Test Questions & Knowledge Flashcards
Blocked Pitot Tube - Drain Open
Airspeed - Indicates “0”
Altimeter - Normal
VSI - Normal
Blocked Pitot Tube and Drain
Airspeed - Acts as Altimeter
Altimeter - Normal
VSI - Normal
Blocked Static Line - Normal Pitot Pressure
Airspeed - Inverse of Altimeter
Altimeter - Freezes
VSI - Freezes
Using Alternate Static Source
Airspeed - Reads High
Altimeter - Reads High
VSI - Shows Momentary Climb
Radiation Fog
Cooling of earths surface reduces air near the ground to it’s dew point on calm, clear nights. Ground only.
Steam Fog
Formed when cold air moves over relatively warm water or ground.
Advection Fog
Formed when warm, humid air flows over cool ground or water.
Upslope Fog
Formed when humid air flows uphill and is adiabatically cooled to it’s dew point.
Ice Fog
Composed of minute suspended particles of ice. Usually occurs at very low temps.
Precipitation Fog
Forms when precip falls in to cold air.
Characteristics of airport after frontal passage
Wind shift
Danger of slow moving warm front
Imbedded Thunderstorms
Cold Front Passage
Wind Shift from SW to NW
Warm Front Passage
Wind Shift from SE to SW
Ice, Snow or Frost can reduce lift by ??? And increase drag by??
Reduce lift by 30%
Increase Drag by 40%
SIGMETS
Valid for 4 Hours. Severe icing (not TS), extreme turbulence or CAT, Dust/Sand storms, Volcanic Ash.
Airmets
Every 6 hours.
Zulu - moderate icing
Sierra - widespread IFR
Tango - Turbulence
Microburst
Winds Intensify for 5 minutes after ground contact
Disipates 10 to 20 Minutes after ground contact
Horizontal wind speed differences of 50 to 100 knots
V/S in excess of 3,000 fpm
Thunderstorm Stages
Cumulus
Mature
Dissipating
Rime Ice
Collection of very small supercooled water droplets that freeze on contact. Milky in appearance due to air bubbles that become trapped between frozen droplets.
Clear Ice
Collection of large close to freezing water droplets that flow back across surfaces before freezing.
Freezing Rain
Indicates warmer air above. Most dangerous type of icing.
Ice Pellets
Indicates freezing rain at higher altitude. Stay put.
Jet Stream
A generally west to east high velocity narrow stream of wind meandering around the globe in a wave like pattern near the upper limit of the troposphere. Wind speed at mid lattitudes is generally stronger in the winter than the summer because of greater temp differences. Shifts farther south in summer.
Troposphere
Portion of the atmosphere from the earths surface to the tropopause. Ranges from surface to 65k feet over the equator to 20k feet over the poles. Characterized by decreasing temperatures and water vapor. Most of our weather occurs here.
Tropopause
A thin layer forming the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere. It is not continuous but descends in a step like fashion from the equator to the poles. Max winds and turbulence characterize these steps or “breaks”
Wind speed around the jet core decreases at a greater rate on what side?
Polar. Greater shear and resulting turbulence.
Common place for Clear Air Turbulence?
Polar side of the Jet Core.
TAF
24 hour forecast issued 4 times a day 30 minutes before each synoptic hour (00, 06, 12, 18).
AIRMET
Airman’s Meteorological Information
Zulu - icing and freezing level data
Tango - Turbulence, strong surface winds, wind shear
Sierra - IFR and mountain obscuration
Issued every 6 hours and valid for 6 hours.
SIGMET
Significant Meteorological Information. Serious weather concerning all aircraft. Severe or Extreme Turbulence, CAT Severe Icing Dust Storms and Volcanic Ash that reduce visibility to less than 3 miles.
Convective SIGMET
Severe thunderstorms, tornadoes, heavy precip, hail and high surface winds. Issued hourly at :55 past. Valid for two hours.
NOTAM - D
Distant - Far reaching and significant. Could affect decision to make flight. Examples: Airport/runway closures, nav aids/ILS.
NOTAM L
Local. taxiway closures, lighting that does not affect IAP’s etc..
