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Histo Exam III > Test Review > Flashcards

Test Review Flashcards

1
Q

Lymph follicle

A

Not enclosed w/i a capsule. Occur singly or in aggregates. Sites of B cell locatlization and proliferation. Transient

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2
Q

Primary Lymph follicle

A

Spherical, tightly packed accumulations of virgin B cells and dendritic reticular cells that have not been exposed to antigens

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3
Q

Secondary follices

A

Derived from primary follicles that have been exposed to non self antigens - not present at birth.

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4
Q

Structure of secondary lymph follicle

A

Cortex: darker peripheral region composed of densely packed B lymphocytes. Germinal center - central, lighter stained region. Composed of B lymphocytes, memory B cells, plasma cells, dendritic reticular cells which function as antigen-presenting cells.

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5
Q

CD4+ T cells

A

Recognize antigens bound to MHC class II molecules. Helper cells - assist CD8+ cells differentiation and B cell differentiation

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6
Q

CD8+ T cells

A

recognize peptide fragments of foreign proteins bound to MHC class I on the surface of cells. Cytolytic t cells - release perforins and fas

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7
Q

CD16+ Tcells

A

Natural killers. Activated by tumor cell antigens to release cytokines (interleukins, MAF, chemotactic and TNF)

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8
Q

What is the most important opsonin?

A

c3b

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9
Q

HEVs

A

In the deep (inner) cortex of the lymph node - port of entry for circulating differentiated lyphocytes to seed lymph node.

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10
Q

Double negative T cells

A

Lack cell surface molecules typical of mature T cells. Enter corex from blood vessels. Proliferate in subcapsular area.

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11
Q

Double positive T cells

A

Move to the outer cortex. Confronted w/ epi cells w/ curface MHC classes I and II for clonal selection. Express both CD4 and CD8 coreceptors and TCR receptors

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12
Q

Single positive T cells

A

Move to inner cortex. Express TCR receptors and either CD4 and CD8 co receptors.

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13
Q

Where is clonal deletion of T cells completed?

A

in the medulla of the thymus

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14
Q

Hassall’s corpuscles

A

Thymus medulla - whorls of highly keratinized medullary epithelial cells. Produce cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoeitin.

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15
Q

Cords of billroth

A

Form the red pulp parenchyma (spleen). Contain various blood cells, plasma cells, and antigen presenting cells. Terminal capillaries open directly into substance of cords (open circulation)

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16
Q

Lymph node

A
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17
Q

Space of Disse

A

Separates hepatic cells from endothelial cells. Active transfer between blood and parenchyma.

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18
Q

Classic lobule

A

Central venule in the center with portal triads at the angles. Sinusoids receive blood from hepatic vein and artery.

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19
Q

The anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue is separated by?

A

sulcus terminalis

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20
Q

Lingual papillae

A

appear on the oral portion as surface projections; they are formed of a central core of CT lamina covered by stratified squamous epithelium.

21
Q

What kind of papillae are found on the sulcus terminalis?

A

Circumvallate papillae. taste buds present w/ ducts of von ebner’s glands

22
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut tract?

A

Mucosa(innermost); submucosa; muscularis externa; and outermost layer (serosa/adventitia)

23
Q

GI Mucosa

A

Stratified squamous transitioning to simple columnar; lamina has loose areolar CT w/ glands and GALT; muscularis mucosa w/ smooth muscle

24
Q

GI Submucosa

A

Dense, irregular CT; vascularized - contains nerve plexus (Meissner’s)

25
Q

GI Muscularis externa

A

Inner circular layer of smooth muscle that regulates the size of the lumen and outer longitdinal layer that regulates rhythmic movement of GI tract.

26
Q

GI Outermost layer

A

Adventitia or Serosa

27
Q

Meissner’s Plexus

A

Located in the submucosa; regulates local secretions, blood flow, and absorption. (enteric)

28
Q

Auerbach’s Plexus

A

Located in the muscularis externa; coordinates muscular activity of the gut wall.

29
Q

Which layer of smooth muscle in the gut tract, circular or longitudinal, is the innermost?

A

circular layer

30
Q

Outermost layer (GI) - Serosa

A

Composed of dense irregular CT; consists of a mesothelial lining and a layer of submesothelial CT; form visceral peritoneum and covers intraperitoneal portions of abdominal organs

31
Q

Outmost layer (GI)- Adventitia

A

Desnse irregular CT w/ adipose tissue; covers retroperitoneal portions of digestive system

32
Q

Type 1 alveolar cells

A

Less numerous than type II but cover the larges surface area (95%); very thin cytoplasm; tight junctions connect w/ other type 1 cells; basal lamina may be fused w/ basal lamina of nearby capilaries (blood air barrier)

33
Q

Type II alveolar cells

A

Cuboidal or rounded; serve as stem cells for type I and type II pneumocytes; contain numerous lamellar bodies and secrete lecithin (phospholipid-protein) from the apical domain to make surfactant; phagocytize old surfactant

34
Q

Dust cells

A

Located in the walls of the alveoli; macrophages

35
Q

Clara Cells

A

Only found in bronchioles; increase in amount as ciliated columnar cells decrease; apical surface that bulges into the lumen of the airway; secrete surface-active lipoprotein; contain abundant SER

36
Q

Principal Cells

A

Reabsorb Na ions and water and secrete K via ATPase pump; Located in the collecting duct

37
Q

Intercalated Cells

A

secrete either H+ or bicarb; located in the collecting duct

38
Q

What part of the kidney tubule is most important in generating the counter current gradient?

A

LoH; it creates the osmotic conditions necessary to pull water out of the DCT and collecting duct in the presence of ADH

39
Q

Where does carb digestion begin?

A

In the mouth; amylase hydrolyzes starch to form sugars (amylase secreted by pancreas)

40
Q

What epithelium is characteristic of the pulmonary system?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar w/ goblet cells

41
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar with NO goblet cells and no basement membrane

42
Q

Pathway of blood through the spleen

A

Splenic a. enters hilus -> trabecular arteries branch off -> central arteries

Capillaries form, supplying white pulp, then central arteries lose their white pulp investment and enter red pulp to form a penicillus –> terminal capillary which drains into open or closed system.

Venous sinuses (lined w/ reticuloendothelial cells) drain into pump veins –> trabecular veins–> splenic vein.

43
Q

Pathway of blood throught the spleen (pic)

A
44
Q

The release of digestive enzymes from serous acinar cells is stimulated by what?

A

CCK - response to gastric contents on the pyloric sphincter; it’s receptors are on the acinar cells apical zone.

45
Q

Bicarb rich, alkaline fluid is released by ductal epithelial cells in response to what?

A

Secretin. Secreted by duodenal enteroendocrine cells when stimulated by food entering the small intestine.

46
Q

CCK

A

Site of secretion: upper intestinal mucosa (duodenum); secreted in response to gastric contenets

Targets and effects: acts on pyloric sphincter to slow down stomach emptying; stimulates bile release from gallbladder; stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes; competitive inhibitor of gastrins.

47
Q

Gastrin

A

Site of secretion: pyloric-antral portion of stomach

Targets and effects: stimluates HCl production by gasrtic parietal cells; promotes growath of gastric mucosa; stimulates gastric motility; stimulates release of insulin by pancreatic b cells.

48
Q

Secretin

A

Site of secretion: epithelial cells of dudenum; stimulated by acid contents of stomach

Targets and effects: enhances release of insulin by pancreatic b cells; stimluates bicarb secreation by pancreas

Histo Exam III (11 decks)

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