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A&P > Test Two > Flashcards

Test Two Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of tissues

A

Muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

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2
Q

What is epithelial tissue

A

It covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways or form glands

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3
Q

What are cams

A

Transmembrane proteins thst proceed through the cell membrane and can combine to cams to form other cells or to the basil lamina

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4
Q

What are cell junctions

A

Specialized areas of bound or interlocking membranes

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5
Q

What are the three types of junctions

A

Tight, gap, desosomes

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6
Q

What are tight junctions

A

Band of tranmembraneous proteins that produce a waterproof barrier.

They don’t let polar substances pass btwn

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7
Q

Desosomes

A

Plaques reinforced by intermediate filaments. Found in areas subject to much mechanical stress (skin and heart tissue)

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8
Q

Attachments of ET

A

Hemidesosomes attach epithelia to basement membrane.

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9
Q

What makes up the basement layer

A

Lucinda and Densa. Holds cells to connective tissue

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10
Q

What are the main functions of ET

A

Physical protection, selective permeability, provide sensation, and specialized secretions

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11
Q

What are the two types of glandular tissues

A

endocrine glands: secrete hormones into the bloodstream

exocrine glands: cells that secrete sweat, wax, saliva, and digestive emzymes

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12
Q

Wha are the 3 modes of secretion?

A

merocrine (most glands): release products by exocytosis

apocrine: milk glands- pinches off and repairs itself
halocrine: oil glands- cells die and rupture to release their products

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13
Q

How is ET classified?

A

By the arrangement of cells into layers and by shape of surface cells.

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14
Q

Simple squamous

A

single layer of flat cells.

  • lines blood vessels & body cavities
  • thin and controls diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
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15
Q

simple cuboidal

A

single layer of cubes shaped cells

  • lines tubules of kidney
  • absorption or secretion
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16
Q

ciliated simple columnar

A

single layer of rectangular cells with cilia

-found in respiratory system and uterine tubes

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17
Q

pseudostratified columnar

A

single cell layer, all attached to basement layer

  • nuclei and varying depths
  • respiratory system, male urethra and epididymis
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18
Q

stratified squamous

A

layers of squamous cells

  • typical of linings which are exposed to mechanical stress
  • ectodermal origin
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19
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

multilayered

-only found in ducts of sweat and mammary glands

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20
Q

what is connective tissue

A

it is the structural framework for the body.
it protects, insulates and compartmentalizes body structures. derived from embryologic mesoderm
-vary is consistency
-have specialized cells and a martix

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21
Q

fribroblasts

A

present in all CT secretes glycosaminoglycans and collagen

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22
Q

macrophages

A

engulf and digest foreign bodies and damaged cells

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23
Q

adipocytes

A

store fat

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24
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

stem cells utilized for tissue repair

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25
Q

melanocytes

A

synthesize and secrete melanin

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26
Q

mast cell

A

found near blood vessels and release histamine ti promote inflammatory process

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27
Q

lympocytes

A

destroy substances and some become plasma cells and produce antibodies

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28
Q

microphags

A

WBC’s that leave the blood stream to enter damaged tissue

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29
Q

What is a ground substance?

A

fills space between cells can be liquid, gel, or solid

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30
Q

what are Proteogycans

A

complex carbs

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31
Q

what is fibronectin

A

connects the ground substance to protein fibers

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32
Q

what are the three types of protein fibers

A

collagen, reticular, elastic

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33
Q

what are collagen fibers

A

(most common) unbranched fibers wound together to provide tensile strength

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34
Q

what are recticular fibers

A

single branched fiber forms stroma (spider web)

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35
Q

what are elastic fibers

A

unbranched wavy fibers of elastin- stretch and recoil

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36
Q

what is embryonic ct

A

contains mesenchymal cells with fine reticular fibers- forms into adult ct

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37
Q

what is ct proper

A

found throughout the body with variable amount of cell

- can be loose or dense

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38
Q

what is loose connective tissue

A

functions as packing material to cushion and stabilize organs

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39
Q

what are the three type of connective tissue

A

areolar, adipose, and reticular

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40
Q

what is areolar ct

A

separated skin from deeper layers and has extensive blood and nerve supply

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41
Q

what is adapose

A

used as cushioning and heat-loss barrier. white fat in adults

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42
Q

what is reticular ct

A

network of fibers that produce framework known as stroma

-holds organs together

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43
Q

what is dense ct

A

it contains more fibers but less cells. packed with collagen

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44
Q

what are the 3 types of dense ct

A

dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic ct

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45
Q

dense regular `

A

fibers are aligned in one direction

  • tendons: attach muscle to bone
  • ligaments: attach bone to bone
  • aponeurosis: broad flat tendinous sheath
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46
Q

dense irregular

A 
interwoven fiber in diff directions 
tough tissue(whites of eyeballs, dermis of skin)
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47
Q

elastic ct

A

dense array of fibers but majority are elastic. can stretch and return to original shape
lung tissue, vocal cord

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48
Q

fluid ct: blood

A

connective tissue with a liquid matrix(plasma)
-RBCs
-WBCs
platelets

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49
Q

Fluid CT lymph

A

contains less protein than plasma.

