Test Two Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four types of tissues
A
Muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective
2
Q
What is epithelial tissue
A
It covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways or form glands
3
Q
What are cams
A
Transmembrane proteins thst proceed through the cell membrane and can combine to cams to form other cells or to the basil lamina
4
Q
What are cell junctions
A
Specialized areas of bound or interlocking membranes
5
Q
What are the three types of junctions
A
Tight, gap, desosomes
6
Q
What are tight junctions
A
Band of tranmembraneous proteins that produce a waterproof barrier.
They don’t let polar substances pass btwn
7
Q
Desosomes
A
Plaques reinforced by intermediate filaments. Found in areas subject to much mechanical stress (skin and heart tissue)
8
Q
Attachments of ET
A
Hemidesosomes attach epithelia to basement membrane.
9
Q
What makes up the basement layer
A
Lucinda and Densa. Holds cells to connective tissue
10
Q
What are the main functions of ET
A
Physical protection, selective permeability, provide sensation, and specialized secretions
11
Q
What are the two types of glandular tissues
A
endocrine glands: secrete hormones into the bloodstream
exocrine glands: cells that secrete sweat, wax, saliva, and digestive emzymes
12
Q
Wha are the 3 modes of secretion?
A
merocrine (most glands): release products by exocytosis
apocrine: milk glands- pinches off and repairs itself
halocrine: oil glands- cells die and rupture to release their products
13
Q
How is ET classified?
A
By the arrangement of cells into layers and by shape of surface cells.
14
Q
Simple squamous
A
single layer of flat cells.
- lines blood vessels & body cavities
- thin and controls diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
15
Q
simple cuboidal
A
single layer of cubes shaped cells
- lines tubules of kidney
- absorption or secretion
16
Q
ciliated simple columnar
A
single layer of rectangular cells with cilia
-found in respiratory system and uterine tubes
17
Q
pseudostratified columnar
A
single cell layer, all attached to basement layer
- nuclei and varying depths
- respiratory system, male urethra and epididymis
18
Q
stratified squamous
A
layers of squamous cells
- typical of linings which are exposed to mechanical stress
- ectodermal origin
19
Q
stratified cuboidal
A
multilayered
-only found in ducts of sweat and mammary glands
20
Q
what is connective tissue
A
it is the structural framework for the body.
it protects, insulates and compartmentalizes body structures. derived from embryologic mesoderm
-vary is consistency
-have specialized cells and a martix
21
Q
fribroblasts
A
present in all CT secretes glycosaminoglycans and collagen
22
Q
macrophages
A
engulf and digest foreign bodies and damaged cells
23
Q
adipocytes
A
store fat
24
Q
mesenchymal cells
A
stem cells utilized for tissue repair
25
melanocytes
synthesize and secrete melanin
26
mast cell
found near blood vessels and release histamine ti promote inflammatory process
27
lympocytes
destroy substances and some become plasma cells and produce antibodies
28
microphags
WBC's that leave the blood stream to enter damaged tissue
29
What is a ground substance?
fills space between cells can be liquid, gel, or solid
30
what are Proteogycans
complex carbs
31
what is fibronectin
connects the ground substance to protein fibers
32
what are the three types of protein fibers
collagen, reticular, elastic
33
what are collagen fibers
(most common) unbranched fibers wound together to provide tensile strength
34
what are recticular fibers
single branched fiber forms stroma (spider web)
35
what are elastic fibers
unbranched wavy fibers of elastin- stretch and recoil
36
what is embryonic ct
contains mesenchymal cells with fine reticular fibers- forms into adult ct
37
what is ct proper
found throughout the body with variable amount of cell
| - can be loose or dense
38
what is loose connective tissue
functions as packing material to cushion and stabilize organs
39
what are the three type of connective tissue
areolar, adipose, and reticular
40
what is areolar ct
separated skin from deeper layers and has extensive blood and nerve supply
41
what is adapose
used as cushioning and heat-loss barrier. white fat in adults
42
what is reticular ct
network of fibers that produce framework known as stroma
| -holds organs together
43
what is dense ct
it contains more fibers but less cells. packed with collagen
44
what are the 3 types of dense ct
dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic ct
45
dense regular `
fibers are aligned in one direction
- tendons: attach muscle to bone
- ligaments: attach bone to bone
- aponeurosis: broad flat tendinous sheath
46
dense irregular
```
interwoven fiber in diff directions
tough tissue(whites of eyeballs, dermis of skin)
```
47
elastic ct
dense array of fibers but majority are elastic. can stretch and return to original shape
lung tissue, vocal cord
48
fluid ct: blood
connective tissue with a liquid matrix(plasma)
-RBCs
-WBCs
platelets
49
Fluid CT lymph
contains less protein than plasma.
