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Senior Capstone > Test Review > Flashcards

Test Review Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the use of punishments for criminal offences

A

Penology

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2
Q

Feeling or expressing remorse for one’s misdeeds or sins

A

Penitence

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3
Q

The range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing criminal offenders

A

Corrections

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4
Q

Holding a person accountable for committing a crime

A

Punishment

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5
Q

A correctional goal focused on the future behavior of the offender and society

A

Deterrence

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6
Q

Reducing the offender’s ability or capacity to commit future crime

A

Incapacitation

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7
Q

A pledge or money or property in exchange for a promise to appear in court

A

Bail

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8
Q

Bail paid by a third party, for a fee, in exchange for a promise to appear in court

A

Bond

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9
Q

Penalty or loss of ownership for the illegal use of property or asset

A

Forfeiture

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10
Q

A flat or straight sentence where a specific term is imposed upon conviction

A

Determinate Sentencing

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11
Q

Correctional supervision that falls between the most lenient and most harsh types of punishment

A

Intermediate Sanctions

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12
Q

A sanction in which the offender must not leave his/her home except during court approved times

A

Home Detention

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13
Q

an alternative to traditional incarceration

A

Shock incarceration

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14
Q

Integrates uniforms, physical labor, as well as drug and or educational programming

A

Boot camp

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15
Q

The sentence and punishment of the individual offender that prevents that individual from committing future crime

A

Specific Deterrence

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16
Q

The recognition that criminal acts result in punishment and the effect of that recognition on society that prevents future crime

A

General Deterrence

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17
Q

prohibits Congress from abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right of the people to peaceable assemble

A

First Amendment

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18
Q

people should be secure against unreasonable search and seizure

A

Fourth Amendment

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19
Q

Constitutional Rights of inmates

A

Mail, Health care, be free of cruel AND unusual punishment, adequate food, clothing, housing, religion
due process

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20
Q

When offender agrees to plead guilty to a lesser charge

A

Plea Bargain

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21
Q

A summary of a defendant’s criminal and social history used by the court prior to sentencing to help determine the appropriate sanction

A

Presentence Investigation

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22
Q

Release from jail based solely on the offender’s promise to appear

A

Release on Recognizance (ROR)

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23
Q

Short-term correctional facilities typically run by the County Sheriff

A

Jail

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24
Q

Long-term correctional facilities typically run by the state or federal government

A

Prisons

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25
Q

Occurs when an officer spends his/her entire shift inside of a unit with the inmates

A

Direct supervision

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26
Q

characterized by a primary control center that oversees multiple modules within a housing unit and where unit officers conduct rounds within each module, but spend most of their shift outside of the modules themselves

A

Indirect supervision

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27
Q

help control inmate behavior and the allocation of assets and resources

A

Classification

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28
Q

Special provisions designed to provide for the safety and well-being of inmates who, based upon findings of fact, would be in danger if placed in general population

A

Protective custody

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29
Q

Offender Types

A 
Adult
Juvenile
Special Needs
Violent
Property
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30
Q

The offender type with the highest recidivism rates are

A

Property Offenders

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31
Q

Female inmates are also more likely, when compared to their male counterparts, to have

A

A higher rate of HIV infection
A history of greater drug use
Nearly three times the rate of diagnosed depression

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32
Q
  • The effect of punishment whereby the offender feels cast aside and abandoned by the community
  • The focus is on the individual, not the criminal act
A

Stigmatizing Shaming

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33
Q
  • Punishes and stigmatizes the criminal act, while acknowledging the fundamental decency and goodness of the offender
  • The focus is on the criminal act, not the individual
A

Reintegrative Shaming

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34
Q

the creation of an environment and provision of rehabilitation programs that encourage inmates to accept responsibility and to address personal disorders that make success in the community difficult

A

Treatment

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35
Q

=Supervise and monitor parolees for parole violations
=Have the legal authority to arrest parolees
-Make recommendations to the court to terminate a parole sentence

A

Parole Officers

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36
Q

The BOP has one maximum security facility located in

A

Florence, CO

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37
Q

The science of knowing

A

Epistemology

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38
Q

=A subfield of epistemology
=The science of finding out
=Procedures for scientific investigation

A

Methodology

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39
Q

There are four main purposes or reasons that we do social science research

A

Exploration
Description
Explanation
Application

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40
Q

Addresses issues of voluntary participation and no harm to participants.
-Requires that subjects both have the capacity to understand and do understand the research, risks, side effects, benefits to subjects, and procedures used

