malique _Any animal a cat, a dog, a bird or anything that we saw was moving it
could be shot.
Luke and a friend were observed beating a dog with a club, wrapping it in plastic
bag, setting it afire, and tossing it in a pond.
Malcom spoke about using his pit bulls in dogfights.
16
Q
Why does Dr. Garbarino say that boys becoming the man of the house in
adolescence is often a problem?
A
Because once a boy has become his mother_s protector he is not about to she her
as an authority figure.
17
Q
What is toxic shame? What example does Dr. Garbarino give of it?
A
Feeling fundamentally disgraced, intrinsically worthless and profoundly humiliated
in their own skin, just for being themselves.
18
Q
What did Sheppard Kellam find in his study of violence prevention programs?
A
That aggressive six year old boys placed within well managed first grade classrooms run
by effective teachers were three times less likely to be highly aggressive by the time they
reached eighth grade than similarly aggressive boys who were placed in a chaotic
classroom with ineffective teachers.
19
Q
When does Leonard Eron say aggressive behavior becomes largely crystallized?
A
By age 8.
20
Q
What is the definition of Conduct Disorder? What percentage of incarcerated children have
Conduct Disorder?
A
A repetitive and persistent patter of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major
age appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. Including aggression to people eand
animals, destruction of property deceitfulness or theft and serious violations of rules. 80%
21
Q
Describe childhood-onset vs. adolescent-onset Conduct Disorder. What are charcteristics
of each, and which is more severe and/or predictive of bad behaviors in adulthood?
A
When conduct disorder begins in childhood rather than adolscence it is more likely to
continue into adulthood.
22
Q
How does Dr. Garbarino see the label of Conduct Disorder as limited?
A
The term is just a label and often a label is seen as the end of the story and not the
beginning. A label does not tell us why it just tells us what. And we should avoid
dehumanizing labels.
23
Q
Do most kids go through a tumultuous time with their parents when they become
teenagers?
A
No only 20% of teenagers demonstrate a tumultuous adolescence, on full of crisis and
turmoil.
24
Q
What did the report by sociologist Richard Gelles find about children who assault their
parents?
A
Most children who assault their parent were once children assaulted by their parents.
25
Does Dr. Garbarino believe some boys are just born _bad_?
No, even when genetics come into play they still require an interaction with the
environment to be fully expressed.
26
Describe the study by Sarnoff Mednick and Elizabeth Kandel on minor physical anomalies
and later arrest rates. What did they find?
In a good environment MPA do not predict aggressive behavior. In bad environments MPA
increase the likelihood of aggression by 3.5 times compared to non MPA in similar
environments.
27
What did Friedrich Losel, Doris Bender, and Thomas Bliesener find concerning the
relationship between low resting heart rate and bullying?
That context matters in the impact and expression of temperamental characteristics. Low
resting heart rate mattered only in poor environments.
28
What analogy does Dr. Garbarino provide for how risk accumulates in a child_s life?
Juggling tennis balls. First two easy. Third can manage with some skill. With
fourth, drop everything. It is all about the accumulation of risk.
29
What risk factors for aggression does Judith Rich Harris identify in her book The
Nurture Assumption?
High activity level insensitivity to the feelings of others lack of physical fear beign easily
bored with routine tendency to seek excitement.
30
What did Eleanor Maccoby find about _spoiling_ children in the first three months of
life?
You can_t. The more responsive mothers were in the first three months of life the more
obedient the child was at one year.
31
What does Gerald Patterson find about the origins of bad behavior?
That chronic bad behavior is most likely to arise in the early years of life when parents use
harsh inconsistent punishment practices instead of clear firm but warm responses when
the child exhibits unacceptable behavior.
32
What are the _positive social maps_ that Dr. Garbarino says most of us develop?
The belief that I can trust people If I behave well I will be treated well I am lovable I have
allies in the world.
33
What are four specific _negative social maps_ Dr. Garbarino discusses?
Hypersensitive to negative social cues. Oblivious to positive social cues. Develop a
repertory of aggressive behaviors that are readily accessible and can be easily invoked.
Drw the conclusion that aggression is a successful way of getting what they want.
