test two Flashcards
Carlos Linnaeus
Father of binomial nomenclature(taxonomy)
1707-1778*
Taxa
whose evolutionary relationships interest you*
Clades
Determine charaters and examine the character states(which taxon does and does not have charatcers)
polarity
whether each character stateis original or derived in each taxon
outgroups
to compare with the taxa you are considering helps you determine the polarity
Synapomorphies
shared or derived characters
plesiomorphies
original or primitive characteristics
Homoplasy
convergence
Monophyletic phylogeny
contains the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants
paraphyletic group
contains the most recent common ancestors of all members and some but not all of its descendants: goal is to avoid:does not reflect real ancestry
polyphyletic
group does not contain the most recent common ancestor: goal is to avoid:does not reflect real ancestry
Phylum Porifera Characteristics
- Asymetrical
- four cell walls
- water circulations
- No tissues or organs
- most of the species are marine
Porifera cell types
- Pinacocytes
- Archeaocytes
- Choanocytes
- Mesohyl
Pinacocytes
these cells form the outer surface of the sponge and may form porocytes which regulate water circulation
Archeaocytes
these cells are amoebiod like cells that are specialized for reproduction, secreting skeletal elements(spicules) transporting and storing food, and forming contractile rings.
Collencytes
secrete fibrillar collagen
Phylum Porifera Characteristics
- Asymetrical
- four cell walls
- water circulations
- No tissues or organs
- most of the species are marine
Porifera cell types
- Pinacocytes
- Archeaocytes
- Choanocytes
- Mesohyl
Pinacocytes
these cells form the outer surface of the sponge and may form porocytes which regulate water circulation
monophyletic phylogeny
contains the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants
monophyletic phylogeny
contains the most recent common ancestor of all memebers and some but not all of its descendants.
Choanocytes
flagellated cells that have a collar like ring
flagellum creates a water current to draw water with food from the outside the sponge
mesohyl
forms a gelatinous matrix in the sponge
Phylum Cnidaria characteristics
- Radial symmery
- Tissue-level organization
- Gastrovascular cavity(one way street no anus)
- Nervous system
- Specialized cells, called nematocyst, used in defense and feeding
Class Hydrozoa
portugese man of war
Mostly marine, some freshwater
some have many polyps that are colonial
Nematocyst
mm
class Scyphozoa
medusa prominent in life history the polyp stage is small tentacles hang below the bell common name:jellyfish GFP can be attached to any protein and fold into a florescent molecule.
glowing jellyfish
helped to see microscopic images
statocyste (the ball)
tells jellyfish which way is up has oceli(eyes with lens)
class staurozoa
no medusa phase
solitary polyp body is stalked and uses an adhesive disc to attach to seaweeds
polyps reproduce sexually
nonswimming planula develops directly into a new polyp
`Class cubozoa
medusa stage is prominent
tentacles hang from corners of the bell
common name:sea wasp
class anthrozoa
polyps are colonial or solitray
medusa stage is absent
Lesser members of the superphylum : Lophotrochozoa
grow by increasing in body mass
Ciliary locomotion
often with trochophore larva
major groups include Mollusca and Annelida
phylum Mollusca
True coelomate whose members have a
head-foot
visceral mass
mantle and mantle cavity
most classes have a radula(a tounge with teeth) and a calcareous chell
size: from almost microscopic to the 900 kg Achiteuthis
head foot
contains the mouth and certain nervous and sensory structures. used for attachment and locomotion
visceral mass
contains the organs of digestion, circulation, ,reproduction and excretion. attahced to the dorsal aspect of the head-foot.
mantle
enfolds most of the body and may secrete a shell
radula
rasping structure that consists of a chitinous belt and rows of posteriorly curved teeth.
odontophore
supports the radula
class caudofoveata
wormlike molluscks
with a cylindrical, shell-less body; scale like calcareous spincles
tentacles, statocysts, crystalline style, foot, nephridia and lack eyes
lives in deep water, marine burrows
class scaphopoda
the body is enclosed in a shell that is open at both ends
tentacles are used for deposit feeding
no head
marine habitat
Class Bivalvia
body enclosed shell consisting of two valves, hinged dorsally no head or radula wegde-shaped foot habitat: marine and freshwater siphon brings both food and oxygen
class Gastropoda
shell usually colied
body symmetry distorted by torsion
some monoecious species(hermaphrodite)
lives in fresh, marine and terrestrial
Phylum Annelida: Class polychaeta
metameric(segmented), elongated, and cylindrical or oval in cross-section. Complete digestive tract paired epidermal setae with a ventral nerve cord \: over 5300 species most are marine head with eyes and tentacles parapodia bear numerous setae monoecious(hermaphrodite) and dioecious with a trochophore larval stage
Phylum Anthropoda
Metamerism
tagmatization
Metamerism
the anthropos body is often composed of a series of similar segments, each bearing a pair of appendages.