A

Informed consent

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41
Q
  • Interviewing subjects to learn about their experience and participation in the research
  • Inform them of the previously unrevealed purpose of the research
  • Commonly undertaken when participants could have been harmed in some way
A

Debriefing

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42
Q

Presumed to cause or determine the dependent variable

A

Independent variable

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43
Q

Assumed to depend on or be caused by another variable (the independent variable)

A

Dependent variable

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44
Q

Correlation
Time order
Nonspuriousness

A

Three main criteria for causal relationships

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45
Q

one point in time

A

cross sectional

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46
Q

Over a longer period of time

A

longitudinal

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47
Q

Four levels of measurement

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

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48
Q

Offer names or labels for characteristics
Order does not matter
Examples: race, gender, state of residence

A

Nominal

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49
Q

Attributes can be logically rank-ordered
High, medium, low
Examples: education, opinions, occupational status

A

Ordinal

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50
Q

Can be ranked
Meaningful (and equal) distance between attributes
Examples: temperature, IQ

A

Interval

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51
Q

Has a true zero point

Examples: age, # of priors, sentence length, income

A

Ratio

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52
Q

Whether a particular measurement technique, repeatedly applied to the same object, would yield the same result each time

A

Reliability

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53
Q

The extent to which an empirical measure adequately reflects the meaning of the concept under consideration

A

Validity

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54
Q

The difference between the characteristics of a sample and the characteristics of the population from which it was selected

A

Sampling error

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55
Q

These sampling methods are based on the availability of subjects, or the researcher’s judgment

A

Nonprobability Sampling

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56
Q

Nonprobability sampling methods include:

A

Convenience sampling
Purposive sampling
Snowball sampling
Quota sampling

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57
Q

Probability Sampling

A

Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Multistage cluster sampling

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58
Q

A group of subjects to whom an experimental stimulus is administered
Exposed to whatever treatment, policy, initiative we are testing

A

Experimental group

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59
Q

A group of subjects to whom no experimental stimulus is administered and who should resemble the experimental group in all other respects
Very similar to experimental group, except that they are NOT exposed

A

Control Group

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60
Q

All true experiments have a

A

Post=test

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61
Q

exactly the same as a posttest, just administered at a different time

A

pre-test

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62
Q

Three Major Designs in Field Research

A

Participant Observation
Intensive Interviewing
Focus Groups

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63
Q

Unstructured group interviews usually centered around specific topic of interest to the study
Lead by focus group leader, who is usually a researcher

A

Focus Groups

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64
Q

Open-ended, relatively unstructured questioning

Interviewer seeks in-depth information on the interviewee’s feelings, experiences, and perceptions

A

Intensive Interviewing

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65
Q

Develop sustained relationship with people while they go about their normal activities

A

Participant Observation

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66
Q

we focus on visible surface content

A

manifest content

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67
Q

we focus on the underlying meaning

A

latent content

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68
Q
  • attempt to punish people retroactively
  • forbidden in one of the original “Articles” of the U.S. Constitution.
  • don’t give fair notice and allow the government to target people it simply does not like.
A

Ex post facto laws

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69
Q
  • attempt to punish people for something over which they have no control, like being sick or being old or being ugly. Status offenses constitute “cruel and unusual punishment.”
  • -Punishing someone for being mentally ill or for having a contagious disease would constitute a status offense.
A

Status offenses

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70
Q

Making it illegal for women to do something (like drink or smoke) but allowing men to do it would violate

A

Equal protection

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71
Q

The guarantee of equal protection is found in the

A

14th Amendment to the Constitution.

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72
Q

not actually found explicitly anywhere in the Constitution. It is “implied.” For this reason it remains controversial

A

Right to Privacy

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73
Q

mini-rights to privacy

A

3rd Amendment (freedom from having to quarter soldiers in our homes), 4th Amendment (no unreasonable searches) and 5th Amendment (privilege against self-incrimination).

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74
Q

Every crime requires the presence of two things

A

Mens Rea plus Actus Reus

75
Q
  • the mental element of a crime

- by itself is not enough to have a crime

A

Mens rea

76
Q
  • the physical element of a crime.
  • by itself is not enough to have a crime.
  • failing to act
A

Actus reus

77
Q
  • usually involve safety violations with very small penalties
  • offenses exist to protect public safety and are not seen as too unfair since the need is great and the penalties are small
  • glaring exception to the “mens rea requirement.”
A

Strict Liability

78
Q
  • the mens rea of someone is “transferred” on to you because you are in charge of that person somehow
  • tolerated by the courts despite “blameworthiness” since the penalties tend to be light and the need for them is so great.
  • making a parent pay for their child’s crime
A

Vicarious Liability

79
Q

means not fully completed. The idea here is that some actions will be made crimes even though “no harm” was actually done.

