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Test Tres Flashcards

0
Q

What are individual personal factors employees bring to the work place?

A

Personality
Ability
Emotions
Attitudes

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1
Q

What is motivation?

A

The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior

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2
Q

What are contextual factors from organizational culture that influence motivation?

A

Organizational culture
Cross-cultural values
Physical environment

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3
Q

What is extrinsic reward?

A

Payoff a person receives from others for performing a particular task

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4
Q

What is intrinsic reward?

A

Satisfaction a person receives from performing the particular task itself

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5
Q

What things do you want to motivate people to do?

A 
Join organization 
Stay with org
Show up for work at org
Be engaged while at work 
Do extra for your org
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6
Q

What are content perspectives?

A

Theories that emphasize the needs that motivate people

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7
Q

What are needs?

A

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior

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8
Q

What are maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A 
Physiological 
Safety 
Love
Esteem 
Self-actualization
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9
Q

What is the acquired needs theory?

A

States that the three needs, achievement, affiliation, and power, are major motives in determining people’s behavior

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10
Q

What is the need for achievement?

A

Desire to achieve excellence in challenging tasks

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11
Q

What is need for affiliation?

A

Desire for friendly mad warm relations with other people

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12
Q

What is need for power?

A

Desire to be responsible for or control other people

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14
Q

What is the two factor theory?

A

Proposed that work satisfaction and dissatisfaction arose from two different factors- work satisfaction from so-called motivating factors and work dissatisfaction from so-called hygiene factors

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14
Q

What is the equity theory?

A

Focus on employee perceptions as to how fairly they think they are being treated in relation to others

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15
Q

What are hygiene motivating factors?

A

Factors associated with job dissatisfaction which affect that job context in which people work

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16
Q

What is expectancy?

A

Belief that a particular level of effort will result in a level of performance

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17
Q

What is instrumentality?

A

Expectations that successful performances of the task will lead to the desired outcome

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19
Q

What is valence?

A

The value a worker assigns to the outcome

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20
Q

What are the different generations?

A 
Generation Z ? 
Millennials (Gen Y) (1977-1994)
Gen Xers (1965-1976)
Baby Boomers (1946-1964)
Traditionalists (1927-1945)
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21
Q

What are different techniques for managing millennials?

A

Allow them independent decision making & expression
Train them & mentor them
Give them constant feedback & recognition
Provide them with access to technology
Create customized career paths

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22
Q

What is personality?

A

the stable psychological traits and behavioral attributes that give a person his or her identity

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23
Q

What is extroversion?

A

how outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive a person is

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24
Q

What is agreeableness?

A

how trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one is

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25
Q

What is conscientiousness?

A

how dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented, and persistent one is

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26
Q

What is emotionally stability?

A

how relaxed, secure, and unworried one is

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27
Q

What is openness to experience?

A

how intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad-minded one is

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28
Q

What is the connection between extroversion and managers?

A

Often successful

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29
Q

What is the connection with conscientiousness?

A

Positive correlation between job performance and training performance

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30
Q

What is a proactive personality?

A

someone who is more apt to take initiative and persevere to influence the environment

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31
Q

What is locus of control?

A

indicates how much people believe they control their fate through their own efforts
internal, external

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32
Q

What is important about the different locus of controls?

A

Expect different degrees of structure and compliance for each type
Employ different reward systems for each type

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33
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

belief in one’s ability to do a task

learned helplessness

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34
Q

What is self-esteem?

A

the extent to which people like or dislike themselves, their overall self-evaluation

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35
Q

What is self-monitoring?

A

the extent to which people are able to observe their own behavior and adapt it to external situations

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36
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A

ability to cope, empathize with others, and be self-motivated

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37
Q

What are the five important traits in organizations?

A

Self-monitoring, emotional intelligence, locus of control, self-efficacy, self-esteem

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38
Q

What are the traits of emotional intelligence?

A

self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management

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39
Q

What is organizational behavior?

A

tries to help managers not only explain workplace behavior but also to predict it, so that they can better lead and motivate their employees to perform productively
individual, group behavior

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40
Q

What are values?

A

abstract ideals that guide one’s thinking and behavior across all situations

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41
Q

What is attitude?

