test study guide Flashcards
are viruses living or nonliving?
nonliving
how are organisms classified?
taxonomy
what are archea?
a special type of bacteria that can endure harsh conditions
how do bacteria eat, move, and reproduce?
◦ eat = engulf, absorb, photosynthesis reproduction
◦ move = flagella (some bacteria)
◦ reproduce = asexual reproduction
what are the levels of taxonomy?
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
how many species have been discovered so far?
1.5 million & counting
what language is good for scientific names?
latin
why is latin a good language for scientific names?
it is “dead” and will not change the way spoken languages do
what is special about archaebacteria?
◦ they lack a glycoprotein that other bacteria have
◦ are not affected by antibiotics
what are endospores?
◦ produced by some bacteria
◦ sometimes harmful
besides archaebacteria, what are other bacteria called?
eubacteria
what is baraminology?
◦ a creationist classification scheme
◦ worldview argument
kingdom protista?
contains single-celled eukaryotes
◦ amoebas, paramecia, algae
fill in the blank: domains archaea, bacteria, and kingdom protista are the __ of life on earth
majority
approximately how many phyla exist?
100
what is another word for biological key?
dichotomous key
true or false: you have 10x as many bacteria cells living in you, and on you as you have human cells
true
approximately how much % does archaea and bacteria take up on your mass?
1-3%
about how many species of bacteria/archaea are there?
about 1000 species
true or false: most of the bacteria out there are required to keep you healthy
true
do archaea have different or same RNA polymerase than bacteria?
different
talk to me about archaea
◦ different RNA polymerase than bacteria
◦ can have introns, which bacteria do not have
◦ difficult to study because they require extreme environments
what are the different shapes of bacteria?
rod, sphere, spiral
what is a gram-negative?
negative bacteria that looks red-pink after staining
◦ have less glycoprotein in their cell walls
what is gram-positive?
bacteria that looks blue-purple after staining
◦ have more glycoproteins in their cell walls
true or false: all bacteria are prokaryotic
true
talk about movement in bacteria
◦ some do not move
some secrete slimy threads they travel on
◦ some use flagellum (tail)
- rotate like a propeller
- chemical reactions make it go since there aren’t nerves
explain how flagellum works
scientists don’t know
what are autotrophs?
autotrophs are self feeders
what are photoautotrophs?
◦ photosynthesize to make their food
◦ no chloroplasts, just chlorophyll
what are chemoautotrophs?
◦ use chemicals to make their food
what are heterotrophs?
feed off others
what are saprophytes?
organisms that feed off dead matter
why does food spoil?
bacteria compete with you for your food
what does parasitic bacteria do?
they live off a host, absorb the nutrients and weaken the host
where does cellular respiration happen in eukaryotes?
the mitochondria
what is cellular respiration
using the energy that a cell takes up
obligate aerobes?
◦ require oxygen
obligate anaerobes?
◦ requires a lack of oxygen
facultative anaerobes?
can switch back and forth between aerobic and anaerobic (oxygen to no oxygen)
what are the conditions for bacterial growth?
- moisture
- moderate temperature (80-100f)
- food
- darkness (except photosynthetic bacteria)
- correct oxygen level
why are scientific names important?
◦ have complex names
◦ 1.5 million species and counting
◦ so that everyone is talking about the same thing even if they don’t speak the same language
list info about biological classification
◦ Carolus Linnaeus was known as the “father of modern taxonomy” and was also a creationist
◦ latin is a good language for scientific names because its “dead”, meaning it won’t change the way spoken languages do
◦ taxons include “sub” levels, division, tribes, and subtribes
◦ biologists call phyla “divisions”
what are the six kingdoms?
◦ animalia
◦ plantae
◦ fungi
◦ protista
◦ bacteria
◦ archaea
what is a glyco-protein?
a protein that has sugar attached to it
what are eubacteria?
cells with a true nucleus
what are the four eukaryotic kingdoms?
◦ animalia
◦ plantae
◦ fungi
◦ protista
where do eubacteria live?
in and on you, surfaces, etc
what are introns?
◦ catalyst that helps put RNA together
◦ discarded from DNA methane
◦ noncoding sections of an RNA transcript
what are the types of archaea?
◦ methanogens
◦ halophiles
◦ thermophiles
what does phile mean?
to love
what are methanogens?
◦ live in anaerobic environments
◦ obtain energy from hydrogen and co2 and make methane (johanns fav)
what are halophiles?
◦ salt lovers (anthony pecikonis), like the Great Salt Lake
what are thermophiles?
◦ heat lovers, like hot springs
what two kinds of bacteria can survive periods of dryness?
capsules and endospores
what happens if photosynthetic bacteria is in the dark?
they die (womp womp 🤣)
what happens if its too cold/too hot for bacteria?
too cold = bacteria slow down
too hot = bacteria die
what is another name for scientific names?
binomial nomenclature
(Genus = capital letter)
(species = lowercase letter)
what is genetic recombination?
◦ the process of exchanging genetic material between organisms
what is conjugation?
◦ two bacteria share genetic information
what is transformation?
◦ DNA from a dead cell is taken up by a living, functional cell
what is transduction?
◦ when a virus moves DNA from one bacterium to another
what are chemical recyclers?
◦ basically any decomposer (organisms that break down decaying matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem
some examples are:
- bacteria
- fungi
- earthworms
what is bioremediation?
◦ process when bacteria/living organisms removing/cleaning pollution from the environment
what are two toxins (that are in the module) produced by some bacteria?
exotoxins & endotoxins
what is an exotoxin?
◦ toxins found OUTSIDE (exo)
◦ poisonous protein produced during the growth and metabolism of bacteria
(an example would be food poisoning)
what is an endotoxin?
◦ toxins found INSIDE (endo)
◦ poisonous lipid found in bacterial cell walls
(an example is salmonella)
how were viruses discovered?
◦ discovered while scientists were studying tobacco mosaic disease
what is a virus and what are the two characteristics it has?
a virus is a noncellular infectious agent
1. it has genetic material (DNA/RNA)
2. can’t reproduce alone (needs to infect a living cell)
what is another word for virus?
phage
how do viruses infect you?
via the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle
what is the lytic cycle?
virus enters cell, hijacks host cell’s DNA replication system, makes copies of itself, causes cell to burst releasing more viruses
what is the lysogenic cycle?
virus enters cell, embeds its DNA into host cell’s DNA, replicates along with the host cell’s DNA
fill in the blank:
a prophage is a viral DNA ___ in host DNA
embedded
what is the best defense against viruses?
prevention
(good hygiene, eating healthy, staying hydrated)
what are phagocytic cells?
cells that are designed to destroy pathogens
where do phagocytic cells live?
in your lymph nodes
who invented the first vaccine?
Edward Jenner
why was the first vaccine experiment so unethical?
the poor kid didn’t consent or anything, he just got injected 💀
can vaccines be made for viruses like the common cold? why or why not?
no! vaccines can’t be made for viruses that 𝐦𝐮𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐨𝐨 𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐝𝐥𝐲
