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Biology 101 > TEST TWO STUDY GUIDE > Flashcards

TEST TWO STUDY GUIDE Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Genetic code for DNA

A

A-T, C-G

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2
Q

What is the Genetic code for RNA

A

A-U, C-G

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3
Q

Codons are made up of how many letters?

A

3`

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4
Q

Start codon

A

site where protein translation initiates (AUG).

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5
Q

Stop codon

A

marks termination of translation process (UAG, UAA, UGA).

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6
Q

Telemeres

A

Endcaps on individual strands, protect and organize chromosomes.

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7
Q

Transcription

A

DNA —> mRNA through
Initiation, Elongation, and termination. Copying genetic information.

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8
Q

Translation

A

mRNA —-> proteins. Using info on mRNA strand and constructing a protein through
Initiation, elongation, and termination.

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9
Q

mRNA

A

messenger that transcribes info, leaves nucleus, and moves to ribosomes.

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10
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA - workbench to assemble proteins (polypeptide chains)

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11
Q

tRNA

A

transport RNA - moves amino acids to ribosomes, contains anti-codons

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12
Q

Cell division

A

used for growth, repair, and maintenance.

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13
Q

Genes are ____ of DNA that do what?

A

Segments of DNA that code for a specific functional molecule (protein or RNA)

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14
Q

Duplicated chromosomes are composed of what?

A

Two sister chromatids

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15
Q

Why is DNA compacted?

A

For necessary chromosomal segregation during mitosis.

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16
Q

Built-in checkpoints do what in cellular division?

A

Allow problems to be corrected before cycle proceeds

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17
Q

Mitosis system steps are:

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis (PMATC)

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17
Q

Prophase

A

nucleus breaks down, chromosomes condense

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18
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up, filaments attach to create sister chromatids

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19
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids pull apart chromosome

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20
Q

Telophase

A

New nuclear membranes form, filaments die (not needed)

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21
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Final division of the cell

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22
Q

Interphase

A

Before Mitosis, prepares cell for division. Three phases: G1, S1, and G2.

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23
Q

Interphase: G1 phase (first gap)

A

cell is getting building blocks of chromosomal DNA and accumulating energy to replicate nucleus.

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24
Q

Interphase: S phase (synthesis)

A

DNA replication that results in identical pairs of DNA molecules

25
Q

Interphase: G2 phase (second gap)

A

replinishes energy stores, synthesizes proteins for chromosomal manipulation.

26
Q

When does cancer occur?

A

Checkpoints break down during cell division.

27
Q

What does meiosis do?

A

For sexual reproduction, produces four genetically unique daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes of parent cell. Specifically designed for sex cells (games like sperm or egg).

28
Q

What happens in meiosis I?

A

Homologous chromosomes seperate

29
Q

What happens in meiosis II?

A

Sister chromatids seperate, resulting in 4 daughter cells.

30
Q

Only _____ cells are ______.

A

only haploid cells are gametes

31
Q

The body of an organism is _____

32
Q

What did Gregor Mendel do, and how did he do it?

A

Discovered genetic inheritance through experimentation with pea plants.

33
Q

Continuous variation

A

different results of genes (human height)

34
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

inherited traits (white vs. purple flowers).

35
Q

Hybridization

A

mating two true-breeding individuals w/ different traits such as tall v. short.

36
Q

F1:
F2:
P:

A

First, second, parental generation.

37
Q

Trait

A

visible variation of physical appearance

38
Q

Probability basics

A

probability a trait will occur

39
Q

Allele

A

gene variants that arise by mutation, exist at same relative locations on homologous chromosomes

40
Q

Phenotype

A

physical trait shown by organism

41
Q

Genotype

A

underlying genetic makeup, visible AND non-expressed alleles.

42
Q

Homozygous

A

2 identical alleles for a gene

43
Q

Heterozygous

A

genotype reflects different alleles for gene

44
Q

Mendel’s law of segregation

A

paired unit factors must segregate into equal number of gametes so that offspring can inherit either

45
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

genes do not influence each other with regard to sorting alleles into gametes

46
Q

Chromosomal Theory of inheritance

A

chromosomes are responsible for Mendelian inheritance

47
Q

Homologous recombination

A

homologous chromosomes undergo reciprocal changes, “crossing over”

48
Q

Nonparental Types

A

genetic combination are different from their parents

49
Q

Parental types

A

descendant exhibits same allelic combination as their parents

50
Q

Recombination frequency

A

average number of crossovers b/n two alleles

51
Q

Inherited disorders occur when?

A

When chromosomes behave abnormally during MEIOSIS

52
Q

Karyotype

A

number and appearance of chromosomes, shown in karyogram

53
Q

Autosomes

A

body chromosomes, organized largest to smallest

54
Q

Translocations

A

segment of genetic material breaks from one chromosome and reattaches to another, or different part of the same chromosome

55
Q

Nondisjunction

A

when homologous chromosome pairs or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis

56
Q

Monosomy

A

losing a chromosome

57
Q

Trisomy

A

gaining a chromosome

58
Q

X-inactivation

A

visible in cats, one of two X chromosomes in female’s cells is inactivated during embryonic development

59
Q

Chromosome inversion

A

detachment and reinsertion of part of a chromosome

Biology 101 (6 decks)

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