34
According to Alan Kazdin, what percentage of children have Conduct Disorder? Is it
more prevalent in boys or girls?
4 to 7 percent. Boys are 3 to 4 times more likely to have conduct disorder.
35
According to Kenneth Dodge, do most abused children become violent later? Why or
why not?
No only 35% of abused kids become violent. Some develop other types of problems, some
are save by interventions programs and some have some form of positive relationship to
help them through.
36
What does Sharnell say his _mistake_ was?
That he didn_t kill the other guy first.
37
What did Bruce Perry notice about child survivors of the Branch Davidian raid?
That their heart rate was far above normal (148 instead of the average 70)
38
Whom does Thomas call _sissies_?
Boys who cave into parental pressure or who stay home to avoid dealing with the
challenges of the street.
39
To Palestinian boys, who are _kit kats_?
Same as Thomas_s sissies.
40
Why did Billy eventually join a gang?
They threatened to kill his mother if he didn_t join them.
41
What point does Terrance Real make about males and emotions in his book I Don_t
Want to Talk About It?
Males bury their feelings in silence and externalizing them through aggression and
addiction sad and hurt men find a way to get through the day.
42
What are the three social contexts outside the family that Dr. Garbarino says violent
boys can find themselves in?
One in which bad behavior is identified and treated. One in which no matter how bad the
behavior there is little danger. And one in which the bad behavior falls on fertile grounds
and grows into chronic aggression.
43
Describe Peter_s story.
Peter was raised by his inept grandmother and grandfather during the school year and in
the summer was in NewYork City with his doped up mom and her boyfriend. Peter was left
to his own devices which ended up being a look out for a drug gang. He ended up
murdering a boy he thought was threatening his life.
44
What percentage of American homes have a gun?
At least 40% of all household have at least one gun.
45
What did the 9-year-old Dr. Garbarino talked to in California say would make him feel
safer?
A gun.
46
What are the four motives Jeremy Shapiro says draws children to own guns?
Code of honor, comfort with aggression, excitement and positive feelings evoked by guns,
and power and safety associated with guns.
47
Why did Luke Woodham say he was drawn into Satanism?
Because he was so isolated and rejected in his community.
48
Describe how/why Peter learned to fear to go into people_s houses.
He was at a friends how when his crazy father came in and threatened to kill everyone.
49
How does psychiatrist Judith Herman define trauma?
Trauma is the coming face to face with both human vulnerability in the natural world and
with the capacity for evil in human nature.
50
What did the study by UCLA psychologists Kathi Nader and Robert Pynoos show?
Children in Kuwaiti were traumatized because they were required to watch video footage
of the war as part of a education campaign by their government.
51
Describe the American Psychological Association_s analysis of television violence.
40% of violent acts are done by good guys, third of bad characters are not punished, 70%
of the aggressors show no remorse and experience no criticism or penalty fo rthei rviolent
actions.
52
What did Victor Papanek say about kids and violent trauma?
Children measure the danger that threatens them chiefly by the reactions of those around
them, especially their trusted parents and teachers. He observed this in children during
the 1942 London bombings.
53
Describe the story of how Allan became a _shark eating little fishes._
He was mistakenly blamed for stealing a gun the man put at gun to his head and said he
would kill him the man was much older. After that he never left home without his own gun.
54
Finish this sentence that a boy told Dr. Garbarino: _If I join a gang I_m 50% safe. If I
don't_ join a gang, I_m ____________._
100% dead
55
Describe Stanley Milgram_s studies on obedience.
He shocked people. 80% of people were 100% obedient.
56
Dr. Garbarino talks about the film, I Still Can_t Say It. A teacher he describes was
abused as a child. When asked by the police, why didn_t the child tell the police her
mother abused her?
Because her mother could kill her.
57
How does military psychologist David Grossman say the American military has
changed its training practices? Why have they changed? How does Grossman think this
might relate to current youth violence?
Only 20% of solders in WWII could pull the trigger after changing from bulls eye
targets to human cut outs that number changed to 80%.
58
Are Vietnam War veterans_ homicide and suicide rates higher or lower than nonmilitary
people? Why?
Their suicide rates are higher but their homicide rates are lower.
