Test Review: The Russian Rev. and the Interwar Period

Question 1

Nicholas II

Answer 1

Last reigning tsar of Russia, relied on the bureaucracy and army to hold up his regime, forced to abdicate the throne by Duma, he couldn’t handle the state of Russia.

Question 2

March 1917 Revolution

Answer 2

women marched down Petrograd demanding “peace and bread” and “down with the autocracy, more workers joined shutting down factories in the city, the situation got out of the tsar’s control when soldiers joined the movement

Question 3

provisional government

Answer 3

this type of government was implemented by the Duma which abdicated the tsar and gave governmental responsibility to the Duma

Question 4

Soviets

Answer 4

“Councils of workers’ and soldiers’ deputies,” this group of people held more radical interests of the lower class and had various members of socialism… breaks down into the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks

Question 5

Bolsheviks

Answer 5

Small faction of the Russian Social Democrats, led by Lenin, who aimed for a violent revolution to destroy the capitalist system.

Question 6

Vladimir Lenin

Answer 6

Leader of the Bolsheviks, served as the first leader of Soviet Russia, his form of government was the prelude to Soviet Russia’s future dictatorship.

Question 7

Leon Trotsky

Answer 7

Revolutionary, chairman of the Petrograd Soviets, who was supposed to give Bolsheviks the opportunity to gain power for the soviet name, taught the Red Army to be well-disciplined and fight well.

Question 8

Bolshevik Revolution

Answer 8

Led by Vladimir Lenin, this was the Bolshevik’s violent attempt to overthrow the government and seize power, and resulted in the removal of Tsar Nicholas II

Question 9

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Answer 9

An agreement for new communist Russia to give up eastern Germany, Poland, Ukraine, Finland, and the Baltic Provinces to Germany.

Question 10

Russian Civil War

Answer 10

Many in Russia were opposed of the Bolshevik and their government, Bolsheviks fought against the White force in Siberia, forces in Ukraine, and forces in the Baltic regions. The party regained power and control other independents states.

Question 11

Reds and Whites

Answer 11

• The Reds were the Bolsheviks and consisted of the Red Army and Trotsky, committed on one goal
• The Whites were people that were anti-Bolshevik, and Admiral Kolchak, who wanted to restore the tsarist regime, unable to agree on a common goal

Question 12

War Communism

Answer 12

Set of policy made by the Communist that translated their revolutionary faith into their people or masses

Question 13

League of Nations

Answer 13

Created by Woodrow Wilson, attempt to create pact between nations to prevent future wars

Question 14

Reparations

Answer 14

The large compensation Germany had to pay other nations to repair the state of the nations, was considered the logical consequence for wartime promises.

Question 15

Treaty of Locarno

Answer 15

Fostered spirit of international cooperation, this granted Germany to have borders with France and Belgium, Germany does not permanently accept the borders

Question 15

Dawes Plan

Answer 15

the attempt to reduce the reparations and stabilize Germany’s ability to pay. Granted Germany a 200 million dollar loan for Germany’s recovery, and opened American investments in Europe… gateway for European prosperity

Question 15

Great Depression

Answer 15

Causes: A downturn in domestic economies and international financial crisis. This affected both America and Europe as the financial situation was bad in America, loans made in Europe were pulled away, hurting Europe… stock market crashed

Question 15

Benito Mussolini

Answer 15

Originally a school teacher and then an editor of a newspaper, he was the fascist leader that introduced Fascism to Italy and integrated fascist ideal into the Italian state.

Question 15

Fascism

Answer 15

As a result of the Great Depression, the system was attractive to the desperate looking for a solution. Benito Mussolini introduced this concept in Italy and succeeded

Question 16

totalitarianism

Answer 16

a system of government that extends the functions and powers of the central state much more than previously. Demanded active loyalty and commitment from its citizens to the regime’s goals

Question 17

Propaganda

Answer 17

Mass modern techniques and modern communications to capture the hearts and minds of the people under a regime.

Question 18

League of Combat

Answer 18

The political movement that would later be called Fascism, grew significantly after a stalemate between the Italian parliament system and strong nationalist.