FDC NOTAMS
Regulatory. Amendments to IAP”s, TFR’s.
Control Tab
Manual reversion backup for hydraulically operated control surfaces. Moving the tab moves the control surface.
Elevator Trim Tab
Used to balance aerodynamic forces on the elevator. Remains fixed when the elevator is used.
Servo Tab
Moves in the OPPOSITE direction as the control surface to aid in surface movement.
Ant-Servo Tab
Moves in the SAME direction as the control surface in order to increase required control forces and prevent the control surface from moving to full deflection.
Service Ceiling
Maximum density altitude the aircraft can maintain a 100’/min rate of climb near maximum gross weight and standard temperature (all engines).
Absolute Ceiling
All Engines. Maximum height above sea level an aircraft can maintain level flight under standard atmospheric conditions. Zero rate of climb, Vx & Vy are the same. Only one speed will allow steady level flight.
Dynamic Hydroplaning
STANDING WATER of at least 1/10th of an inch.
Viscous Hydroplaning
THIN FILM of water and relatively low tire speeds. Can occur at lower speeds than Dynamic but requires a smooth surface.
Reverted Rubber
Prolonged locked wheel skid and wet runway. The reverted rubber acts as a seal between the tire and the runway and delays water exit from the footprint area. The water heats and is converted to steam which supports the tire and lifts it off the runway.
Wake Turbulence Aircraft Classes
Heavy - >255,000
Large - >41,000 to 255,000
Small - <41,000
Broken Static Line - Pressurized Aircraft
Airspeed - Low
Altimeter - Cabin Altitude
VSI - Fails
What happens to Kinematic Air Viscosity as altitude INCREASES.
It goes up. Kinematic air viscosity is viscosity/density. Because density decreases faster than viscosity Kinematic Viscosity goes up because the density denominator is getting smaller quicker.
TAS relationship to altitude and temperature.
For a given IAS, TAS will increase with both temperature and altitude.
Mach =
TAS/LSS (Local Speed of Sound)
LSS vs. Temperature
LSS decreases with a decrease in Temperature
Mach vs. Altitude
Mach will increase with altitude for a constant IAS because TAS is increasing and LSS is decreasing.
Mach will also increase with altitude IF TAS is constant because TAS will decrease with a decreasing temp.
Critical Mach vs. Altitude & Temperature
Critical Mach will increase with altitude and increase with a decrease in temperature.
LSS vs. Altitude
LSS decreases with Altitude ONLY if the temperature decreases also.
Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
The chord of a rectangular wing, which has the same aerodynamic force, and position of the center of pressure at a given angle of attack as the given wing has.
Load Factor vs. Weight
Load Factor acts inversely with weight.
Maneuvering Load Factor =
Square of Airspeed…..twice stall speed….load factor = 4
VOR “T” (Terminal) Service Volume
1,000’ to 12,000’ AGL
25 NM
VOR “L” (Low Altitude) Service Volume
1,000’ to 18,000’ AGL
40 NM
VOR “H” (High Altitude) Service Volume
1,000’ to 14,500’………………40 NM
14,500’ to 18,000’…………….100 NM
18,000 to 45,000’…………….130 NM
45,000’ to 60,000’…………..100 NM
Thunderstorm Icing Type / Cumulus Clouds
Clear - 0 to -5
mixed - -5 to -10
rime - - 10 and below
Airspeed During Divert
Normal Cruise
Airspeed After Approach, Missed and Climb Out
L/D Max or Max Range
Factors Affecting Hydroplaning
Tie Pressure
Weight
Type of Touchdown
Depth of Standing Water
Mountain Wave
Occurs when air is blown over a mountain range or ridge of a sharp bluff. Generally requires winds of 30 kts or greater but can occur with winds as little as 15 knots. Creates strong udrafts/downdrafts on lee side of range which causes turbulence as far as 700 miles down range. May form lenticular clouds.
EPR after EAI turned on?
Reads Lower
Departure Minimums
In the absence of lower published minimums:
2 or less engines - 1 SM
3 or more engines - 1/2 SM
How does temperature affect V1 & TAS
They Increase
Runway Turnoff/Taxiway Lights
amber / green
Occluded Front
where a cold air and warm air front merge