59
According to a study commissioned by Brigadier General Marshall, what personality
trait characterizes those veterans who do NOT have PTSD like symptoms after sixty days
of combat?
Psychopaths.
60
Psychologist Pat Tolan studies 15-year-olds living in chaotic neighborhoods in
Chicago. What percentage of these children were neither one year behind academically
nor experiencing significant emotional or behavioral problems?
Zero. They all suffered academic deficit and mental health impairment.
61
Why/how does Dr. Garbarino say terminal thinking interferes with youth
development?
Almost everything positive depends upon having a future orientation.
62
Is partner abuse a mental disorder as outlined by the Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (i.e., DSM-IV)?
Yes,
63
What specific behaviors are considered partner abuse?
acts occurring more than once a year, pushing, shoving, slapping and hitting.
64
At what age is a person most likely to commit partner abuse?
18-25 years old
65
What does prevalence mean? Lifetime prevalence?
Point) prevalence means amount of partner aggression that has occurred in the past year.
Lifetime prevalence, any aggression that has occurred during a person_s entire life.
66
In Straus & Gelles_ national survey in 1990, what percentage of women reported being physically
aggressed against within the previous year? What percentage reportedly severe abuse, such
as being beaten up?
12% and 5%.
67
What is the most common way to assess partner abuse? What issues does this assessment
method have?
Conflict Tactic Scale, a self and partner reporting.
68
What suggestions for conducting partner abuse assessments do the authors suggest?
Which questions and where and when to ask them. Phone interviews but face to face is best.
69
What occurs more often, husband-to-wife aggression or wife-to-husband aggression? Who
receives serious injury from partner violence more often, men or women?
They are about equal but women end up with more severe injuries. 15% of wives vs. 2% of men.
70
True or False? A risk factor are individual or family characteristics that cause a bad behavior to
occur more frequently. Explain your answer.
False, they don_t cause they are just related.
71
Describe demogrphic risk factors for partner violence by men.
Age, low SES, Race, but only to small degrees.
72
Describe childhood experiences that place a person at risk to commit partner violence in
adulthood.
Physically emotionally or sexually abused by parents or caretakers and/or witnessing physical
or verbal abuse between one_s parents during childhood are risk factors for partner aggression.
73
Describe psychological characteristics that place a person at risk to commit partner
violence.
Anger and hostility, Low assertiveness, personality disorders and depression.
74
Describe relationship characteristics that place a person at risk to commit partner violence.
Marital discord and dissatisfaction.
75
What are the characteristics of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?
Persistent re-experiencing of traumatic events, avoidance of stimuli associated with the
traumatic events, and symptoms of increased arousal.
76
Based on a study by Abbott, Johnson, Koziol-McClain, & Lowenstein (1995), what
percentage of women who show up in emergency rooms are likely victims of partner violence?
12-50%
77
What are some reasons the authors list that women stay in abusive relationships?
It is complicated. Safety, financial, it_s always hard to leave bad relationships.
78
When treating an abusive couple, what usually happens first?
A safety plan for the women.
79
How does the feminist approach tend to view partner violence?
Views battering as a means of controlling and oppressing women.
80
What do cognitive-behavioral treatments for abusive men tend to emphasize?
Cessation of the physical and psychological aggression through such techniques as anger
management and conflict management.
81
What do treatments for battered women tend to focus on?
Decreasing self blame and on helping women become aware of alternatives to the abusive
relationship.
82
With abusive couples, what are some reasons to conduct individual therapy? Couples
therapy? When might be most appropriate to conduct couples therapy?
Reasons to conduct individual instead of couples treatment include. 1) changing the
interactional patterns that typically precede aggression and 2) if th treatment included husbands
and wives, wives might believe they were partly responsible for the aggression perpetrated
against them, and 3) it may be difficult to accurately assess a woman_s motivation to continue
the relationship with her spouse present.Couples therapy include 1) changing the interactional patterns that typically precede aggression
and 2) teaching both partners the same techniques and information so they are sure of the
therapist_s conceptualization of the problem. And they both implement the various techniques.
83
What are two reasons the book describes for why having a job might be important to help
prevent abuse and/or leave an abusive relationship?