Question 18

squadristi

Answer 18

Mussolini formed bands of armed Fascist and these bands would attack socialist offices and newspapers.

Question 18

Lateran Accords

Answer 18

Mussolini’s attempt to gain support from the Catholic Church, acknowledged the Vatican City and the papacy recognized the Italian State, also gave money to the church and recognized Catholicism was the sole religion of the state.

Question 19

Weimar Republic

Answer 19

A German democratic state with fragmented Social Democrats , Catholic Center party, German socialist, the nation was put under the supervision of Hindenburg and the nation was unstable, no one really liked him in power.

Question 20

Paul von Hindenburg

Answer 20

WWI military hero, who was elected as the president of Weimer Republic, he suffered as a leader as uprisings and attacks happened left and right.

Question 21

Adolf Hitler

Answer 21

Previously an artist in Austria, wrote his autobiography “Mein Kampf” he hated Jews and it was visible in his ideologies, Nazi leader

Question 22

National German Socialist Workers Party

Answer 22

“Nazi” for short, a right winged extreme nationalist party, the Nazis were different to the socialist parties while gaining support from working class and nationalist circles.

Question 23

Storm Troopers

Answer 23

Nazi’s police force, they were used to defend the party in the meetings halls and to break up the meetings of other parties

Question 24

Lebensraum

Answer 24

(Living Space) the social Darwinian theory that superior nations have the right to expand and the right of the superior individuals to have authority over masses

Question 25

Reichstag Fire

Answer 25

A fire that broke out in the Reichstag building, supposedly set by the Communist, which allowed Hitler to convince President Hindenburg to issue a decree that gave the government emergency power, limiting all basic citizen rights, leading to Hitler and the Nazi’s rise to power.

Question 26

Enabling Act

Answer 26

The act gave Hitler the legal right to commit his crimes following his rise to power, he was not held back by the Reichstag building or President Hindenburg, and Hitler was appointed by the Parliament body.

Question 27

Schutzstaffel (SS)

Answer 27

Protection Squad, originally Hitler’s personal bodyguards, were directed by Heinrich Himmler, ended up controlling both the regular and secret police. Functioned on 2 principles: Terror and Ideology

Question 28

Hitler Youth

Answer 28

An organization the youth swore dedication to the Nazi movement, and required the youth to pledge to the flag and recite the oath

Question 29

Nuremburg Laws

Answer 29

New racial laws placed in Nuremburg, excluded German Jews from having relations with Germans, essentially excluding Jews from Germany, socially, politically, and legally.

Question 30

Kristallnacht

Answer 30

The assassination of the 3rd secretary of the Embassy by a Polish Jew, became the excuse of the Nazis to burn down synagogues, destroy several Jewish businesses, and kill hundreds of Jews, then ultimately put male Jews into concentration camps

Question 31

NEP (New Economic Policy)

Answer 31

Lenin’s refurbished version of the old capitalist system, allowed peasants to sell openly and operate small under private ownership, which would end up saving the Soviet Union from economic disaster

Question 32

Politburo

Answer 32

The institution that becomes the leading political body after Lenin’s death, were divided into Left and Right, Stalin would be the “mediator” of the group.

Question 33

The 5- Year Plan

Answer 33

Stalin’s goal to turn the Soviet Union from an agricultural state to an industrialized state as soon as possible, instead of consumer goods, maximizing capital goods and armaments, and quadrupling heavy machinery and oil productions.

Question 34

Collectivization

Answer 34

Eliminating private farms and kulaks (wealthy farmers), Stalin proceeded to send troops to retrieve grain from farmers, especially in Ukraine, where 2.9 million died due to starvation.

Question 35

Kolkhozes

Answer 35

Collective farms by the state, where many farmers were forced to work.

Question 36

Great Terror/Purge

Answer 36

Stalin solidifying his power by executing political opponents, officers, farmers, overall so many people, in the millions.

Question 37

Francisco Franco

Answer 37

A general for the Spanish military forces that revolted against the government and ended in a bloody civil war

Question 38

Spanish Civil War

Answer 38

Spain was divided into Left and Right: Left were Republicans who supported the Popular Front; The Right were Nationalists who supported Franco’s military coup, the monarchy, and the Catholic Church.