A

a learned predisposition toward a given object

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42
Q

What is affective?

A

consists of feelings or emotions one has about a situation

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43
Q

What is cognitive?

A

beliefs and knowledge one has about a situation

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44
Q

What is behavioral?

A

refers to how one intends or expects to behave toward a situation

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45
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A

the psychological discomfort a person experiences between his or her cognitive attitude and incompatible behavior
Importance, control, rewards

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46
Q

What are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?

A

Change attitude or behavior
Belittle importance of the inconsistent behavior
Find consonant elements that outweigh dissonant ones

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47
Q

What is perception?

A

Process of interpreting and understanding one’s enviornment

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48
Q

What are the four steps in the perceptual process?

A
  1. Selective attention
    Did I notice something
  2. Interpretation and evaluation
    What was it I noticed and what does it mean
  3. Storing in memory
    Remember it as an event, concept, person, or all there?
  4. Retrieving from memory to make judgments and decisions
    What do I recall about that?
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49
Q

What is stereotyping?

A

Tendency to attribute to an individual that characteristics one believes are typical of the group to which that individual belongs

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50
Q

What is the halo effect?

A

Forming an impression of an individual based on a single trait

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51
Q

What is recency effect?

A

Tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information

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52
Q

What are casual attributions?

A

Activity of inferring causes for observed behaviors

Fundamental, self-serving bias

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53
Q

What is self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

The phenomenon in which people’s expectations of themselves or others lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true
Also called pygmalion

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54
Q

What is employee engagement?

A

An individual’s involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm for work

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55
Q

What is job satisfaction?

A

Extent to which you feel positively or negatively about various aspects of your work

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56
Q

What is organizational commitment?

A

Reflects the extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goal

Strong positive relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction

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57
Q

What is diversity?

A

Represents all the ways people are unalike and alike

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58
Q

On the diversity wheel what are the internal dimensions?

A

Those human differences that exert a powerful, sustained effect throughout every stage of our lives

Gender, age, ethnicity, race, sexuality

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59
Q

On the diversity wheel what are the external dimensions?

A

Consists of the personal characteristics that people acquire, discard, or modify throughout our lives

Educational background, marital status, parental status, religion, income

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60
Q

What are some trends in workforce diversity?

A

Age: More older people
Gender: More women working
Race: More people of color
Sexual Orientation: Gays and lesbians more visible
People with differing physical and mental abilities
Educational level: mismatch between education and workforce needs

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61
Q

What is stress?

A

The tension people feel when they are facing or enduring extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities, and are uncertain about their ability to handle them effectively

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62
Q

What are the symptoms of stress?

A

Backaches, headaches, sweaty palms, nausea

Boredom, irritability, nervousness, anger, anxiety, depression

Sleeplessness, changes in eating habits, increased smoking/alcohol/drug abuse

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63
Q

What is burnout?

A

State of emotional, mental, and even physical exhaustion

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64
Q

How can you reduce stressors in organizations?

A 
Roll out employee assistance programs
Recommend holistic wellness approach
Create a sportive environment 
Make jobs interesting
Make career counseling available
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65
Q

What are motivating factors?

A

Factors associated with job satisfaction which affects the job content or the rewards of work performance

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66
Q

What are the major elements of expectancy theory?

A 
Effort 
in order to achieve (expectancy)
Performance
so that I can realize  (instrumentality)
outcomes
leading to 
Valence
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67
Q

What are key components of goal-setting theory?

A 
Goals should be specific 
Challenging but achievable
Linked to action plans
Need not be jointly set to be effective
Feedback enhances goal attainment
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68
Q

What is job designs?

A

Division of an organization’s work among its employees and the application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performance

Job simplification, enlargement, emrichment

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69
Q

What is reinforcement theory?

A

Attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with negative consequences tends to be repeated

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70
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Use of positive consequences to encourage desirable behavior

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71
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative

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72
Q

What are the two types of reinforcement?

A

Extinction and punishment

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73
Q

What is extinction?

A

Weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced

74
Q

What is punishment?

A

Process of weakening behavior by presenting something negative or withdrawing something positive

75
Q

How should you use positive reinforcement?