Financial means and less social isolation.
84
Do the authors believe arresting abusers is a good idea? Why or why not?
No but it depends on the severity. The data is very mixed on the impact of arresting abusers.
85
Following sexual assault, what percentage of women demonstrated PTSD symptoms the following
week? Three months later?
94% after one week and 47% after 3 months.
86
How did the Michigan Criminal Sexual Code broaden the understanding of rape?
The definition of rape to include additional assaultive acts; extended protection to
separated spouses and males; eliminated the requirement of resistance; and restricted use
of the victim_s sexual history against her.
87
What is Dr. Maletzky_s definition of sexual assault?
The use of force or threat to compel sexual acts.
88
In a survey by Russell (1988), what percentage of married women said they_ve been raped by their
husbands?
14%
89
True or False? Most sexual assault also involves physical violence.
FALSE
90
Which is more likely physically violent, stranger rape or acquaintance rape? Why?
Acquaintance rape because stranger rape is more likely to involve a weapon.
91
If a woman is approached by a potential sexual assaulter, what type of response_pleading, fleeing, or
physically resisting_is most likely to lead to a rape actually occurring?
Completed rapes were more likely when w woman used only pleading and if her main
concern was avoiding rape rather than avoiding harm.
92
In a study by Abramson & Hayashi (1984), which industrialized country had the highest rate of sexual
assault?
The United States of America is has three times the rate of England and Germany.
93
What demographic characteristics place someone at risk to commit sexual assault?
Young and low SES
94
What psychological characteristics place someone at risk to commit sexual assault?
Accepting rape myths and traditional gender roles, hypermasculinity profile, dominance
and impulsivity
95
In a study by Malamuth (1988), what percentage of college men who previous had not committed
sexual assault reported they would rape if they knew they would not get caught?
21%
96
How do rapists differ from other sexual offenders?
They are younger, more likely to have committed a nonsexual crime, have poorer
treatment outcomes, show more arousal on the plethysmograph to aggressive sexual
scenes, and can be distinguished on newly developed scales testing cognitive style and
thinking distortions.
97
Describe the relationship between testosterone levels and rape.
There is none
98
Describe the feminist understanding of sexual assault. What is the support for and against this theory?
It_s about power and the nonsexual aspects of rape. It is hard to distinguish rapists
based on speculation about motives. More and acto f aggression than lust. Epidemiological
studies and surveys and sexual arousal assessments provide some support. But fails to
account for male victims.
99
Describe the example given of how behavioral principles might explain how a man might come to feel
attraction toward his live-in girlfriend_s 12-year-old daughter.
Through the pairing of stimuli.
100
Do patriarchal societies tend to have more or less sexual aggression?
Yes, society that worships a male deity and glorifies male strength increases a women_s
potential to be sexually assaulted.
101
What are ways Dr. Maletzky describes that sexual offenders often have distorted thinking?
Because humans have the capacity to plan, ponder, and interpret their actions.
They deny the act occurred, was nonconsensual, created any ill effects upon the victim.
102
According to Maletzky (1994), what percentage of rapists were abused as children?
30 to 20%
103
What is relapse prevention? What was the relapse prevention plan for the man whose wife sometimes
left town?
Identifying triggering stimuli, including emotions and events, is a firsts tep in devising
options to block it to divert it to positive ends.
104
What are the three facets of cognitive therapy for sexual offenders?
Identifying cognitive distortions, relapse prevention, and empathy training.
105
Describe the covert sensitization approach to treat sexual offending and an example Dr. Maletzky
provides.
An offender is taught relaxation techniques and asked to imagine, under relaxation,
scenes combining inappropriate arousal with adverse consequences.
106
Describe aversive behavioral rehearsal.
The offender is asked to demonstrate the crime using anatomically correct, life size
human dolls and is often videotaped. Having to view it again on tape creates a painful and
embarrassing experience for the aggressive offender, makes private shameful act public,
and usually results in diminished arousal to deviant stimuli.
107
Describe vicarious sensitization.
Offender views videotaped vignettes typically with negative content, offender gets
attacked by victims neighbors, female victim describes revenge.
108
Describe depa-Provera and whether or not it_s been effective in treating sexual offenders.
