Test revision Flashcards
Explain using an example, what is meant by a protected area:
a defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, legally protected or by other means to achieve a long term conservation of nature w/ associated ecosystem services & cultural values
e.g. any national park/ wilderness: Otways National Park.
What is the IUCN & what is their main role?
Internal Union for Conservation of Nature.
- promotes the establishment and management of parks and reserves
- consists of conservation agencies and relevant agencies
The IUCN developed 6 protected Area categories. Discuss categories 1 & 2 providing an example for each:
Category 1: (a) Strict nature reserve: managed mainly for science
(b) Wilderness Area:
e. g. Wilderness parks 2 in Aus: Big Desert & Avon Wilderness Park
Explain the difference between a wilderness park & a state park
Wilderness Park: providing highest level of protection; remote areas; no facilities; managed for wilderness protection; IUCN Category 1
National Park: contain highly significant natural values; managed primarily for ecosystem protection; allow compatible recreation; IUCN Category 2
List 4 pieces of legislation relevant to park management & explain there relevance:
F.L.EN
- Flora & Fauna Guarantee act 1998: threatened species
- Land Act 1898! key legislation setting aside parks in the 19th Century
- Environment Protection Biodiversity Conservation act 1999! Environment protection & enhancement! Biodiversity conservation strategy
- Native title act 1993! indigenous land rights- recognition that land was not unoccupied when white settlers arrived I.e. not terra nullius (no body’s land)
Explain using an example difference the difference between Statutory & Strategic planning
- Statutory planning:
> Regulation of land use: legislation
e.g. laws - EBPC act 1999
Strategic planning:
> long term goals; strategies; visions;
e.g. Melbourne 2030, Shaping our future
What is heritage? Why is heritage an essential component of planning?
refers to areas (or objects) that the community values both natural and cultural
- essential component of planning, enuring long-term protection
Discuss wider societal influences of contemporary Park Managers: (such as Parks Vic)
- Modern living patterns- Highly urbanized
- ageing but active population
- changing work patterns
- declining social connectedness
- sedentary lifestyles
- declining physical activity
Outline 4 key Principles of Healthy Parks Healthy People:
PPWC
1 Parks nurture healthy ecosystems
- Parks fundamental to economic growth and vital to vibrant healthy communities
- Contact with nature vital for improving, spiritual, emotional and physical health and well being
- Well being of society depends on healthy ecosystems
Legal Definition of wildlife in Vic according to Wildlife act 1975
- all veterbrate taxon which is indigenous to Aus, regardless of where it occurs elsewhere
- non indigenous: quail, deer, partridge, & other wildlife that governor declares.
- taxon of terrestrial invertebrate under FFG act 1988
(Flora and Fauna 1988) - hybrids of anything mentioned above
What is game?
Any type of animal that is used by community in consumptive manner
- historically whether they had good table quality and whether considered sporting
What is a wicked Problem? and what 4 criteria make it a wicked problem? Provide examples
- incomplete or contradictory knowledge
- lots of people or opinions involved
- large economic burden
- create more problems/issues
e.g. Palm oil plantations, trophy hunting, whaling, climate change, world poverty.
What role do Parks Vic have in Fire management?
- partnership role with DELWP
- Fire prevention as land manager
- monitoring and implementing prescribed burnings @ parks estates
- post fire and emergency recovery
- public safety
Outline main recommendations put forward by Vic Bush fires Royal Commission following Black Saturday Bush fires 2009:
- Vic gov accepted all 67 recommendations
Key recommendations include:
- emergency management commissioner
- communal and control arrangements
- All agencies responsible for issues of warnings to community
Explain why human dimensions is an essential component of wildlife management & conservation:
- ^ understanding leads to ^ appreciation and therefore an ^ protection
- breaks down political and social barriers
- ^ community support
- better ecological outcomes
What is meant by flight initiation distance?
distance at which animals flush or move away from disturbing stimuli
What is the main piece of legislation relevant to indigenous people and parks
Native title act 1993
What are Joint Management Agreements
& Indigenous Protected Areas?
Joint Management Agreements:
- establishment of legal partnership that reflects the rights, interests and obligations of Aboriginal owners of parks & gov agency acting on behalf of community.
Indigenous Protected Areas:
- Formally recognized as national reserve system. up to 1/3 of total reserve system
Discuss Bias conservation in regards to less charismatic species:
there is a general bias towards the “cuddle and cute” animals, this causes problems where funding is not given to less well known species.
-often not aware of the decline of the non-cuddly and cute animals until its too late
What are offsets and mitigation translocation? Why are they used?