A

Inchoate Crimes

80
Q

occurs whenever a person has taken a SUBSTANTIAL STEP towards a crime

A

Attempt

81
Q

occurs whenever two or more people AGREE to commit a crime. The agreed to crime never has to actually occur. The agreement itself is the crime.

A

Conspiracy

82
Q

occurs whenever someone REQUESTS another person to do a crime. No agreement is necessary.

A

Solicitation

83
Q

when a jury decides that even though he did NOT do the right thing in breaking the law, he should be forgiven because something is wrong with him.

A

Excused

84
Q

when a jury decides she did the RIGHT THING in “breaking” the law

A

Justified

85
Q

is composed of three principle players: the prosecutor, the defense attorney, and the judge

A

Courtroom Workgroup

86
Q

ushered in the London Metropolitan Police Act, which created the first uniformed, organized police force

A

Sir Robert Peel

87
Q

became the foundation for thinking about modern policing. These principles emphasized that the police are part of the public, not a separate entity that rules over the public.

A

Peel’s Principles of Law Enforcement

88
Q

Three cities claim to have the first police departments in the United States

A

Boston, Philadelphia, New York

89
Q

A police department is organized by a hierarchy of authority that has three characteristics

A
  • Unity of command: every individual reports to one immediate superior.
  • Chain of command: identifies the line of authority, who reports to whom.
  • Span of control: ratio of supervisors to subordinates.
90
Q

argues that a breakdown of informal controls in communities contributes to crime.

A

Broken Windows Theory

91
Q

Four elements of community policing

A

Philosophy
Organizational transformation
partnerships
Proactive

92
Q

Factors that Affect Police Decision-Making

A

Organizational, Situational, Individual

93
Q

requires the police to obtain a warrant based on probable cause before conducting a search or seizure

A

4th amendment

94
Q

facts or hard evidence that would lead a reasonable person to believe that a specific person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a specific crime.

A

Probable cause

95
Q

facts or circumstances that would lead a reasonable person to believe that a person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime.

A

Reasonable suspicion

96
Q

vulnerable to claims of entrapment

A

undercover operations

97
Q

the effort required to gain compliance from unwilling suspect

A

Force

98
Q

when an officer uses more force than is justified for a legitimate police function

A

Use of excessive force

99
Q

when an officer uses force too often in encounters with citizens

A

Excessive use of force

100
Q

when officers engage in corrupt activities in order to achieve a noble goal

A

Noble-cause corruption

101
Q

officers who engage in corruption only occasionally and/or when the opportunity presents itself; don’t actively pursue corruption

A

Grass-eaters

102
Q

officers who aggressively pursue corrupt activities (e.g., solicit bribes, participate in gang activity, etc).

A

Meat-eaters

103
Q

An ethical system that judges one’s actions as more important than the results they produce

A

Deontological

104
Q

An ethical system that judges the results one’s actions produce as more important than the actions themselves

A

Teleological

105
Q

Being good is defined as meeting the

needs of others

A

Ethics of Care

106
Q

! Believes ethics is largely based upon character and the possessions of virtues
! Golden Mean – a balance of being both good and bad

A

Ethics of Virtue

107
Q

Focuses on duty and holds that the only thing truly good is “good will”

A

Ethical Formalism

108
Q

The principle or practice of unselfish concern for or devotion to the welfare of others

A

Altruism

109
Q

An inordinate fascination with oneself

A

Narcissism

110
Q

something the commands action that is necessary without any reference to intended purposes or consequences

A

Categorical Imperatives

111
Q

The idea that one gives up one’s right to be treated under the principles of respect for persons to the extent that one has abrogated someone else’s right

A

The Principle of Forfeiture

112
Q

Postulates that what is good for one’s survival and personal happiness is moral

A

Egoism

113
Q

The idea that most people have similar beliefs, values, and goals, and that societal laws reflect the majority view

A

The Consensus Paradigm

114
Q

are more likely to be antisocial, to have serious childhood

conduct disorders, and to commit serious offenses

A

men

115
Q

Another name for the Code of Silence or the practice of police officers to remain silent when fellow officers commit unethical actions

A

The Blue Curtain of Secrecy

116
Q

The idea that principles and rights are inherent in nature

A

Natural Law

117
Q

Believing one’s original theory of the case despite evidence to the contrary

A

Belief Perseverance

118
Q

The component of justice that looks for the greatest good for all

A

Utilitarian justice

119
Q

The component of justice that concerns the determination and methods of punishment

A

Retributive justice

120
Q

The component of justice that concerns the steps taken to reach a determination of guilt, punishment, or other conclusions of law

A

Procedural justice

121
Q

System-wide abuse that refers to policies, including overcrowding, inadequate medical, and the use of isolation cells

A

Systemic or budgetary abuse

122
Q

An element of Peacemaking Corrections that involves looking at what needs to be done with both the heart and head

A

Wholesight

123
Q

The term used for the interdependence that may develop
between correctional officers and inmates that is
characterized by favoritism is called

A

Reciprocity

124
Q

The scientific method is used to study and understand crime/criminality

A

Positivism

125
Q

was the first to collect and analyze physical measures (i.e. facial features, structure of the skull, etc.)

