Test Two Flashcards
Hindsight Bias
The tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one have foreseen it
Overconfidence
We tend to think we know more than we do
Critical Thinking
Examines assumptions, discerns, hidden values, evaluates evidence, and accesses conclusions
Theory
A set of beliefs that explains nature through observations, and predicts behaviors or an event
Scientific Method
A process pyscologists use to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena
Whats the steps in a scientific Method
1 observation
2 form the hypothesis
3 test hypothesis (collect data) (survey)
4 analyze results
5 draw conclusion
why is replication so important when using the scientific method
Replication ensures the reliability, accuracy, and credibility of scientific findings by confirming that results are consistent and not due to chance.
Case studies
Study of one individual in great depth
Naturalistic observation
Watching and recording the behavior of an organsim in their nature environment
Labrptory observation
Study of behavior in a controlled situation
Testing method
When pyscologists usw pyscological tests to learn about human behavior
Sampling
Can’t survey an entire population so select a portion of it
Random sample
Sample of the population in which every person has an equal chance of participation
Stratified Sample
Subgroups in the population are represented proportionally in the sample
Longitudinal method
Researchers select a group of participants and observe over time often very long
Cross sectional method
The cross-sectional method is a research approach that examines different groups of people at a single point in time to identify patterns and differences.
Experiments
Many factors influence our behavior, experiments manipulate factors while other factors are kept under control
Independent variable
Variable that the researcher controls, effect of the independent variable is the focus of the study
Dependent variable
Is a factor that may change in response to the independent variable
Placebo effect
A person’s heath approves after taking a fake treatment
Experimenter bias
Experimental bias is a systematic error in research caused by factors that influence results, such as researcher expectations or flawed study design.
Single blind study
Participants don’t know whether their receiving the treatment or not
Double blind study
Participants and researchers are unaware of who has obtained the treatment