Tagmatization
permits the specialization of regions of the body for specific functions
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
all marine
lived cambrian-permian
bodies divided into3 longitudinal grooves
antennae and biramous appendages
biramous appendages
trilobite appendages consists of two lobes
–>are walking legs( digging, swimming, or as gills)
biramous
two lobes or appendages or rami
subphylum chelicerata
the body is divided into a prosoma and opisthoma; first pair of appendages is pincerlike and used for feeding.
Common names
do not tell you relationships
names can be deceiving even if they are scientific
analogous structure
characters are not from a common ancestor. instead similar structures are caused by convergent evolution. (Ex: Sharks and dolphins, birds and bats)
homologous structure
characters from a common ancestor, used in cladistics.
polyphyletic phylogeny
group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.
Phylum Ctenophora : Class Nuda ; Class Tentaculata
Biradially symmetrical Ellipsoid Shape Has comb rows \: No Tentacles ; Has Tentacles
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Worms are acoelomate
bilateral invertbrates w/o appendages
some Cnidarian-like characters
show specialization and division of labor among organs
Class Turbellaria
flatworms:
free-living(only found in class Turbellaria) and parasitic forms
Marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments
Class cestoda
Live in: humans, dogs, cats, rabbits, and other mammals
immature stages develop in crustaceans and fish
length up to 20 m (infects humans)
Phylum Nemertea
Probiscus is a long muscular tube that can be thrust out swiftly to grasp prey.
size 20 cm - 60 m
active marine predators.
Phylum Sipuncula
live in rocky tide pools and have no segmentation or setae
resemble sea cucumbers w/ no tube feet
Phylum Entoprocta
Resemble hydroid Cnidarians but have ciliated tentacles that tend to roll inward microscopic - 5 mm in length Solitary or colonial and all are stalked ciliary feeders all except one are marine found from poles to tropics
Phylum Brachiopoda
uesd to be dominant
looks like a clam, but with no foot instead, two lophophore tentacles.
Lingula
burrowing brachiopod
Mollusca (class) Solenogastres
has no shell foot is pedal groove no radula is wormlike poorly developed head burrowing marine molluks
Mollusks (class) polyplacophora
Elongated and dorsoventrally flat head reduced shell has 8 dorsal plates lives in marine tide pools chitin shell
Mollusca (class) Monoplacophora
a single arched shell(looks like a cone)
Foot broad and flat
lives in marine
Mollusca Gastropoda : slit shell
primitive gastropods
the slits are for gills
Perotrochus gouyanus found 600 ft off Curacao Netherlands
Mollusca Gastropoda Janthina
parasite of the portuguese man of war
Cone snails
Venomous
Mollusca Gastropoda Nudibranchia
slug( gsatropods without shells
use nematocyst from anemones they eat to defend themselves
Rhinophores: chemical sensor
Mollusca order Opisthobranch
the spotted sea hare
Mollusca class Cephalopoda (subclass) Coleoidea
Foot modified into a circle of tentacles and a siphon
Shell is reduced or absent
Head in line with the elongated visceral mass
all marine
Mollusca Cephalopoda Hapalochlaena lunulata
Blue ringed octopus
major neurotoxin venom is identical to tetradotoxin
can kill humans
secreted by salivary glands in octo.
giant octopus
Enteroctopus dofleini
Mollusca Cephalopoda (subclass) Nautiloidea
cambrian-recent
Annelida :Class polychaeta: Euncie viridis: Samoan palolo worm
Atoke: mainbody
epitoke: filled with gametes
both separate once a year to reproduce.
Annelida :Class polychaeta: Tomopteris sp.
effective swimmer and spends whole life in open water.
Annelida Oligocheata
few setae no parapodia that would interfere with burrowing or fossorial lifestyle no distinct head monoecious with direct development primarily freshwater and terrestrial
Annelida Oligochaeta Tubifex
Earthworm with 3000+ species
Annelida Hirudinea— Leeches
3000+ species
body=34 segments: each divided into Annuli
anterior and posterior suckers
monoecious with direct development
parapodia absent, setae are reduced or absent
freshwater, marine and terrestrial
Phylum Pogonophora::order Riftiida:Riftiidae
Riftia pachyptila
Anomalocaris
links anthropods and worms
Halkeria
links worms and brachiopods
Lesser members of the superphylum: Ecdysozoa
Grow by molting
locomotion not by cilia
common set of homeobox
Dermaptera
Earwigs
Orthoptera
Grasshopper
Order Stomatapoda Mantodea
Praying mantis
sees 16 colors of light(humans see 4)
Phasmida
walking sticks
Odenata
Damselfly
Blattodea
Cockroach and Termites
Ephemeroptera
Mayfly
Zygentoma
Silverfish
Old Order(in older literature) Isoptera
Termintes
Hemimetabolous
larve similar to adults
psocodea
parasitic lice
Hemiptera
related to bed bugs: true Bugs or cicada
Monarch Butterflys
…
holometabolous
look completely different as a larve to adult
Neuroptera
dobson fly, ant lion, stone fly
Coleoptera
God loves beetles( 400,000 species)
malpighian tubules
solutes especially K(potassium), are activly secreted into the upper tubules. Water and K acid urate follow.