- Alerts immune system to infections
- move cells from one part of the body to another
50
Supportive CT
strong matrix with numerous fibers designed to support and protect. Can handle physical loads with permanent deformation
51
what are the 2 types of supportive ct
cartilage and bone
52
what is the main cell of cartilage
chondrocytes
53
is cartilage vascular or avascular?
avascular; waste products must diffuse through matrix=slow healing time
54
what does cartilage grow?
typically only during childhood development
55
interstitial growth
chondrocytes divide increasing the length of cartilage
56
appositional growth
chondroblasts from inner layer of perichonrium divide increasing the width of the cartilage
57
what are the 3 types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
58
hyaline cartilage
most common form.
| btwn ribs and sternum.
59
elastic cartilage
mainly elastic fibers
| - seen in epiglottis and ear lobes
60
fibrocartilage
strongest cartilage.
contains interwoven collagen fibers
serves as padding of discs and meniscus
61
what are osteocytes
maintain blood supply and remain metabolically active throughout life.
- no interstitial growth
- bones increase in length owing to cartilaginous growth plate
62
what is a mucous membrane
lines a body cavity that opens to the outside
| - mouth, vagina, anus, GI and urinary tract
63
what is a serous membrane
lines a body cavity that does not open to the outside, such as abdominal cavity
- membrane on walls of cavity
- membrane over organs in the cavity
64
cutaneous membrane
covers body surfaces (skin)
65
synovial membranes
line joint cavities of all freely movable joints
66
fasciae
connective tissue is wrapped around the body in a framework
| -serves as a route for blood and nerve supply
67
superficial fasciae
btwn skin and underlying organs composed of areolar ct and adipose
68
deep fasciae
strong fibrous dense ct serving as capsules, periosteum, tendons, and ligaments
69
subserous fasciae
a layer of areolar ct btwn deep fascia and serous membranes.
- protects delicate serous tissue from muscular activity``
70
what is muscle tissue
tissue for contraction to provide tension or movement, cells that shorten, provide us with motion, posture, and heat
71
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
72
what is skeletal muscle
muscle fibers are large, contain striations .
amitotic- fiber cannot divide
voluntary control
73
what is smooth muscle
- spindle shaped cells with a single central nuclei
- walls of hollow organs
- involuntary
- can regenerate
74
what is cardiac muscle
- branched cylinders with one central nuclei
- involuntary and contain striations
- attached to and communicate with each other by intercalated discs with desmosomes and gap junctions
75
What is nerve tissue
functions as messaging impulses aging system by conducting
76
parts of the nerve
cell body (soma), dendrites, axons
77
neuroglia
cells that physically and nutritionally support neurons. Help with neuron repair.
78
inflammatory process
initiated by histamines, bringing in WBC's
- rubor-redness
- calor- heat
- tumor- swelling
- dalor- pain
79
regeneration
replacing damaged tissue and breaching injury gap
80
what does all regeneration begin with
fibroblasts laying down new collagen matrix
81
1st intention healing
active tissue replaced damaged cells with like cells. stem cells fill the gap
82
2nd intention healing
injured gap is filled with granulation tissue and fibrosis (scarring)
83
what happens with age
aging results in incomplete regeneration
84
What are the various functions of the skeletal system
Support, protection, movement, storage for minerals, triglyceride storage
85
Part of long bone: diaphysis
Shaft, holds the yellow bone marrow. Made up of osteons
86
Long bone: epiphysis
Tips of long bone made of spongy bone with osteons.
87
Long bone: metaphysis
Region which joins the epiphysis to the diaphysis and contains the growth plate
88
Long bone: articular cartilage
Tips of epiphysis which articulate with other bones. Will contain hyaline cartilage.
Shock absorption
Reduce friction
89
Long bone: periosteum
Outermost later covering the whole bone. Serves as a site of attachment for tendons and ligaments.
