Test Three Flashcards
Autobiographical Memory
memory for specific events from a person’s life, which can include both episodic and semantic components.
Memory over the lifespan
Events that are remembered; Personal milestones that stand out, significant events in a person’s life, highly emotional events, transition points
The nature of flashbulb memories
Memory for circumstances surrounding shocking, highly charged important events (like 9/11, Kennedy assassination), where you were and what you were doing, highly emotional, vivid, and very detailed
- not photographic memories because they can change over time, repeated recall: initial description (baseline), later reports compared to baseline
- results suggest that these memories can be inaccurate or lacking in detail, even though participants report that they are very confident and that the memories seem very vivid
- RESEARCH: rimmele and coworkers (2011) - memories for negative emotional pictures were stronger, and associated with greater confidence
- narrative rehearsal hypothesis, repeated viewing/hearing of event (TV, newspaper, radio, talking with others, all could introduce errors in own memory)
Script
conception of sequence of actions that usually occurs during a particular experience (going to a restaurant; playing tennis)
Schema
knowledge about some aspect of the environment (post office, ball game, classroom)
Theories of the reminiscence bump
3 different hypotheses:
- self-image: period of assuming persons self image
- cognitive: encoding is better during periods of rapid change
- cultural life script: culturally shared expectations structure recall
Cultural life-script hypothesis
- culturally shared expectations structure recall
- each person has a personal life story, an understanding of culturally expected events
- personal events are easier to recall when they fit the cultural life script
Cognitive hypothesis
- encoding is better during periods of rapid change that are followed by stability
- evidence from those who emigrated to the US after young adulthood indicates reminiscence bump is shifted
Misinformation effect
misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how that person describes the event later
Power of suggestion
Includes misinformation effect
- RESEARCH: Loftus and coworkers (1975): introduce MPI (misleading postevent information) traffic accident with stop sign → participants remembered what they heard (yield sign) not what they saw (stop sign)
- RESEARCH: Loftus and Palmer (1974): hear “smashed” or “hit” in description of car accident → those hearing “smashed” said the cars were going much faster than those who heard “hit”
Eye witness testimony
- testimony by an eyewitness to a crime about what he or she saw during the crime, one of the most convincing types of evidence to a jury (assume that people see and remember accurately)
- but like other memory, eyewitness testimony can be inaccurate (mistaken identity, constructive nature of memory)
- RESEARCH: Wells and Bradfield (1998): participants view security videotape with gunman in view for 8 seconds, everyone identified someone as the gunman from the photographs afterwards, the actual gunman’s picture was not present
- errors can be due to attention and arousal: attention can be narrowed by specific stimuli
Properties of language
- Express feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences
- Hierarchical system: components that can be combined to form larger units
- Governed by rules: specific ways components can be arranged
B.F. Skinner
- Behaviorism: focuses on how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers, such as food or social approval, or withdrawal of negative reinforcers, such as a shock or social rejection)
- Language learned through reinforcement
Phoneme
something that distinctly distinguishes one word from another like d, t, p in “date” “that” “pat”
Phoneme Restoration Effect
fill in missing phonemes based on context of sentence and portion of word presented
Language development across all cultures
Deaf children invent sign language that is all their own, all humans with normal capacities develop a language and learn to follow its complex rules, language is universal across cultures, language development is similar across cultures, languages are “unique but the same” (different words, sounds, and rules but all have nouns, verbs, negatives, questions, past/present tense)
Lexical decision task
read a list of words and non-words silently → say “yes” when you read a word
Word frequency effect
Respond more rapidly to high-frequency words
Realm of conversational speech
Two or more people talking together, dynamic and rapid
- given new contract
- syntactic coordination
- syntactic priming
Given new contract
speaker constructs sentences so they include: given information, new information, new can then become given information
Syntactic coordination
using similar grammatical structures
Syntactic priming
production of a specific grammatical construction by one person increases chances other people will use that construction, reduces computational load in conversation
Syntax
The rules for combining words into sentences
What would a person with Broca’s aphasia suffer with?