  • Alerts immune system to infections
  • move cells from one part of the body to another
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50
Q

Supportive CT

A

strong matrix with numerous fibers designed to support and protect. Can handle physical loads with permanent deformation

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51
Q

what are the 2 types of supportive ct

A

cartilage and bone

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52
Q

what is the main cell of cartilage

A

chondrocytes

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53
Q

is cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

avascular; waste products must diffuse through matrix=slow healing time

54
Q

what does cartilage grow?

A

typically only during childhood development

55
Q

interstitial growth

A

chondrocytes divide increasing the length of cartilage

56
Q

appositional growth

A

chondroblasts from inner layer of perichonrium divide increasing the width of the cartilage

57
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

58
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most common form.

btwn ribs and sternum.

59
Q

elastic cartilage

A

mainly elastic fibers

- seen in epiglottis and ear lobes

60
Q

fibrocartilage

A

strongest cartilage.
contains interwoven collagen fibers
serves as padding of discs and meniscus

61
Q

what are osteocytes

A

maintain blood supply and remain metabolically active throughout life.

  • no interstitial growth
  • bones increase in length owing to cartilaginous growth plate
62
Q

what is a mucous membrane

A

lines a body cavity that opens to the outside

- mouth, vagina, anus, GI and urinary tract

63
Q

what is a serous membrane

A

lines a body cavity that does not open to the outside, such as abdominal cavity

  • membrane on walls of cavity
  • membrane over organs in the cavity
64
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

covers body surfaces (skin)

65
Q

synovial membranes

A

line joint cavities of all freely movable joints

66
Q

fasciae

A

connective tissue is wrapped around the body in a framework

-serves as a route for blood and nerve supply

67
Q

superficial fasciae

A

btwn skin and underlying organs composed of areolar ct and adipose

68
Q

deep fasciae

A

strong fibrous dense ct serving as capsules, periosteum, tendons, and ligaments

69
Q

subserous fasciae

A

a layer of areolar ct btwn deep fascia and serous membranes.
- protects delicate serous tissue from muscular activity``

70
Q

what is muscle tissue

A

tissue for contraction to provide tension or movement, cells that shorten, provide us with motion, posture, and heat

71
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

72
Q

what is skeletal muscle

A

muscle fibers are large, contain striations .
amitotic- fiber cannot divide
voluntary control

73
Q

what is smooth muscle

A
  • spindle shaped cells with a single central nuclei
  • walls of hollow organs
  • involuntary
  • can regenerate
74
Q

what is cardiac muscle

A
  • branched cylinders with one central nuclei
  • involuntary and contain striations
  • attached to and communicate with each other by intercalated discs with desmosomes and gap junctions
75
Q

What is nerve tissue

A

functions as messaging impulses aging system by conducting

76
Q

parts of the nerve

A

cell body (soma), dendrites, axons

77
Q

neuroglia

A

cells that physically and nutritionally support neurons. Help with neuron repair.

78
Q

inflammatory process

A

initiated by histamines, bringing in WBC’s

  • rubor-redness
  • calor- heat
  • tumor- swelling
  • dalor- pain
79
Q

regeneration

A

replacing damaged tissue and breaching injury gap

80
Q

what does all regeneration begin with

A

fibroblasts laying down new collagen matrix

81
Q

1st intention healing

A

active tissue replaced damaged cells with like cells. stem cells fill the gap

82
Q

2nd intention healing

A

injured gap is filled with granulation tissue and fibrosis (scarring)

83
Q

what happens with age

A

aging results in incomplete regeneration

84
Q

What are the various functions of the skeletal system

A

Support, protection, movement, storage for minerals, triglyceride storage

85
Q

Part of long bone: diaphysis

A

Shaft, holds the yellow bone marrow. Made up of osteons

86
Q

Long bone: epiphysis

A

Tips of long bone made of spongy bone with osteons.

87
Q

Long bone: metaphysis

A

Region which joins the epiphysis to the diaphysis and contains the growth plate

88
Q

Long bone: articular cartilage

A

Tips of epiphysis which articulate with other bones. Will contain hyaline cartilage.

Shock absorption
Reduce friction

89
Q

Long bone: periosteum

A

Outermost later covering the whole bone. Serves as a site of attachment for tendons and ligaments.