Offsets: developing in areas and “offsetting” or allocating areas for the natural habitat or area lost in development
Mitigation translocation: moving species to a new location due to lost habitat due to development
Successful?: often not successful due to new environment not being able to produce required niche for the animal to survive
Out 5 Management issues in Vic Parks:
P.P.O.F.F.S
- Pest & weed management
- Pest Species/ invasive
- Overabundant native species
- Fire
- Fragmentation
- Stock Grazing
Explain the Difference between External Vs Internal fragmentation:
Internal: within parks e.g. tracks, roads, powerlines
External: outside of parks e.g. where patches of vegetation are isolated from each other
What is meant by edge effect?
linked to fragmentation; associated with shape and size of park and surrounding land use
^ size of edge= Heavy impacts on ecological processes
^ invasions & ^ predators
slender and long parks have a greater edge effect than round plots of land
What criteria to powerful owls need to inhabit an area?
- suitable nesting trees (deep hollow)
- suitable roosting trees
- sufficient prey
What are the main issues threatening the powerful owls (threatened status)?
- fragmentation
- cleared forests
- lack of nesting trees
- territorial species ( need a large area)
- lack of sufficient prey
Ecological what is special about beaches?
- unstable
- little (obvious) primary productivity (no grasses etc.)
- transition zone (marine & terrestrial)
- unique and poorly understood fauna
- highly variable in use in human use with space & time
What are the main influences on beach macrofuana?
- wrack (seaweed) { external nutrients}
- climate
- grain size
- climate
- weather
- wave energy
- tidal zone
what are the benefits Vs concerns of fox eradication on Phillip island
Benefits:
- able to reestablish bandicoot populations on the island
pop recovery ( lapwings, geese, wallabies, penguins)
Concerns:
- unknown impact fox’s have on other species (trophic cascade) {rats, mice, rabbits}
- will feral cat no.s increase and fill the fox’s role?
What is the difference between Geographic vs Projected coordinate systems?
Projected Coordinate systems:
defined on a 2D or flat surface
Geographic System:
depict earth as a sphere
*Projected systems: have consistent angles and lengths making navigation easier
List some common coordinate systems: Which is most commonly used in Vic?
G.G.V.W
- Geocentric datum of Aus 1994 > GDA94 *
- Geocentric datum of Aus 2020 > GDA20
- Victorian Grid 1994 > Vicgrid94
- World systematic grid> WSG84
Geographic systems allow us to do what with our data?
- retrieve spatial data
- capture spatial data
- search spatial data
- display spatial data
- store spatial data
- query spatial data
How is WOTCH aiming to mitigate the impact of logging on the leadbeater’s possum?
- Indentify locations of the LBP
- report locations to Vic forests
- hold gov accountable hopefully get protective buffer zones for possum at each site or coupe
What is the regional forest agreement ?
- agreement between federal and state government
- designed to balance values of forest
- exempts gov owned timber agency (Vic Forests) from EPBC act
3 reasons for trading wildlife:
- poverty- some countries
- believed medicinal properties
- financial gain- illegal & legal
Impacts of wildlife trade:
- Species loss/ decline
- Habitat loss/ destruction
What are the 2 federal laws in Australia protecting biodiversity?
EPBC act 1999
2. WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTIES CONSERVATION ACT 1983
What is Heritage classified as? And give examples of International, National, state and local:
Areas or objects that we consider to be important to be preserved/ protected for future generations.
- International: WHP- world heritage properties 1092 (recognized for outstanding value)
- National: National Heritage list 100
- State: Vic heritage register, 1000’s
Local: local heritage overlays
Natural heritage Vs. cultural heritage:
Natural heritage:
- scientific
- Scenic value
- Environmental value
- supports endangered species
e.g. Beware reef, kakadu, fraser island
Cultural heritage:
- physical evidence of past cultural activities
- express values, beliefs, attitudes, way of life & history
Aboriginal heritage:
- scar tree
- uluru
- didgeridoo
- boomerang
- middens
European heritage:
- churchs
- railways
- Banks
- cattlemen’s huts
- cloths
Australias WHP (world Heritage Properties)
N+C (natural & cultural): T.W.U.K 1.Tasmanian Wilderness 1. Willandra lakes region 2. Uluru 4. Kakadu National Park
Cultural: R.A.S 1. Royal Exhibition building & Carlton gardens 2. Australian Convict sites 3. Sydney Opera House
Natural:
- Sharkbay
- Ningaloo reef
- Lord Howe Island
- Great Barrier Reef