A

Reward only desirable behavior
Give rewards as soon as possible
Be clear about what behavior is desired
Have different rewards and recognize individual differences

76
Q

Why is teamwork important?

A 
Increased productivity
Increased speed
Reduced costs
Improved quality
Reduced destructive internal competition
Improved workplace cohesivness
77
Q

What is a group?

A

Two or more freely acting individuals who share collective norms, collective goals, and have a common identity

78
Q

What is a team?

A

Small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable

79
Q

What is a formal group?

A

established to do something productive for the organization

headed by a leader

80
Q

What is an informal group?

A

formed by people seeking friendship

has no officially appointed leader, although a leader may emerge

81
Q

What is a continuous improvement team?

A

Volunteers of workers and supervisors who meet intermittently to discuss workplace and quality-related problems; formerly called quality circle

82
Q

What is a cross-functional team?

A

Members composed of people from different departments, such as sales and production, pursuing a common objective

83
Q

What is a problem-solving team?

A

Knowledge workers who meet as a temporary team to solve a specific problem and then bisband

84
Q

What is self-managed team?

A

Workers are trained to do all or most of the jobs in a work unit, have no direct supervisor, and do their own day-to-day supervision

85
Q

What is a top-manegment team?

A

Members consist of the CEO, president, and top department heads and work to help the organization achieve its mission and goals

86
Q

What is a virtual team?

A

Members interact by computer network to collaborate on projects

87
Q

What is a work team?

A

Members engage in collective work requiring

88
Q

What are advice teams?

A

created to broaden the information base for managerial decisions
Committees, review panels

89
Q

What are production teams?

A

responsible for performing day-to-day operations

Assembly teams, maintenance crews

90
Q

What are project teams?

A

work to do creative problem solving, often by applying the specialized knowledge of members of a cross-functional team
Task forces, research groups

91
Q

What are action teams?

A

work to accomplish tasks that require people with specialized training and a high degree of coordination
Hospital surgery teams, airline cockpit crews, police SWAT teams

92
Q

What are self-managed teams?

A

groups of workers who are given administrative oversight for their task domains

93
Q

What are the five stages of group and team development?

A

Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning

94
Q

What is forming?

A

Getting oriented and getting acquainted

leaders allow time for people to become acquainted

95
Q

What is storming?

A

characterized by the emergence of individual personalities and roles and conflicts within the group
Leaders should encourage members to suggest ideas, voice disagreements, and work through their conflicts about tasks and goals

96
Q

What is norming?

A

conflicts are resolved, close relationships develop, and unity and harmony emerge
Group cohesiveness
Leaders should emphasize unity and help identify team goals and values

97
Q

What is performing?

A

members concentrate on solving problems and completing the assigned tasks
Leaders should allow members the empowerment they need to work on tasks

98
Q

What is adjourning?

A

Preparing for disbandment

Leaders can help ease the transition by rituals celebrating “the end” and “new beginnings”

99
Q

What is needed to build effective teams?

A

cooperation, trust, cohesion,

100
Q

What is cooperating?

A

efforts are systematically integrated to achieve a collective objective.

101
Q

What is trust?

A

reciprocal faith in others’ intentions and behaviors

102
Q

What is cohesion?

A

tendency of a group or team to stick together

103
Q

What are advantages of small teams?

A

better interaction

better morale

104
Q

What are disadvantages of small teams?

A

Fewer resources
Possibly less innovation
Unfair work distribution

105
Q

What are advantages of large teams?

A

More resources

Division of labor

106
Q

What are disadvantages of large teams?

A

Less interaction
Lower morale
Social loafing

107
Q

What is a role?

A

a socially determined expectation of how an individual should behave in a specific position
Task roles, maintenance roles

108
Q

What is a norm?

A

general guidelines that most group or team members follow

109
Q

Why are norms enforced?

A

To help the group survive
To clarify role expectations
To help individuals avoid embarrassing situations
To emphasize the group’s important values and identity

110
Q

What is groupthink?

A

a cohesive group’s blind unwillingness to consider alternatives

111
Q

What are the symptoms of groupthink?

