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bio mod 9 > test study guide > Flashcards

test study guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

are viruses living or nonliving?

A

nonliving

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2
Q

how are organisms classified?

A

taxonomy

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3
Q

what are archea?

A

a special type of bacteria that can endure harsh conditions

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4
Q

how do bacteria eat, move, and reproduce?

A

◦ eat = engulf, absorb, photosynthesis reproduction
◦ move = flagella (some bacteria)
◦ reproduce = asexual reproduction

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5
Q

what are the levels of taxonomy?

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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6
Q

how many species have been discovered so far?

A

1.5 million & counting

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7
Q

what language is good for scientific names?

A

latin

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8
Q

why is latin a good language for scientific names?

A

it is “dead” and will not change the way spoken languages do

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9
Q

what is special about archaebacteria?

A

◦ they lack a glycoprotein that other bacteria have
◦ are not affected by antibiotics

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10
Q

what are endospores?

A

◦ produced by some bacteria
◦ sometimes harmful

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11
Q

besides archaebacteria, what are other bacteria called?

A

eubacteria

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12
Q

what is baraminology?

A

◦ a creationist classification scheme
◦ worldview argument

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13
Q

kingdom protista?

A

contains single-celled eukaryotes
◦ amoebas, paramecia, algae

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14
Q

fill in the blank: domains archaea, bacteria, and kingdom protista are the __ of life on earth

A

majority

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15
Q

approximately how many phyla exist?

A

100

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16
Q

what is another word for biological key?

A

dichotomous key

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17
Q

true or false: you have 10x as many bacteria cells living in you, and on you as you have human cells

A

true

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18
Q

approximately how much % does archaea and bacteria take up on your mass?

A

1-3%

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19
Q

about how many species of bacteria/archaea are there?

A

about 1000 species

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20
Q

true or false: most of the bacteria out there are required to keep you healthy

A

true

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21
Q

do archaea have different or same RNA polymerase than bacteria?

A

different

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22
Q

talk to me about archaea

A

◦ different RNA polymerase than bacteria
◦ can have introns, which bacteria do not have
◦ difficult to study because they require extreme environments

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23
Q

what are the different shapes of bacteria?

A

rod, sphere, spiral

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24
Q

what is a gram-negative?

A

negative bacteria that looks red-pink after staining
◦ have less glycoprotein in their cell walls

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25
Q

what is gram-positive?

A

bacteria that looks blue-purple after staining
◦ have more glycoproteins in their cell walls

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26
Q

true or false: all bacteria are prokaryotic

A

true

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27
Q

talk about movement in bacteria

A

◦ some do not move
some secrete slimy threads they travel on
◦ some use flagellum (tail)
- rotate like a propeller
- chemical reactions make it go since there aren’t nerves

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28
Q

explain how flagellum works

A

scientists don’t know

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29
Q

what are autotrophs?

A

autotrophs are self feeders

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30
Q

what are photoautotrophs?

A

◦ photosynthesize to make their food
◦ no chloroplasts, just chlorophyll

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31
Q

what are chemoautotrophs?

A

◦ use chemicals to make their food

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32
Q

what are heterotrophs?

A

feed off others

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33
Q

what are saprophytes?

A

organisms that feed off dead matter

34
Q

why does food spoil?

A

bacteria compete with you for your food

35
Q

what does parasitic bacteria do?

A

they live off a host, absorb the nutrients and weaken the host

36
Q

where does cellular respiration happen in eukaryotes?

A

the mitochondria

37
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

using the energy that a cell takes up

38
Q

obligate aerobes?

A

◦ require oxygen

39
Q

obligate anaerobes?

A

◦ requires a lack of oxygen

40
Q

facultative anaerobes?

A

can switch back and forth between aerobic and anaerobic (oxygen to no oxygen)

41
Q

what are the conditions for bacterial growth?

A
  1. moisture
  2. moderate temperature (80-100f)
  3. food
  4. darkness (except photosynthetic bacteria)
  5. correct oxygen level
42
Q

why are scientific names important?

A

◦ have complex names
◦ 1.5 million species and counting
◦ so that everyone is talking about the same thing even if they don’t speak the same language

43
Q

list info about biological classification

A

◦ Carolus Linnaeus was known as the “father of modern taxonomy” and was also a creationist
◦ latin is a good language for scientific names because its “dead”, meaning it won’t change the way spoken languages do
◦ taxons include “sub” levels, division, tribes, and subtribes
◦ biologists call phyla “divisions”

44
Q

what are the six kingdoms?

