Test Review: Unit 2 - Why be Ethical?

Question 1

Deontology

Answer 1

the study of the nature of duty and obligation.

Question 2

Teleology

Answer 2

to do with the purpose of something, seeking to understand the ultimate goal.

Question 3

the face of the other

Answer 3

Levinas. encountering another person especially seeing their face creates a profound ethical responsibility within us.

Question 4

goodness

Answer 4

tell us how we would act if reason were fully in charge of our actions; this helps us determine how to morally act

Question 5

good will

Answer 5

Is the will to do our duty for no other reason than it is our duty.

Question 6

virtues

Answer 6

Moral: Developed through practice

Intellectual: Developed through learning

• focus on character
• act out of reason
• Eudaimonia: achieve a state of flourishing through virtue and reason

Question 7

practical reason

Answer 7

reason based on moral duty

Question 8

theoretical reason

Answer 8

reason based on knowledge

Question 9

happiness

Answer 9

the goal of life achieved through virtues

Question 10

polis

Answer 10

Happiness is found in Community. family is the foundation of polis

Question 11

Categorical Imperative

Answer 11

commands we must follow to evaluate motives for action (Kant)

Question 12

“means”

Answer 12

People are never to be treated ONLY as a mean. Do not selfishly take advantage of people.

Question 13

“ends”

Answer 13

recognize that individuals are ends

Question 14

The Scream: the experience of personal response

Answer 14

• We have a tendency to help those in immediate danger.
• we want to help but we may hesitate

EX: A lady’s purse was stolen in front of you

Question 15

The Beggar: the experience of the other

Answer 15

• humans face an ethical response when we are faced with a person in need
• Humans react deeply whether or not they take action to address the problem.

EX: Giving a homeless man money, but him asking for more

Question 16

“I have to”: the experience of obligation

Answer 16

• deals with duties or obligations to abide by rules or follow orders of a person in authority

EX: abiding by a curfew generates a clear conscience, even though there may be resentment if the curfew is perceived as unjust

Question 17

This is intolerable: the experience of contrast

Answer 17

• humans feel outraged when something blatantly unjust or unfair happened to ourselves or other

EX: images of abused children, for example, generate deep feeling of outrage

Question 18

Aristotle

Answer 18

What is the good: Being HAPPY through Virtue

Question 19

Teleological ethics

Answer 19

to do with the purpose of something, seeking to understand the ultimate goal. Every action or purpose aims for some good.

Question 20

Role of Reason

Answer 20

virtue involves acting in accordance with reason, balancing rational and appetitive parts of the soul.

Question 21

Doctrine of Mean

Answer 21

virtue is a balance between deficiency and excess. EX: courage is between recklessness and cowardice. Find a middle ground

Question 22

Virtue, Vice of Excess, Vice of Deficiency

Answer 22

Cowardice < Courage < Recklessness

Question 23

Kant

Answer 23

What is good: our DUTY

Question 24

deontological ethics

Answer 24

a way of thinking about what is right and wrong based on reason and duty

Question 25

Concept of duty

Answer 25

what we ought to do - our moral duty.

human action is morally good when its done for the sake of duty

desires draw us away from our duty

Question 26

why do we do good deeds in Kants eyes?

Answer 26

Motive is what matters. The only thing truly good is the good will to do your duty.

Question 27

Maxim One

Answer 27

Act in a way you would like everyone else in the world to act

Question 28

Maxim Two

Answer 28

treat others the way you want to be treated. treat them as a mean but at the same time as an end.

Question 29

Testing if act are morally permissible

Answer 29

1. formulate a maxim that justifies your proposed plan of action
2. formulate that maxim as a universal law that makes everyone act the way you would act
3. consider if your maxim can be used in the world
4. consider if you will act on your maxim in such a world. if your answer is yes, then it is permissible

Question 30

Levinas:

Answer 30

What is the good: the face of other

Question 31

Ethics of the face

Answer 31

• when i encounter suffering in the face of others, i am bound to act
• the face arouses the good within
• the face suggests the other order of existence is good calling us to be responsible for the other.

Question 32

“the face of the other calls me to respond?”

Answer 32

• the face of the other compels us to take responsibility for them. the face teaches us that we are responisble for each other.

Question 33

Infinity

Answer 33

we are all different. And we are all responsible for each other.

Question 34

Totality

Answer 34

we are all the same.