Hymenoptera
honeybee or bumble bee
…
Ants
Trichoptera
caddlisflies
how do insects breath
spiracles, tracheae and taenidia(chitinous bands that stregthen the tracheae)
Lepidoptera
butterlies
Saturnides
moth
Diptera
House fly
Anopheles gambiae
mosquito (carry malaria)
Siphonaptera
fleas carry the bubonic(black) plague(where the human population actually dipped
powering an insect wing
a. wings
b. joints, contracting muscles
c. dorsoventral muscles
d. longitudinal muscles
HExapoda Insecta
the insects
Hexapoda Entognatha Collembola
Springtails
Hexapoda Class Entognatha characters
base of mouth parts lies within head capsule; mandibles have one articulation
Hexapoda Class insecta characters
base of mouth parts exposed and exiting head capsule; mandibles usually have two regions of articulation
cleaner shrimp
ask
sand/mole crab
body shape: tear drop
lives in surf zone on american beaches
burrows fast but not deep
Order Decapoda
3 pairs of maxillipeds
5 pairs of walking legs: modified to form pinchers
SP: Chelicerata
body divided: prosoma and opisthosoma
Chelicerata Merostomata
Pterygotus anglicus:extinct
early devonian 2 meters long
Chelicerata Merostomata Xiphosurida
horseshoe crab
Blood of horse shoe crab
copper in its hemocyanin turns it blue
coagulates when it touches pathogens
Chelicerata Araachnida
Spiders
Chelicerata Acari
Ticks, mites
Chelicerata opiliones
daddy long legs
Scorpiones
Scorpions
pseudoscorpions
no antenna
Chelicerata Pycnogonida
sea spiders
benthic marine anthropods
carnivores with muscular pharynx to suck soft food into the gut. mouth at the end of the probiscus
digestion is intracellular and most feed on sponges
Myriapoda Chilopoda
centipeds
Anthropod Crustacea
most aquatic
head with two pari of antenna
one pair of mandibles and two pair of maxillae
biramous appendages
xenocarida Ramipedia
paddle foot
Xenocarida Cephalocarida
strange shrimp
true hermaphrodite
leaf like triramous appendages
M. copepoda
maxillipeds modified for feeding
most numerous metazoans(multi-celled animals)
habitat fresh-hypersaline, to rivers lakes and oceans
M. Cirripedia (barnacles)
immobile as adults, marine and usually enclosed in CaC valves
Malacostraca Isopoda
appendages modified for crawling, feeding, or swimming
includes: lobster, crab, shrimp, and isopods
Malacostraca Euphausuacea Krill
90 species
carapace fused with thoracic segs.
most are bioluminescent
Phylum Echinodermata
Pentaradial symmetry as adults calcareous endoskeleton covered by epithelium water-vascular system tube feet deuterostomia
3
24
Class asteroidea infraclass Concentricycloidea
Sea Daisies (1986) disk shaped flat bodies>1cm diameter deep waters off New Zealand and Bahamas water-vascular system tube-feet around the edge of the disk no obvious arms or mouth absorb nutrients through the membrane that surrounds their body hydropore, instead of a madreporite, connects the inner ring canal to the aboral surface
Fossil sea star
first found in Ordovician
Class Ophiuroidea
arms sharply marked off from the central disk
no suction cups on tube feet
brittle stars
Bursae are fluid filled sacs where water circulates for respiration
Pelagic
open ocean
necton
swim
Basket stars
hangs out with the cnidarian
Joanna Aizenberg
discovered tiny lenses on the surface of a brittle star, Ophiocoam wendtii focus light about five micrometers below the surface
The Chordates
belongs to deuterostomia: includes echinodermata and hemichordata
Chordata, SP: Urochordata, Class:Ascidiacea: the sea squirts
Notachord
dorasl nerve hollow cord
pharyngeal slits
muscular post anal tail
endostyle
shared derived character of the chordates
endostyle homologous with the thyroid gland of vertebrates: concentrate iodine( from seawater in primitive chordates and from blood in derived vertebrates
Chordata SP Urochordata C thaliacea
the salps the orange gonad is visible in each individual
