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Test Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Steps of DNA replication

A

1) DNA helically unzips DNS
2) DNA polymerase adds bases (complementary nucleotide bases) according to base pair rule
3) two identical double helix are formed

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2
Q

2 Important enzymes I’m DNA replication

A

Helically- unzips DNA

DNA polymerase- adds bases for new DNA

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3
Q

Difference between diploid and haploid cells

A

Diploid- cells with 2 chromosomes 2n= 46

Haploid - cells containg half the amount of normal chromosomes n= 23

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4
Q

Example of haploid cell

A

Gamete or sex cells created by the process of meiosis
Spree carries 23 chromosomes
Egg carries 23 chronomosomes
When both put together they get 46 which create a diploid

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5
Q

Example of a diploid

A

Humans have diploid cells and reproduce using the process of mitosis

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6
Q

Process of crossing over

Why is it important in forming gametes

A

Process occurring in meiosis when two chromosomes pair up and exchange segments of their genetic material. Occurred in prophase 1

Rusults in non identical chromatids that compromise the genetic material of gametes

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7
Q

Similarities of mitosis and meiosis

A

Divide cells

Go through pmat process

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8
Q

Contrast mitosis and meiosis

A
  • mitosis occurs in somatic cells and meosis occurs in gametes (sex cells
  • mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells and meosis Produces 4 different daughter cells
  • mitosis daughter cells are diploid and meosis cells are haploid
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9
Q

Stages of mitosis

A 
Prophase 
Metaphase 
Anaphase
Telophase 
(Cytokinesis)
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10
Q

Prophase

A

1) nuclear membrane dissolves
2) chromatin- chromosomes
3) centrioles move to poles and organize spindle fibers

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11
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in center

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12
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibers pull chromosomes in to opposite directions

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13
Q

Telophase

A

1) nuclear membrane reforms
2) chromosomes- chromatin
3) spindle fibers disappear

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14
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm divides

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15
Q

Stages of Meosis

A 
(Meosis 1)
Phrophase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
(Meosis 2)
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
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16
Q

Phrophase 1

Meosis

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • nucleus breaks apart
  • crossing over occurs
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17
Q

Metaphase 1

Meosis

A

Pair of homologous Chromosomes move to equator of the cell

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18
Q

Anaphase 1

Meosis

A

Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell

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19
Q 
Telophase 1 (and cytokinesis)
Meiosis
A 
Chromosomes gather at poles of the cells (46 cells)
Cytoplasm colors (cells= different)
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20
Q

Pmat 2 is the…

A

Same as pmat 1 of mitosis

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21
Q

What is a gamatae

A

Sex cell (sperm and the egg)

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22
Q

Where does a gamatae come from

A

One from each parent (one from sperm and one from egg)

23
Q

What size of cell is pre efficient

A

Smaller so they can move materials in and out of cell membrane at a faster rate
More favorable surface rate to volume ratio

24
Q

Steps in interphase

A

G1, s, g2

25
Q

G1

A

Cell growth

26
Q

S phase

A

DNA replication

- cel, synthesizes

27
Q

G2

A

Checks for DNA damage

- more cell growth

28
Q

When does DNA chromatin form and when does it organize itself into chromosome form

A

Chromatin- interphase

Chromosomes- prophase

29
Q

When does the cell divide

A

Cytokinesis

30
Q

Difference between cell division in animal and plants

A

Plants- no centrioles at the spindle fibers are attached to

Animals- form a cleaveage furrow while plant cells build a cell wall between the two daughter cells

31
Q

What are cyclone and what do they control

A

Family of proteins that control progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) enzymes

32
Q

Relationship between tumor and cancer

A

Tumor develops when a lesion or lump is formed in your body due to abnormal cellular growth. In the case of cancer, the cellular growth is uncontrollable and spreads in body
TUMOR AMD CANCER IS NOT THE SAME THING

33
Q

What are purines and pyrimidines

A
  • production of Rna and DNA
  • proteins and starches
  • regulation of enzymes and cells signaling
    Purines- a and g
    Pyrimidines- c and t
34
Q

How are pyridine and purines related

A

To have full hydrogen bonded pairs

, purines must pair with pyrimidines

35
Q

How are nucleosome, histones, chromosomes and DNA molecules related

A

They are all related to DNA packaging

  • DNA molecule + histones in tight loop=nucleosome
  • 6 nucleosome slacked together= chromatin (stringy form of DNS that can be twisted into chromosome
36
Q

Result of female meiosis

A

I viable egg and 3 polar bodies that go back in the ovaries, genetically different

37
Q

Result of male meiosis

A

4 genetically different sprem

38
Q

How are condon, anti condon and amino acid related

A

Condon-mRNA base pairs
Anti condon- tRNA base pairs that match up with mRNA base pairs
Amino acid- result of these two pairs matching up

39
Q

Two process involved in protein synthesis

A

Transcription and translation

40
Q

What happens in transcription

A

(Instruction) DNA makes the mRNA In The nucleus then sends it out through the nuclear pores to a ribosome (proteins)

41
Q

What happens in translation

A

Base pairs in mRNA (condon) match up with base pair tRNA (anti condon) in the ribosome and makes the amino acid

42
Q

How are DNA and Rana differnt

A

Rna is a single strand of nucleotides while DNA has 2 (double helix)
Rna contains super ribose while DNA contains deoxyribose sugars
Rna contains the nitrogen bases A,G- purines and U,C- pyrimidines while DNA contains A,G,C,T

43
Q

How are DNA and rna similar

A

Their monomers are nucleotides and they have common nitrogen bases a, g, and c

44
Q

Three types of Rna

A

mRNA ( messager)
tRNA (transfer)
rRNA (ribosomal)

45
Q

What does mRNA play in the role of protein synthesis

A 
Contains genetic information copied from DNA out of the nucleus and to the ribosome in the form of three base 
pair sets (condon) that specify a specific amino acid
46
Q

What role does tRNA play In Protein synthesis

A

Carries the matching base pairs (anti condon) to the ribosome and matches them up with the condons to a specific amino acid

47
Q

What role does rRNA play N Protein synthesis

A

In the ribosome, catalyze the assembly of amino acids into a protein Chain (polypeptide)

48
Q

What chromosomes would be In a human egg shell

A

X chromosomes

49
Q

What chromosomes would be in a human sperm cell

A

Half of sperm contains X and other half countians Y

50
Q

What determines the rate at which wastes are produced in cells

A

Volume and surface area

51
Q

What are homologous chronomosomes

A

Two sets of chronomosomes where one comes from mom and one comes from dad (meiosis)

52
Q

What are Tetrads

A

Two set of homologous chronomosomes (4)

53
Q

What is DNA replication

A

Process by which DNA makes a replication of itself during cell division

Dna Test (1 decks)

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