A

◦ animalia
◦ plantae
◦ fungi
◦ protista
◦ bacteria
◦ archaea

45
Q

what is a glyco-protein?

A

a protein that has sugar attached to it

46
Q

what are eubacteria?

A

cells with a true nucleus

47
Q

what are the four eukaryotic kingdoms?

A

◦ animalia
◦ plantae
◦ fungi
◦ protista

48
Q

where do eubacteria live?

A

in and on you, surfaces, etc

49
Q

what are introns?

A

◦ catalyst that helps put RNA together
◦ discarded from DNA methane
◦ noncoding sections of an RNA transcript

50
Q

what are the types of archaea?

A

◦ methanogens
◦ halophiles
◦ thermophiles

51
Q

what does phile mean?

A

to love

52
Q

what are methanogens?

A

◦ live in anaerobic environments
◦ obtain energy from hydrogen and co2 and make methane (johanns fav)

53
Q

what are halophiles?

A

◦ salt lovers (anthony pecikonis), like the Great Salt Lake

54
Q

what are thermophiles?

A

◦ heat lovers, like hot springs

55
Q

what two kinds of bacteria can survive periods of dryness?

A

capsules and endospores

56
Q

what happens if photosynthetic bacteria is in the dark?

A

they die (womp womp 🤣)

57
Q

what happens if its too cold/too hot for bacteria?

A

too cold = bacteria slow down
too hot = bacteria die

58
Q

what is another name for scientific names?

A

binomial nomenclature

(Genus = capital letter)
(species = lowercase letter)

59
Q

what is genetic recombination?

A

◦ the process of exchanging genetic material between organisms

60
Q

what is conjugation?

A

◦ two bacteria share genetic information

61
Q

what is transformation?

A

◦ DNA from a dead cell is taken up by a living, functional cell

62
Q

what is transduction?

A

◦ when a virus moves DNA from one bacterium to another

63
Q

what are chemical recyclers?

A

◦ basically any decomposer (organisms that break down decaying matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem

some examples are:
- bacteria
- fungi
- earthworms

64
Q

what is bioremediation?

A

◦ process when bacteria/living organisms removing/cleaning pollution from the environment

65
Q

what are two toxins (that are in the module) produced by some bacteria?

A

exotoxins & endotoxins

66
Q

what is an exotoxin?

A

◦ toxins found OUTSIDE (exo)
◦ poisonous protein produced during the growth and metabolism of bacteria
(an example would be food poisoning)

67
Q

what is an endotoxin?

A

◦ toxins found INSIDE (endo)
◦ poisonous lipid found in bacterial cell walls
(an example is salmonella)

68
Q

how were viruses discovered?

A

◦ discovered while scientists were studying tobacco mosaic disease

69
Q

what is a virus and what are the two characteristics it has?

A

a virus is a noncellular infectious agent
1. it has genetic material (DNA/RNA)
2. can’t reproduce alone (needs to infect a living cell)

70
Q

what is another word for virus?

A

phage

71
Q

how do viruses infect you?

A

via the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle

72
Q

what is the lytic cycle?

A

virus enters cell, hijacks host cell’s DNA replication system, makes copies of itself, causes cell to burst releasing more viruses

73
Q

what is the lysogenic cycle?

A

virus enters cell, embeds its DNA into host cell’s DNA, replicates along with the host cell’s DNA

74
Q

fill in the blank:
a prophage is a viral DNA ___ in host DNA

A

embedded

75
Q

what is the best defense against viruses?

A

prevention
(good hygiene, eating healthy, staying hydrated)

76
Q

what are phagocytic cells?

A

cells that are designed to destroy pathogens

77
Q

where do phagocytic cells live?

A

in your lymph nodes

78
Q

who invented the first vaccine?

A

Edward Jenner

79
Q

why was the first vaccine experiment so unethical?

A

the poor kid didn’t consent or anything, he just got injected 💀

80
Q

can vaccines be made for viruses like the common cold? why or why not?

A

no! vaccines can’t be made for viruses that 𝐦𝐮𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐨𝐨 𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐝𝐥𝐲

bio mod 9 (1 decks)

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