A

Cesare Lombroso

126
Q

something that is said to decrease the probability of someone’s offending

A

Protective factors

127
Q

something that is said to increase the probability of someone’s offending

A

Risk factors

128
Q
  • form in response to their inability to reach middle-class goals of success
  • culture within a culture
A

Subculture

129
Q

Views “conflict” as originating from multiple sources within society, not just capitalism

A

Conflict Criminology

130
Q

A theory which is said to apply only to violent victimization

A

Victim Precipitation Theory

131
Q

Moffitt argued that we can classify offenders into 1 of 2 groups

  • Adolescent-limited
  • Life-course persistent offenders
A

Moffitt’s Developmental Typology

132
Q

focus on the age/crime curve

A

Developmental Theory

133
Q

individual characteristics that shape emotional responses of others

A

Temperament

134
Q

psychological characteristics that result from our temperament interacting with developmental experiences

A

Personality

135
Q

Criminal behavior is part of a general pattern of life

A

Lifestyle Theory

136
Q
  • Society is set up in such a way that some fail and others succeed
  • Crime is a result of the unjust ways society is set up
A

Merton’s Anomie Theory

137
Q
  • Removal of positive stimuli

- Introduction of negative stimuli

A

General Strain Theory

138
Q
  • impact how we view ourselves and how others view us

- can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Labeling Theory

139
Q

Argues that crime is shaped by attributes of the community

A

Social Disorganization Theory

140
Q

-Offenders neutralize their sense of shame or guilt through psychological strategies
Used to justify or excuse their behavior:
Denial of responsibility
Denial of injury
Denial of victim
Condemnation of condemners
Appeal to higher loyalties

A

Neutralization Theory

141
Q

We all aspire for the “American Dream”

A

Merton’s Anomie Theory

142
Q

If you have weakened bonds to society, you are more likely to offend because you have less of a stake in conformity

A

Social Bond Theory

143
Q
  • Crime is learned through intimate social groups

- same techniques that are used to learn prosocial behavior are used to learn antisocial behavior

A

Differential Association Theory

144
Q

Crime is result of 3 things converging in time and space
Motivated offender
Suitable targets
Absence of capable guardians

A

Routine Activities Theory

145
Q
  • Acknowledges human agency
  • Focuses on choice structuring behind offending
  • Assumes crime is beneficial to offender
  • Does not assume all criminals make same choices
A

Rational Choice Theory

146
Q

Emphasizes human rationality and free will when explaining crime

A

Classical School

147
Q

Emphasizes unique biological, psychological, or social factors of people when explaining crime

A

Positivism

148
Q

Argued for just and human punishments

A

Cesare Beccaria

149
Q

In order to deter, punishments should outweigh benefits and be:
Swift
Certain
Severe

A

Classical School

150
Q

Does not include:
Those under 12 years old
The homeless
The institutionalized

A

NCVS

151
Q

indicate whether a sample statistic has a low or high chance of occurring.

A

Probability Distribution

152
Q
  • Data can be measured at the nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio levels.
  • The proper test to use for a hypothesis test is determined
A

Levels of Measurement

153
Q

Non-categorical data.
Examples: age, income, education.
Survey answer choices that are measured in numbers rather than categories.
Interval and ratio data.

A

Continuous Data

154
Q

Predictability in survey answers.
Consistency in survey answers.
A survey question is reliable if it will elicit the same response in similar survey circumstances.

A

Survey Question Reliability

155
Q

Used in formal hypothesis testing.
A method of science.
A statement that the variables are unrelated to each other.
Used as part of a test of statistical significance.

A

Null Hypothesis

156
Q

Bivariate correlation.
Continuous data.
The two variables increase or decrease together, e.g., annual income and tax burden.
Contrasted with a negative (or inverse) correlation.

A

Positive Correlation

157
Q

Y = a + b (X)
Slope and intercept.
A prediction technique.
The values of the dependent variable Y are predicted from the values of the independent variable X.