80 to 95% do not reoffend and these are the worst offenders. Depa provera is
progesterone.
109
What is one problem Dr. Maletzky sees in the reviews of whether or not treatment works for sexual
offenders?
Analysis of outcome data thus far is the failure to separate offender subgroups. Failure
to use equivalent randomly assigned comparison groups inadequate follow up periods, and
small sample sizes.
110
What is Dr. Reidel_s definition of homicide? The Modal Penal Code_s definition of criminal
homicide?
The killing of one human being by the act procurement or omission of another.
The term homicide is neutral; that is, the killing of another is behavior without
judgment as to it_s moral or legal quality.
111
What is manslaughter?
A person is guilty of criminal homicide if he purposely, knowingly, recklessly, or
negligently causes the death of another human being.
112
What is felony murder?
When murder is committed in the course of a rape or robbery.
113
What_s the legal distinction between an aggravated assault and a murder? Behaviorally,
what_s the difference between the two?
a Dead victim. Nothing.
114
In a comparison of United States homicide rates against 12 other _comparable_ countries
from 1966 to 1988, how does the United States compare?
2 to 3 times higher than the next highest country.
115
What does modernization theory predict about the development of countries and crime?
Societies at different stages will show different patterns reflecting differences
in criminal motivations, controls, and opportunities.
116
What does Gartner (1997) suggest about how culture relates to crime?
societies conducive to low ratees of violence have strong systems of informal
social control and highly consensual normative systems, strong networks of
communal obligation, and cultural orientations that discourage interpersonal
aggression. Collectivist rather than individualistic principles.
117
What myth does Dr. Reidel want to dispel about homicide?
That homicide is the work of a scheming and diabolical killer who leaves the
police with a dead body. The most serious of criminal offenses is frequently caused
by the most trivial of events.
118
What demographic group is most at risk to commit homicide?
Young African American male places the person in the highest risk category.
119
What types of situations do homicides by females generally involve?
Spouses and lovers are the most likely killers of females.
120
What drug is most commonly associated with murder?
Alcohol.
121
How does Dr. Reidel characterize the relationship between cocaine use and homicide?
Marijuana?
Chronic use of cocaine in powdered or smokable forms sometimes leads to
mental states in which aggressive and violent behavior is expressed. Violent
human behavior is either decreased or unaffected by cannabis use.
122
What are the two forms of violence associated with the drug trade? Which accounts for
more homicide?
Economic violence, occurs when some drug users obtain money to buy drugs
by robberies. Systemic violence, occurs in disputes over marketing practices.
123
What percentage of homicide involves firearms?
60%
124
According to a study by Sheley & Wright (1995), what percentage of urban male youth
carries a gun most of the time?
12%
125
Describe how easily the male youth in the Sheley & Wright (1995) study said it would be to
obtain a gun.
41%
126
Why does Dr. Reidel say legislation and regulation of legal firearm sales will likely have little
effect?
Given this informal network of people who can provide firearms, legislation
and regulation of legal firearms is likely to have little effect.
127
Is the average person more likely to be killed by someone s/he knows or a stranger?
by someone they know.
128
How well do murderers and their victims usually know each other?
11% are family members, 33.9% are friends ect. Acquaintances are the single
largest category.
129
Who is more likely to kill their infant, a mother or a father?
Mother.
130
Is the rate of homicide among married couples increasing or decreasing? Why?
Declining. People are waiting to get married and young people are more
violent. There is increased social awareness about spousal abuse. Increases in
legal consequence for spousal abuse.
131
Does Dr. Reidel say that arrest and conviction effectively deters homicide? Why or why not?
No, because one third of all murders go unsolved.
132
Describe Furman v. Georgia (1972) and what effect it seemed to have on deterring
homicide.
In 1972 the supreme court rules the death penalty unconstitutional. 600
offenders were taken off death row.
The imposition of the death penalty appears not to prevent significantly more
murders.
133
What are factors Dr. Levin lists to explain the high murder rate in the United States?
Guns, income inequality (poverty) subculture of violence, exlipse of community,
excessive national publicity. Guns, handguns is the biggest prob
134
How does the United States_ murder rate compare to other Western industrialized
countries?