Can understand the speech of others but will have a hard time producing fluent and coherent speech
Late closer
In parsing, when a person encounters a new word, the parser assumes that this word is part of the current phrase
Syntax first vs interactionist approach to parsing
- Syntax is the rules for combining words into sentences and how words in a sentence relate to one another
- Parsing: process that occurs when a person hears or reads a string of words and groups these words into phrases in their mind. The way the words are grouped together will lead them to interpret the phrase a certain way
Parsing
The mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases. The way a sentence is parsed determines its meaning
Language
A system of communication using sounds or symbols that enable us to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences
Causal inference
Results in the conclusion that the events described in one clause or sentence were caused by events that occurred in a previous clause or sentence
What is unique or creative about the human language?
has a hierarchical structure and rules that endow humans with the ability to go far beyond the fixed calls and signs of animals to communicate whatever we want to express
Coherence
representation of the text in one’s mind so that information from one part of the text can be related to information in another part of the text
The Gestalt Approach
(1) how people represent a problem in the mind
(2) how solving a problem involves a reorganization or restructuring of this representation
- restructuring: changes the problem’s representation
What is Functional Fixedness? What are popular examples?
restricting use of an object to its familiar functions (people tend to focus on specific characteristics of the problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution
- candle problem: seeing boxes as containers inhibiting using them as supports
- two string problem: function of pliers get in the way of seeing them as a weight
BA
Bachelors of Arts
BS
Bachelors of Science
MA
Masters of Arts
MS
Masters of Science
SSP
Specialist in School Psychology
PsyD
Doctorate of Psychology
PhD
Doctorate of Philosophy in Psychology
Common application criteria for different graduate programs in psychology
Pass the GRE with 130-170, transcripts, letter of recommendation, resume, 3.0 GPA, sometimes an interview, essays, fee
Counseling Psychology with the LPC (job roles)
- help people to cope with mental health issues, emotional problems and challenging situations using a range of psychological concepts and psychotherapeutic techniques, such as transactional analysis, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and the Milan systemic approach.
- assist people by offering them a structured and focused way of addressing their problems.
- help people with all kinds of difficulties, from substance abuse and domestic violence to post-traumatic stress and eating disorders.
Counseling Psychology with the LPC (degree requirements)
masters of science in counseling psychology at least 60 hours
Counseling Psychology with the LPC (support organizations; state & national associations)
Association for Women in Psychology (AWP) (National)
International Association of Counselors & Therapists (IACT)
National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) (National)
Texas Counseling Association (TCA) (State)
American Counseling Association (ACA) (National)
Counseling Psychology with the LPC (licensing requirements)(exams, scores, internships, etc.)
completion of a masters or doctoral degree in counseling from an accredited university, requires completion of supervised practicum experience that consists of at least 300 hours with 100 hours of direct client contact, a passing score on the national counselor examination (NCE) for licensure and certification dn the texas jurisprudence exam (TJE)
Clinical Psychology with the LP (job roles)
- meet with clients to identify problems—emotional, mental, and behavioral—in their lives. Through observation, interviews, and tests, psychologist will diagnose any existing or potential disorders. Then, together with the client, they formulate a program of treatment according to the client’s needs.
- monitor the client’s progress on a regular basis to ensure that their needs are met by the course of action, and to adjust it if necessary.
Clinical Psychology with the LP (degree requirements)
- masters degree and doctoral degree
Clinical Psychology with the LP (support organizations; state & national associations)
American Counseling Association (ACA)
American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA)
American Psychological Association (APA)
National Academic Advising Association (NACADA)
Society of Clinical Psychology (SCP)
Clinical Psychology with the LP (license requirements)(exams, scores, internships, etc.)
- Pass the Texas psychology licensing exams
- Apply to become a provisionally licensed psychologist
- Gain two years of supervised professional experience (SPE) in your area of training
- Submit your licensed psychologist application to the Board
- **To obtain licensure in Texas, you must first complete at least 3,500 work hours in a supervised internship setting. Half of these hours (1,750) can be completed as part of a formal internship while earning your doctorate, while at least the other half must be completed after you’ve obtained your doctoral degree. This training is called Supervised Professional Experience (SPE). It usually takes two years to complete this experience if you work full-time.
School Psychology (job roles)
- advocate for overall well-being of student
- create school policies and design/implement a supportive network for student
- evaluating students for academic, developmental, mental health, emotional issues
- refer students with disabilities/mental health issues for additional support
- help students with developmental delays
- help students requiring special education
- collaborate with parents/counselors/faculty to implement therapeutic interventions
- maintain safe place for learning where children can thrive
- plan educational seminars or lectures about mental health
- spread awareness about mental health
School Psychology (degree requirements)
SSP – specialist in school psychology (minimum of 60 hour masters degree)
School Psychology (license requirements)
Need to be a LSSP – licensed specialist in school psychology, it is required by the Texas state board of exameriners of psychologists (TSBEP) to provide school psychological services in Texas public schools you need a PASSING SCORE on the national exam for school psychology and eligibility for certification as a national certification as a national certified school psychologist (NCSP), need internship in masters school
Degree
granted by universities/colleges saying that they have completed courseware in certain field of study
License
allows individuals to legally practice their profession in a certain area