90
Endosteum
Incomplete cellular layer inning the medullary cavities and participated in bone growth, repair and remodeling
Osteogenic cells are present to replace bone
Osteoclasts present in endoderm spaces to breakdown bone
91
What are the 4 cells in bone
Osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
92
Osteoprogenitor cells
Stem cells which differentiate into osteoblasts. Important for growth and repair
93
Osteoblasts
Responsible for osteogenesis by synthesizing both osteoid matrix and collagen. After laying down osteoid material, they mature to osteocytes.
94
Osteocytes
Are the mature bone cells that sit in lacunae and communicate via canaliculi to help maintain bone metabolism by exchanging nutrients and wastes.
95
Osteoclasts
Multinucleated macrophage form from 59 monocytes and released both acid and lysosomal enzymes to perform bone resorption. Osteoclasts sit in spaces with in endosteum.
96
Osteon
Fictional unit of compact bone. Consisting of calcified lamellae of bone tissue surrounding a vertically oriented blood vessel
97
Lacunae
Region between lamellae which house osteocytes
98
Canaliculi is
Canals through which osteocytes send cytoplasmic extensions to communicate with other osteocytes and the blood supply
99
Intramembranous Ossification
development of the bone directly from embryonic CT, and is associated with flat bones such as skull, mandible, and clavicle
100
Endochondral ossification
more common in which the bones form from hyaline cartilage, and then becomes replaced by osteoid tissue
101
what is the role of calcitonin
released in response to high blood calcium and serves to lower the calcium level by storing more in the bone
- inhibits osteoclast activity
- increases the rate of Ca excretion in kidneys
102
what is the role of parathyroid hormone?
released in response to low blood Ca and serves to raise the Ca level at the expense of Ca loss from bone.
- stimulates osteoclast activity
103
what are the different types of fractures?
open (compound), closed, greenstick, comminuted, pott's, colles', stress, impacted
104
what are the 4 stages of fracture healing
hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus, boney callus, bone remodeling
105
What is the cutaneous membrane and what is it's function?
its the skin and the main functions are protection, excretion, maintenance of body temp, VD synthesis, storage of lipids, detect environmental change
106
what are the 5 layers of the epidermis
corneum, lucidum (thick skin), granulosum, spinosum, basale
107
whats cells are present in the basale layer of the epidermis
keratinocytes= produce keratin (main cell), merkel cells= sensory receptors, melanocytes= produce melanin,
108
what cells are present in the spinosum
langerhan cells= form bone marrow and provide immunity
109
what are the potential effects of UV exposure to the skin
increases melanin production
110
what is vitiligo
an autoimmune loss of melanocytes in areas of the skin
111
what is cornification
process of keratinization occurring on all body surfaces
112
Insensible perspiration
not felt, responsible for removing about 1 pt of water a day through osmosis
113
sensible perspiration
through active sweat glands to cool the body by evaporation
114
what is the papillary region
top 20% of dermis. composed of loose CT and elastics fibers, projections called papillae (fingerprints), anchors epidermis to dermis
115
what is the reticular region
dense irregular CT. interlaced. gives its skin its elasticity, packed with oil glands, sweat glands, fat and hair follicles
116
subcutaneous layer
made of of loose CT. Blood resevoir, fat, vitamin a storage
117
where is the medulla
inner most layer of the hair
118
where is the hair cuticle
outermost layer of hair
119
where is the hair cortex
middle layer of hair
120
what is responsible what hair color
the result of melanin produced in melanocytes in the hair bulb
121
what causes gray hair
a result of decline in melanin production
122
what causes white hair
air bubbles in the medullary shaft
123
what is alopecia
autoimmune disease that attacks the hair follicles where hair growth begins
124
Sebaceous glands
oil glands, most open onto hair shafts= keeps hair from drying out,
125
Sudoriferous glands
sweat glands, eccrine= most areas of the skin, apocrine= armpit and pubic region
126
4 phases of deep wound healing
inflammatory phase, migratory phase, proliferative phase, maturation phase
127
role of fibroblasts in deep wound healing
create scabs
128
1st degree burns
through superficial epidermis (sunburn)
129
2nd degree burns
through entire epidermis, blisters form
130
3rd degree burns
through dermis. damaged area is numb due to loss of sensory nerves
131
what are the three common forms of skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell, malignant melanomas
132
effects of aging on the skin
collagen fibers decrease in number and stiffness, fibroblasts decrease in number, oil glands shrink, less sweat glands, decrease function of the melanocytes, decrease blood flow