A

Regression Analysis

158
Q

An unfounded projection.
Applying the results of group-level statistical analyses to individual people.
A type of biased reasoning.

A

Ecological Fallacy

159
Q

A repeated samples technique.
The distribution of sample statistics from an infinite number of samples of the same size will be approximately normal.
Assists with probabilities.

A

Central Limit Theorem

160
Q

The main focus of a study.

A

Dependent Variable

161
Q

Samples provide estimates of population parameters that inherently include errors

A

Sampling error

162
Q

Two types of sampling error

A

Non-random error: flaws in the sampling process produce flawed estimates.
Random error: any sample is one of an infinity number of samples that could have been drawn, so population estimates from samples aren’t likely to be completely accurate.

163
Q

if you don’t start with reliable data (garbage in), you’ll end up with unreliable results (garbage out)

A

GIGO

164
Q

two variables may be correlated because a third variable has been left out of the analysis.

A

Omitted variable bias

165
Q

describe characteristics of the population or a sample

A

Descriptive statistics

166
Q

helps draw conclusions about a population from a sample

A

Inferential statistics

167
Q

Right Against Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Incorporated against states Robinson v CA (1962)

Right Against Excessive Fines
Not incorporated against states yet

Right Against Excessive Bail
Incorporated (implied) in Schilb v. Kuebel (1971)

A

8th amendment rights

168
Q

means a strike of a potential juror without explanation

A

Peremptory strike

169
Q

Criminal juries at state level may consist of less than 12 jurors, but at least

A

6 jurors are required

170
Q

jury trial right has been incorporated against the states, it does not require states to provide 12 member jury trials in all criminal cases (as is required at federal level)
-Right to jury trial does not apply to state petty crimes with less than 6 months in prison

A

6th amendment

171
Q

Two major prongs to ineffective assistance of counsel claims

A

Deficient performance and Prejudice

172
Q

right to counsel now requires that government must provide indigent defendants an attorney at government expense to defendants facing jail/prison time
This right “attaches” or begins once a “critical stage” of criminal proceedings occur—this could be at arraignment, preliminary hearing, but most often at time of indictment (but merely being a suspect is not sufficient to cause right to attach)

A

Attachment of 6th Amendment Right to Counsel

173
Q

does not apply to physical attributes of the suspect, such as providing fingerprints, blood samples, hair samples, DNA swabs, etc.

A

Miranda

174
Q

need only be given when there is 1) custodial 2) interrogation. Talking to someone not in custody, say during a Terry stop, does not require Miranda warnings (i.e. traffic stops and Terry stops do not constitute custody for these purposes)
Purpose of warnings is to protect 5th Amendment rights against self incrimination by mitigating the psychological coercion inherent in custodial interrogation by law enforcement officers (and thus help prevent false confessions, which is a leading cause of wrongful convictions)

A

Miranda warnings

175
Q

Based on reasonable suspicion (i.e. the officer must be able to give articulable reasons for detaining a suspect, more than a hunch or a gut feeling), which is considerably less than probable cause

A

Terry Stops

176
Q

evidence obtained in violation of 4th Amendment is generally excludable

A

Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule

177
Q

When Does a Seizure Begin?

A

Seizures occur when a suspect objectively would believe they are not free to leave (not subjective fear based on individual feelings of suspect, but rather objective test—courts consider whether a hypothetical reasonable person would feel free to leave under the totality of the circumstances)
However, seizure does not occur until a command to stop is complied with or touch (a suspect running from officers is not seized upon command to stop, but only upon being touched)

178
Q

Two main theories for nonconsensual, warrantless automobile searches at scene of stop

A

Probable cause and Search incident to arrest

179
Q

Area immediately around the home, such as a porch, which is constitutionally protected similar to the house itself

A

Curtilage

180
Q

1803, held the Supreme Court has the power of judicial review: the authority to strike down laws and acts of government officials as unconstitutional)

A

Marbury v Madison

181
Q

1961, 4th Amendment exclusionary rule incorporated into 14th Amendment, thus applying to states: evidence gained in violation of 4th Amendment excluded from state criminal trials—extended Weeks case to states

A

Mapp v Ohio

182
Q

1963, government must provide indigent felony defendants an attorney at govt. expense, later extended to all defendants facing jail or prison time

A

Gideon v Wainwright

183
Q

Some rights still not incorporated in the Bill of Rights

A

3rd Amendment right against quartering soldiers
5th Amendment right to grand jury for indictments
7th Amendment right to civil jury trials in disputes over $20

184
Q

Due Process Clause

A

14th Amendment

Senior Capstone (1 decks)

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