A

Invulnerability, inherent morality, and stereotyping of opposition
Rationalization and self-censorship
Illusion of unanimity, peer pressure, and mindguards
Groupthink versus “the wisdom of the crowds”
Reduction in alternative ideas
Limiting of other information

112
Q

How can you prevent group think?

A

Allow criticism

Allow other perspectives

113
Q

What is conflict?

A

process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party

114
Q

What is dysfunctional conflict?

A

conflict that hinders the organization’s performance or threatens its interest

115
Q

What is functional conflict?

A

conflict that benefits the main purposes of the organization and serves its interests

116
Q

What is personality conflict?

A

interpersonal opposition based on personal dislike, disagreement, or differing styles
Personality clashes, competition for scarce resources, time pressure, communication failures

117
Q

What is intergroup conflicts?

A

Inconsistent goals or reward systems, ambiguous jurisdictions, status differences

118
Q

What are five conflict handling styles?

A

Avoiding - “Maybe the problem will go away”
Accommodating – “Let’s do it your way”
Forcing – “You have to do it my way”
Compromising – “Let’s split the difference”
Collaborating – “Let’s cooperate to reach a win-win solution that benefits both of us”

119
Q

What are two types of programmed conflict?

A

Devil’s advocacy and dialectic

120
Q

What is devil’d advocacy?

A

process of assigning someone to play the role of critic to voice possible objections to a proposal and thereby generate critical thinking and reality testing

121
Q

What is dialectic method?

A

process of having two people or groups play opposing roles in a debate in order to better understand a proposal

122
Q

What is leadership?

A

the ability to influence employees to voluntarily pursue organizational gains

123
Q

What does being a manager include?

A

Determining what needs to be done - planning and budgeting
Creating arrangements of people to accomplish an agenda - organizing and staffing
Ensuring people do their jobs - controlling and problem solving

124
Q

What does being a leader involve?

A

Determining what needs to be done - setting a direction
Creating arrangements of people to accomplish an agenda - aligning people
Ensuring people do their jobs
- motivating and inspiring

125
Q

What is legitimate power?

A

results from managers’ formal positions within the organization

126
Q

What is reward power?

A

results from managers’ authority to reward their subordinates

127
Q

What is coercive power?

A

results from managers’ authority to punish their subordinates

128
Q

What is expert?

A

results from one’s specialized information or expertise

129
Q

What is referent power?

A

derived from one’s personal attraction

130
Q

What is trait approach to leadership?

A

attempt to identify distinctive characteristics that account for the effectiveness of leaders

131
Q

What is project globe?

A

ongoing attempt to develop an empirically based theory to “describe, understand, and predict the impact of specific cultural variables on leadership and organizational processes and the effectiveness of these processes

132
Q

What is behavioral leadership?

A

approaches attempt to determine the distinctive styles used by effective leaders

133
Q

What is job-centered behavior?

A

principal concerns were with achieving production efficiency, keeping costs down, and meeting schedules

134
Q

What is employee-centered behavior?

A

managers paid more attention to employee satisfaction and making work groups cohesive

135
Q

What is initiating structure?

A

behavior that organizes and defines what group members should be doing

136
Q

What is consideration?

A

expresses concern for employees by establishing a warm, friendly, supportive climate

137
Q

What is contingency leadership model?

A

determines if a leader’s style is task oriented or relationship-oriented and if that style is effective for the situation at hand

138
Q

What is leader-member relations?

A

reflects the extent to which the leader has the support, loyalty, and trust of the work group

139
Q

What is task structure?

A

extent to which tasks are routine and easily understood

140
Q

What is position power?

A

refers to how much power a leader has to make work assignments and reward and punish

141
Q

What is path-goal leadership model?

A

holds that the effective leader makes available to followers desirable rewards in the workplace and increases their motivation by clarifying the paths, or behavior, that will help them achieve those goals and providing them with support

142
Q

What are the steps towards applying situational theories?

A

Step 1: Identify Important Outcomes: “What Goals Am I Trying to Achieve?”
Step 2: Identify Relevant Employee Leadership Behaviors: “What Management Characteristics Are Best?”
Step 3: Identify Situational Conditions: “What Particular Events Are Altering the Situation?”
Step 4: Match Leadership to the Conditions at Hand: “How Should I Manage When There Are Multiple Conditions?”
Step 5: Determine How to Make the Match: “Change the Manager or Change the Manager ’s Behavior?”