USA 5.5, spain 2.9, sweden 2.0, canada 1.8, Italy 1.1, Japan 1.1, switzerland 1.0 per
100,000.
135
How does the United States murder rate compare to England? Assault rates? What
accounts for these?
Much much higher than england, Assualt rates are almost the same. Guns. Rape is
much higher in USA than england. Our non gun homicede is stil higher than other
countries.
136
How/why does Dr. Levin think income inequality plays a role in the murder rate?
Less opportunities for the middle class. The middle class is disarppearing
137
What is the crime rate of immigrants compared to Americans?
Very low crime rate compared to Americans. Poverty has a great impact on homicide
rates than imigration. Imigration can over come the impacts of poverty
138
When does familicide tend to increase in America?
Unemployment. When someone is out of work. husband and father are more likely to
committe familicide. They either blame their family or want to protect their family.
139
Who kills children more than anybody else? When?
Their parents. During the course of a custody battle.
140
Describe how the subculture of violence relates to the United States homicide rate.
Many homicides take place over an argument. Verbal escalates to physical. These are
the most common types of homicide.
141
Where do homicides tend to occur within America?
appen in the deep south. People care guns and protect their honnor. Even verbal
challenge. These places also have a lot of poverty.
142
Describe how the eclipse of community relates to the murder rate.
Mass shootings don_t happen in the deep south. They happen in states with a lot of
strangers. The weird crimes happen in CA. No one is from CA. Many people don_t have
their support system in place. We are much more alone than we use to be.
Mass shootings don_t happen in the deep south. They happen in states with a lot of
strangers. The weird crimes happen in CA. No one is from CA. Many people don_t have
their support system in place. We are much more alone than we use to be.
143
Describe how publicity plays a role in violence
WE give violene too much publicity, copycat killers, publicity as a motive for killing,
ciminals become celebrities. Infamy is a motive. They want to be seen as real men.
144
Why does Dr. Levin believe the rise in school shootings with multiple victims in the
late 1990s decreased in the early 2000s?
We turned our attention to the 9/11, we broke the culture of silence, spoke out against
bullying.
145
Why does Dr. Levin say the murder rate went up in the 1960s and 1970s? Why did it
jump up again in the mid-1980s?
Baby boomers, were teenagers and young adults. Then the baby boomers grew up. In
the middle 80_s the war on drugs caused a vacum.
146
Murder by what type of weapon accounts for the rise in homicide in the 1980s?
Guns in big cities.
147
What was New York city_s response to youth violence? Boston_s?
Zero tolerance in NY you arrest them over small things, The partnership model in
Boston community police colaborated with the community, summer jobs.
148
How have gangs changed since the 1950s?
Their violnce has increased over the years, there are a lot more gangs. Members are
older and more likely to carry a gun. They fill the vacum that is left by the withdrawl of
adults in thier lives. Less supervision of teenagers.
149
What does Dr. Levin say has caused the increase in gang membership?
They fill the vacum that is left by the withdrawl of adults in thier lives. Less supervision
of teenagers.
150
When do teenagers commit most of their crimes? Adults?
After school is over and before parents get home from school. No supervision.
151
How does race/ethnicity and gender relate to killing?
White middle age men are mass murders. 91% of all murders are by men. As for race
single victim murder is mainly young blacks in poverty
152
What does Dr. Levin think would happen to the crime rate if we eliminated children_s
exposure to media violence? Why?
We would still have a high level of street crime becaue of the poverty and lack of
opportunities. These violence is a means to an end.
153
How does Dr. Levin think schools could help reduce the crime rate?
After school programs, longer school hours, teaching basic skills, like reading or math.
154
What is a sexual homicide?
Murders with evidence demonstrating a sexual component to the crime.
155
How does Douglas define serial murder? Egger? Hickey?
Serial murder as three or more separate homicidal events in three or more separate
locations with a cooling off period in between.
156
In a review of serial murderers in the last 200 years by Hickey, what percentage were
female?
In a review of serial murders over almost 200 years, Hickey found that 17 % were female.
157
Do the majority of serial murderers commit sexual offenses, too?
