Test Terms

Question 1

Logic

Answer 1

• From greek word logos, meaning word

- The study of good reasoning (inference) and the rules that govern it

Question 2

Where do beliefs come from?

Answer 2

Parents and Family
Friends and Community
Places of worship
TV, Movies
Internet and Social Media
Reading Books and Magazines
Your own thinking about all the information that you have been exposed to

Question 3

Basic Toolbox of Critical Thinking

Answer 3

• Statement
• Premise
• Conclusion
• Argument

Question 4

Statement (aka claim or preposition)

Answer 4

An assertion that something is or is not the case
- Can be true or false
- Can be positive or negative
- Can be used in arguments as either premises or conclusions
Eg. The earth is not flat

Question 5

Purpose of an argument

Answer 5

• Intended to persuade the listener

- Used to explore the implications of a premise

Question 6

Premise

Answer 6

A statement given as a reason in support of another statement

Question 7

Conclusion

Answer 7

A statement that premises are used to support

- What the speaker wants the audience to accept

Question 8

The role of intention

Answer 8

In Identifying the argument and its parts, what matters is the speaker’s intention

Question 9

Infrence

Answer 9

The process of reasoning from premise to conclusion

Question 10

Premise Indicators

Answer 10

Because, since, given that.. etc.

Question 11

Conclusion Indicators

Answer 11

Therefore, thus, so, ergo… etc.

Question 12

Critical Thinking

Answer 12

The systematic evaluation or formulation of beliefs, or statements, by rational standards.

Question 13

Explanation

Answer 13

A statement or statements intended to tell why or how something is the case

Question 14

Appeal to popularity

Answer 14

The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true merely because substantial number of people believe it

Question 15

Peer Pressure

Answer 15

Group pressure to accept or reject a claim solely on the basis of what one’s peers think or do

Question 16

Problems With What We Think

Philosophical skepticism

Answer 16

The view that we know much less than we think we do or that we know nothing at all

Question 17

Problems With What We Think

Social Relativism

Answer 17

The view that the truth is relative to societies

Question 18

Stereotyping

Answer 18

Drawing Conclusions about people without sufficient reasons

Question 19

Problems With What We Think

Subjective relativism

Answer 19

The idea that truth depends on what someone believes

Question 20

Subjectivist Fallacy

Answer 20

Accepting the notion of subjective relativism or using it to try to support a claim

Question 21

Worldview

Answer 21

A philosophy of life; a set of fundamental ideas that help us make sense of a wide range of important issues in life. A worldview defines for us what exists, what should be, and what we can know

Question 22

Affirming the antecedent (modus ponens)

Answer 22

Valid
If A, then B
A
Therefore B

Question 23

Denying the consequent (modus tollens)

Answer 23

Valid
If A, then B
Not B
Therefore Not A

Question 24

Hypothetical Syllogism

Answer 24

Valid
If A, Then B
If B, Then C
Therefore If A, Then C

Question 25

Denying the Antecedent

Answer 25

INVALID
If A, Then B
Not A
Therefore Not B

Question 26

Affirming the Consequent

Answer 26

INVALID
If A, Then B
B
Therefore A

Question 27

Disjunctive Syllogism

Answer 27

Valid
Either A, or B
Not A (etc)
Therefore B

Question 28

Principle of Charity

Answer 28

If the meaning of an argument is unclear, try to interpret it in a way that is open minded and free of bias, be fair to the speaker

Question 29

Praxis

Answer 29

Combination of action and thought

Question 30

Deductive Argument

Answer 30

An argument intended to provide logical conclusive support for its conclusion

Question 31

Inductive Argument

Answer 31

An argument in which the premises are intended to provide probable, not conclusive support for its conclusion

Question 32

Invalid argument

Answer 32

A deductive argument that fails to provide conclusive support for its conclusion

Question 33

Sound Argument

Answer 33

A deductive argument that has true premises

Question 34

Valid Argument

Answer 34

A deductive argument that succeeds in providing conclusive support for its conclusion

Question 35

Week Argument

Answer 35

An inductive argument that fails to provide strong support for its conclusion

Question 36

Dependent Premise

Answer 36

A premise that depends on at least on other premise to provide joint support for a conclusion

Question 37

Independent Premise

Answer 37

A premise that does not depend on other premises to provide support to a conclusion

Question 38

Barriers To How We Think

Self Interested Thinking

Answer 38

Thinking in a way that only benifits ourselves

Question 39

Barriers To How We Think

Saving Face

Answer 39

Do not want to admit when you are wrong. You think your ideas have no faults

Question 40

Barriers To How We Think

Emotional Interface

Answer 40

Emotional clouding of judgement during argument

Question 41

Barriers To How We Think

Group Thinking

Answer 41

Mob Mentality

Accept group opinion to be accepted

Question 42

Barriers To How We Think

Group Influence

Answer 42

Our belief is the best

Question 43

Inductive vs Deductive Terms

Answer 43

DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE
Valid Strong
Sound Cogent

Question 44

Appeal to common practice

Answer 44

Believing or doing something because it has always been done that way