143
Q

What is transactional leadership?

A

focuses on clarifying employees’ roles and task requirements and providing rewards and punishments contingent on performance

144
Q

What is transformational leadership?

A

transforms employees to pursue organizational goals over self-interests
influenced by individual characteristics and organizational culture

145
Q

What are key behaviors of transformational leaders?

A

Inspirational motivation
Idealized influence
Individual consideration
Intellectual stimulation

146
Q

What are implications of a transformational leader?

A

Can improve results for individuals and groups
It can be used to train employees at any level
It requires ethical leaders

147
Q

What is leader-member exchange?

A

emphasizes that leaders have different sorts of relationships with different subordinates

148
Q

What is a servant leader?

A

focus on providing increased service to others - meeting the goals of both followers and the organization - rather than to themselves

149
Q

What is an e-leader?

A

can involve one-to-one, one-to-many, and within-group and between-group and collective interaction via information technology

150
Q

What do followers want in their leaders?

A

Significance, community, excitement

151
Q

What is communication?

A

the transfer of information and understanding from one person to another

152
Q

What percent of a manger’s time is spent communicating?

A

81%

153
Q

What is sender?

A

person wanting to share information-called a message

154
Q

What is a receiver?

A

person for whom the message is intended

155
Q

What is encoding?

A

translating a message into understandable symbols or language

156
Q

What is decoding?

A

interpreting and trying to make sense of the message

157
Q

What is medium?

A

the pathway by which a message travels

158
Q

What is feedback?

A

the receiver expresses his reaction to the sender’s message

159
Q

What is noise?

A

any disturbance that interferes with the transmission of a message

160
Q

What is medium richness?

A

indicates how well a particular medium conveys information and promotes learning

161
Q

What is rich medium

A

best for nonroutine situations and to avoid oversimplification

162
Q

What is lean medium?

A

best for routine situations and to avoid overloading

163
Q

What are three barriers to communication?

A

Physical barriers: sound, time, space, & so on
Semantic barriers: when words matter
Personal barriers: individual attributes that hinder communication

164
Q

What are semantics?

A

study of the meaning of words

165
Q

What is jargon?

A

terminology specific to a particular profession or group

166
Q

What is nonverbal communication?

A

consists of messages sent outside of the written or spoken word

167
Q

What is formal communication channels?

A

follow the chain of command and are recognized as official

vertical, horizontal, external

168
Q

What is informal communication channels?

A

develop outside the formal structure and do not follow the chain of command

169
Q

What is grapevine?

A

unofficial communication system of the informal organization

170
Q

What is management by wandering around?

A

term used to describe a manager’s literally wandering around his organization and talking with people across all lines of authority

171
Q

What is multicommunicating?

A

represents the use of technology to participate in several interactions at the same time

172
Q

What is videoconferencing?

A

uses video and audio links along with computers to enable people in different locations to see, hear, and talk with each other

173
Q

What is telepresence technology?

A

high-definition videoconference systems that simulate face-to-face meetings between users

174
Q

What are downsides to the digital age?

A

Security
a system of safeguards for protecting information technology against disasters, system failures, and unauthorized access that result in damage or loss
Identity theft
thieves hijack your name and identity and use your good credit rating to get cash or buy things

175
Q

What are disadvantages of email?

A

Has been a decrease in all other forms of communication among co-workers—including greetings and informal conversations
Emotions often are poorly communicated or miscommunicated via e-mail messages
The greater the use of e-mail, the less connected co-workers reportedly feel.

176
Q

What is crowd-sourcing?

A

the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online community, such as Facebook and Twitter users

177
Q

What are the downsides of social media?

A

distraction, leaving wrong impression, replacing real conversation

178
Q

What is appreciative listening?

A

listening to be amused

179
Q

What is empathic style?

A

tuning into the speaker ’ s emotions

180
Q

What is comprehensive style?

A

focusing on the speaker ’ s logic

181
Q

What is discerning style?

A

focusing on the main message

182
Q

What is evaluative style?

A

challenging the speaker

MGMT (3 decks)

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