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Science - exam revision > Test Revision > Flashcards

Test Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of rods and cones in the human eye?

A

Cones: found in the retina (fovea) at the back of eye. Involved in colour vision and vision acuity (sharpness)

Rods: found in the periphery of the retina. Involved in night / low light vision and peripheral vision

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2
Q

Basic functions of the nervous system:

A

The central nervous system (CNS): made of the brain and spinal cord. It receives information and responds to it.

The peripheral nervous system (PNS): composed of the nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord. It’s made ups a sensory part and a motor part and mainly connects the CNS to the limbs and organs

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3
Q

Basic functions of the endocrine system: pituitary gland, hypothalamus & pineal gland

A

Pituitary gland: stimulates ovaries to produce ova and stimulates testes to produce sperm, Affects cell growth

Hypothalamus: connects NS with the endocrine system, controls body temp, growth, thirst, hunger etc

Pineal gland: controls body rhythms such as sleeping and waking

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4
Q

Basic functions of the endocrine gland: thyroid gland, adrenal glands & pancreas

A

Thyroid glands: controls rate of chemical activity in cells and regulates growth

Adrenal glands: raises blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate + supply of blood to muscles

Pancreas: decreases & increases blood glucose level

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5
Q

Basic functions of the endocrine system: parathyroid glands, ovaries & testes

A

Parathyroid gland: maintains level of calcium in blood

Ovaries: controls development of breasts, controls menstrual cycle

Testes: controls body hair, deepening of voice and sexual urges

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6
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The internal environment in which your cells live needs to be kept constant.

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7
Q

What are the basic differences between the nervous and endocrine system?

A

The nervous system uses electrical signals or impulses to send signals through neutrons

The endocrine system uses hormones acting as the chemical messengers to send signals to target cells through the blood stream

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8
Q

What happens when there is a rise or fall in blood sugar?

A

Rise: insulin is produced. It travels via the bloodstream to its target cells - the liver and muscle cells

Fall: glucagon is produced. The target tissue is mainly the liver

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9
Q

The nervous system functions:

A

NS functions: to receive (sensory role) and process information and to coordinate a response (motor response)

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10
Q

The divisions of their nervous system:

A

The peripheral nervous system: the somatic NS (voluntary muscles) & the autonomic nervous system (involuntary muscles)

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11
Q

The somatic NS:

A

Controls skeletal (voluntary muscles) and sends sensory information from sensory receptors to brain and spinal cord (the CNS)

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12
Q

The autonomic NS:

A

Controls involuntary, unconscious behaviours such as breathing, sweating, pumping blood and movement of food through digestive tract

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13
Q

The sympathetic NS:

A

Prepares body for flight or fight

Blood pressure increases, heart beats faster and digestive system slows down

Helps the body cope with stress

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14
Q

The parasympathetic NS:

A

Returns the body to resting or homeostasis once the threat or stress has finished

Does The opposite things to the sympathetic NS

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15
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system:

A

Sympathetic: airways takes your arousal level up

Parasympathetic: takes your arousal levels to a base level - homeostasis

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16
Q

Neurons:

A

A nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system

17
Q

be able to label parts of a neuron

A
  • muscle
  • cell body
  • myelin sheath
  • nerve endings
  • dendrites
  • axon
18
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

The layer that covers the axon of many neurons.

Composed of proteins and fatty substances.

Increases the speed of the nerve impulse and electrical insulates the nerve fibres from one another.

19
Q

What are the 7 steps from stimuli to response?

A
  1. Internal / external stimuli (eg fly on skin)
  2. Receptor ( detects stimulus on skin)
  3. Sensory neuron in PNS (sends sensory messages to CNS)
  4. CNS (spinal cord to brain - sensory area of brain)
  5. Motor neuron (from motor area of the brain in CNS to muscles)
  6. Effector (muscle)
  7. Response (eg swatting the fly)
20
Q

What are the 6 steps of the reflex arc (when a reflex action occurs)?

A

If you touch something hot:

  1. Thermoreceptors on your skin detect heat
  2. Sensory neurons replay this information to the interneurons in the spinal cord
  3. A message is sent to the motor neurons in the spinal cord to move away
  4. Your hand moves away
  5. Only then is a message relayed to your brain
  6. The perception of pain is experienced by the brain
21
Q

The reflex action:

A

An autonomic, involuntary response, without direct involvement of the brain (only the spinal cord is involved)

22
Q

*be able to label parts of the reflex arc diagram (p24)

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Sensory neuron
  4. Connector neuron
  5. Motor neuron
  6. Effector
  7. Response
23
Q

The basic elements of the “testing your response time” ruler prac

A

reflex arc diagram

24
Q

What is the functions of the Cerebellum?

A
  • Below and to the back of the cerebrum.
  • The size of a small tennis ball.
  • controls movement of different parts of the body and controls balance
25
Q

What are the functions of the brain stem?

A
  • Connects the brain and spinal cord

- nerves in the brain stem control your heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure

26
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

A

Divided into 4 sections: frontal lobe, parietal, occipital and temporal lobe.

The cerebrum is highly wrinkled which makes the brain more efficient because it increases the surface area of the brain and the amount of neurons within it.

27
Q

What are the functions of the frontal and parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal: involved in personality mood and initiative

Parietal: involved in movement awareness and feeling / touch

28
Q

What are the functions of the occipital and temporal lobes in the cerebral cortex?

A

Occipital: involves in visual processing and the interpretation of vision

Temporal: involved with memory, speech understanding

29
Q

What is the overall function of the left brain?

A

Logic / reasoning
Problem solving
Verbal tasks (speaking, reading)

30
Q

What is the overall function of the right brain?

A

Music / art appreciation
Creativity
Fantasy / day dreaming
Recognising faces and emotions

Science - exam revision (2 decks)

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