Test two Flashcards
Number of Thoracic Vertebrae
12
At the end of the vertebrae. Made up of five fused bones.
Sacrum
Bones in the hand
Metacarpals
Bones in the feet
Metatarsals
The spinal cord passes through the _____ from the brain to the vertebral column.
Foramen Magnum
Average number of bones in the adult human body.
206
Average number of bones in an infants body
over 400
Longest and heaviest bone in the human body
Femer
the ordering of organisms into categories, such as orders, families, and genera, to show evolutionary relationships.
Classification
The phylum of the animal kingdom that includes vertebrates.
Chordata
Similarities between organisms based strictly on common function, with no assumed common evolutionary descent.
analogies
similarities between organisms based on decent from a common ancestor.
Homologies
Continental drift
Pangea during Paleozoic
North Half - Laurasia, South Half Gondwanaland. During Mesozoic
North America, South America, Antarctica, Australia, Madagascar, India, Africa, Eurasia
A type (subclass) of mammal. During the Cenozoic, placentals become the most widespread and numerous mammals and today are represented by upward of 20 orders, including the primates.
Placental
Egg-laying mammals
Monotremes
Pouched mammas
Marsupials
The relatively rapid expansion and diversification of life-forms into new ecological niches.
adaptive radiation
All primates see in color
and have a longer life spans
An organism’s entire way of life: where it lives, what it eats, how it gets food, how it avoids predators, and so on.
Adaptive Niche
Lemurs
The only primates, only found on Madagascar and adjacent islands of the east cost of Africa. Approximately 60 species.
Range in sizes from 5 inches to 2-3 feet
Big ones are diurnal and eat leaves, fruits, buds, bark and shoots
Small ones are nocturnal and are insectivorous
Mostly arboreal, some like ringtail are terrestrial.
Some live in groups from 10-25 of both sexes and ages, families or solitary.
Tarsiers
Five species only on the islands of South Asia.
Habitat range from tropical forest to backyard gardens.
Nocturnal insectivores live on lower branches.
Mated Pair and offspring
More closely related to lemurs and lorises.
Large immobile eyes
rotate head 180 degrees
New World Monkeys
70 species in wide
range of environments from South Mexico to Central and south America
Range in size, diet and adaptations.
12 ounces to 20 lbs
Most are arboreal one is diurnal
Two species have claws and give birth to twins.
Social groups with either mated pair or two males and one females with offspring.
Marmosets and tamarins males extensively involved in infant care.
Fruits, leaves and insects
Most quadrupedal few semibrachiators
prehensile tails
Old World Monkeys
Most widely distributed
Sub-Saharra Africa and southern Asia from tropical jungles to semiarid desert and snow-covered areas in north Japan
taxonomic family Cerocpithecidae
subfamilies cercopithecines and colobines
Most are arboreal some spend a lot of time on land but go to trees at night
Hardened skin on buttocks called ischial callosities
Cercopithecine more omnivorous
Colobine leaf eaters, small groups
Sexual dimorphism
Strepsirhini
The primate suborder that includes lemurs and lorises
Haplorhini
the primate suborder that includes tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans.
Hominoids
Members of the primate superfamily (Hominoidea) that includes apes and humans
Sexual dimorphism
Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.
Estrus
Period of sexual receptivity in nonhuman female mammals correlated with ovulation.
4 groups of Apes
Gorillas, chimpanzees, Gibbons, Orangoutangs
Which ape is solitary
Orangutan
Which ape lives in a harem
Gorilla
Adaptive niche
An organism’s entire way of life: where it lives, what it eats, how it gets food, how it avoids predators, and so on.
Dominance
systems of social organization wherein individuals within a group are ranked relative to on another. Higher-ranking animals have greater access to preferred food items and mating partners than lower-ranking individuals. Dominance hierarchies are sometimes called “pecking orders.”
Grooming
Picking through fur to remove dirt, parasites, and other materials that may be present. social grooming is common among primates and reinforces social relationships. (indicate submission or reassurance)
K-selected
An adaptive strategy whereby individuals produce relatively few offspring, in care. Although only a few infants are born only a few infants re born, chances of survival are increased for each one because of parental investments in time and energy.
R-selective
A reproductive strategy that emphasizes relatively large number of offspring and reduced parental care compared to K-selected species.
Were early Hominoids found in America.
No
Hominins
Colloquial term for member of the evolutionary group that includes modern humans and now-extinct bipedal relatives.
Adaptation of Homenin bipedalism
Still a mystery, perhaps natural selection, Hands for caring, making and using tools, wider view of surrounding, efficient means of covering long distances, and hunting large game
How old is the oldest tools.
2.6 MYA
What type of dating is not useful over 5.75 MY?
Carbon-14 dating
What is Paleomagnetism?
is based on the shifting nature of the earth’s geomagnetic pole.
K Ar
Potassium-40 Argon-40 1.25 Billion years
Lucy’s species
Australopithecus afarensis
Genus that left Africa
Homo (erectus)
Cranial capacity of Homo Erectus
700-1250cc
Average cranial capacity of Homo Habilis
631cc
Recent date in Java
100k ya
took industry
Chopper Chomping tool- oldowan
Hand Ax- acheulean
Homo erectus
No evidence of controlling fire but evidence of butchering
do tool traditions overlap
yes