90
Q

Endosteum

A

Incomplete cellular layer inning the medullary cavities and participated in bone growth, repair and remodeling

Osteogenic cells are present to replace bone
Osteoclasts present in endoderm spaces to breakdown bone

91
Q

What are the 4 cells in bone

A

Osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

92
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Stem cells which differentiate into osteoblasts. Important for growth and repair

93
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Responsible for osteogenesis by synthesizing both osteoid matrix and collagen. After laying down osteoid material, they mature to osteocytes.

94
Q

Osteocytes

A

Are the mature bone cells that sit in lacunae and communicate via canaliculi to help maintain bone metabolism by exchanging nutrients and wastes.

95
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Multinucleated macrophage form from 59 monocytes and released both acid and lysosomal enzymes to perform bone resorption. Osteoclasts sit in spaces with in endosteum.

96
Q

Osteon

A

Fictional unit of compact bone. Consisting of calcified lamellae of bone tissue surrounding a vertically oriented blood vessel

97
Q

Lacunae

A

Region between lamellae which house osteocytes

98
Q

Canaliculi is

A

Canals through which osteocytes send cytoplasmic extensions to communicate with other osteocytes and the blood supply

99
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

development of the bone directly from embryonic CT, and is associated with flat bones such as skull, mandible, and clavicle

100
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

more common in which the bones form from hyaline cartilage, and then becomes replaced by osteoid tissue

101
Q

what is the role of calcitonin

A

released in response to high blood calcium and serves to lower the calcium level by storing more in the bone

  • inhibits osteoclast activity
  • increases the rate of Ca excretion in kidneys
102
Q

what is the role of parathyroid hormone?

A

released in response to low blood Ca and serves to raise the Ca level at the expense of Ca loss from bone.

  • stimulates osteoclast activity
103
Q

what are the different types of fractures?

A

open (compound), closed, greenstick, comminuted, pott’s, colles’, stress, impacted

104
Q

what are the 4 stages of fracture healing

A

hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus, boney callus, bone remodeling

105
Q

What is the cutaneous membrane and what is it’s function?

A

its the skin and the main functions are protection, excretion, maintenance of body temp, VD synthesis, storage of lipids, detect environmental change

106
Q

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis

A

corneum, lucidum (thick skin), granulosum, spinosum, basale

107
Q

whats cells are present in the basale layer of the epidermis

A

keratinocytes= produce keratin (main cell), merkel cells= sensory receptors, melanocytes= produce melanin,

108
Q

what cells are present in the spinosum

A

langerhan cells= form bone marrow and provide immunity

109
Q

what are the potential effects of UV exposure to the skin

A

increases melanin production

110
Q

what is vitiligo

A

an autoimmune loss of melanocytes in areas of the skin

111
Q

what is cornification

A

process of keratinization occurring on all body surfaces

112
Q

Insensible perspiration

A

not felt, responsible for removing about 1 pt of water a day through osmosis

113
Q

sensible perspiration

A

through active sweat glands to cool the body by evaporation

114
Q

what is the papillary region

A

top 20% of dermis. composed of loose CT and elastics fibers, projections called papillae (fingerprints), anchors epidermis to dermis

115
Q

what is the reticular region

A

dense irregular CT. interlaced. gives its skin its elasticity, packed with oil glands, sweat glands, fat and hair follicles

116
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

made of of loose CT. Blood resevoir, fat, vitamin a storage

117
Q

where is the medulla

A

inner most layer of the hair

118
Q

where is the hair cuticle

A

outermost layer of hair

119
Q

where is the hair cortex

A

middle layer of hair

120
Q

what is responsible what hair color

A

the result of melanin produced in melanocytes in the hair bulb

121
Q

what causes gray hair

A

a result of decline in melanin production

122
Q

what causes white hair

A

air bubbles in the medullary shaft

123
Q

what is alopecia

A

autoimmune disease that attacks the hair follicles where hair growth begins

124
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

oil glands, most open onto hair shafts= keeps hair from drying out,

125
Q

Sudoriferous glands

A

sweat glands, eccrine= most areas of the skin, apocrine= armpit and pubic region

126
Q

4 phases of deep wound healing

A

inflammatory phase, migratory phase, proliferative phase, maturation phase

127
Q

role of fibroblasts in deep wound healing

A

create scabs

128
Q

1st degree burns

A

through superficial epidermis (sunburn)

129
Q

2nd degree burns

A

through entire epidermis, blisters form

130
Q

3rd degree burns

A

through dermis. damaged area is numb due to loss of sensory nerves

131
Q

what are the three common forms of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell, malignant melanomas

132
Q

effects of aging on the skin

A

collagen fibers decrease in number and stiffness, fibroblasts decrease in number, oil glands shrink, less sweat glands, decrease function of the melanocytes, decrease blood flow

A&P (2 decks)

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