Not all serial murderers commit murders that are sexual in nature, although the majority
do.
158
Describe the difference between spree killings and mass murder.
Spree serial killing involve two or more murders at separate locations with no cooling off
period between acts.
159
Of the preceding types of killers, who cares who their victims are?
Mass murderers and the spree murderer.
160
Describe the two types of sex murderers.
The vindictive or displaced anger murderer and the sadistic or lust murderer.
161
Describe organized vs. disorganized serial killers
Organized crimes are planned, conscious, methodical acts in which the victim is typically
not known. Disorganized crimes are spontaneous, unplanned acts often against a known
victim.
162
Describe the Uniform Crime Report.
The first official system developed for the classification of homicide in the United States. It
provides information about age, race, sex of victims and offenders, type of weapons used,
and situations in which the killings took place.
163
As of 1990, how many serial killers did the FBI predict exist in the United States?
35 to 70
164
What race are most serial killers? Gender? Age?
White, male, less than 35 years old.
165
Describe characteristics of typical serial killing victims.
Being vulnerable and easy to control. Young women, children, prostitutes, hitchhikers,
and vagrants.
166
How does a serial killers_ weapon typically differ from other homicides?
More often kill by such hands on methods as mutilation asphyxiation strangulation,
beating or bludgeoning.
167
How does the crime scene of a serial killer often differ from other homicides?
Evidence of bondage. Use of stage, props, costumes, and sometimes a script to be
followed for the sadistic activities.
168
How doe serial killing by females differ from by males?
Unlike male serial killers, sexual gratification was rarely found to be an aspect of these
women_s crimes.
169
Describe the educational and occupational of sexual murderers as found in Ressler_s
(1988) study.
Most offenders had poor work histories in unskilled jobs and only 20 percent had ever
held steady jobs. Most dropped out of high school. Performance fell far short of potential.
170
What types of jobs do sadistic offenders often take?
Jobs that have the qualities of offering control over others or connections with suffering
and death.
171
Are most sexual murderers heterosexual or homosexual?
Most sexual murderers are heterosexual but sexual dysfunction discomfort with ordinary
sexual relations and paraphilias of a non sadistic nature.
172
What two things might someone from a sociocultural perspective suggest lead (in
part) to serial or sexual homicide?
Violent pornography may be contributory in the vulnerable, acceptance of mass media
violence plays a role in sexual violence. Devaluation of life, climate of apathy in society.
Lowers individuals resistance to aggressive and sexual drives.
173
What does it mean that serial killing might be a compulsion?
The need to commit the sexually murderous act as compelling and likely to be repeated.
174
Describe the evidence that violent fantasy plays an important role in serial and
sexual murders. How might classical conditioning play a role in this?
Significantly more serial murderers had violent fantasies 85% vs 23%.
175
Describe the five factors in Burgess_ motivational model for sexual homicide and the
evidence for each.
Impaired early attachments, early psycho logic trauma, patterned responses that generate
fantasy, a violent fantasy life, and a feedback filter that nourishes repetitive thinking
patterns. There is evidence of physical and sexual abuse in close to half of the killers and
a higher percentage of emotional neglect.
176
What did Ressler et al_s (1988) study on sexual murderers find?
50% had families with a criminal history and over 50% had members with psychiatric
problems. 70% of families had histories of alcohol abuse, and one third of the families had
histories of drug abuse. 74% had been emotionally abused, 42% physically abused and
43% sexually abused.
177
What did Revitch emphasize about the family histories of sexually violent men?
Presence of disturbed family functioning in sexually violent men, particularly centered
around the mother. Such problems as maternal overprotection, infantilization, seductive
behaviors towrd the son, and even outright rejection of the son .
178
Are serial killers dumber than the average person?
Majority of serial killers have an average to superior level of intelligence.
179
Describe mental health issues that serial murderers do and do not have.
Generally mental health professionals diagnose serial and sexual murderers as
psychopaths.
180
What is required for a successful insanity defense? How often is it successful with
serial murderers?
Convincing the jury that the sadistic acts of murder are the product of psychotic thinking
to the degree that the defendant did not know the nature and quality of his acts or their
wrongfulness, or was unable to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.
