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Water Treatment Practice > Test questions > Flashcards

Test questions Flashcards

1
Q

A watercourse that flows continuously at all times of the year is called

A

Perennial stream

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2
Q

During the night, algae causes the PH of the water to

A

Decrease

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3
Q

Which of the following contributes to the creation of algae blooms?

A

Increased nutrients

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4
Q

Which of the following is found mainly in groundwater sources and forms a precipitate when oxidized?

A

Iron

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5
Q

The riparian doctrine is sometimes called the

A

Rule of the reasonable sharing

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6
Q

If a water body has a high salinity and is warm, it will generally be

A

Low in dissolved oxygen

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7
Q

Reservoir turnover is?

A

Caused by the denser water at the surface sinking toward the bottom

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8
Q

What does the term surface runoff refer to?

A

Water the flows into the rivers after rainfall

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9
Q

Hikers, bicyclists, all-terrain vehicles, and automobiles can all ________ of watershed land adjacent to a reservoir

A

Increase the threat of erosion

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10
Q

What is the term for a water-bearing geologic zone composed of material deposited by flowing rivers?

A

Alluvial aquifer

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11
Q

What effect will algae in a reservoir have on dissolved oxygen (DO)?

A

Increase the DO during the day and lower the DO during the night

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12
Q

What effect does alkalinity have on the use of copper sulfate as an algicide?

A

Copper sulfate is more effective as alkalinity decreases

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13
Q

The amount of water in a water-bearing formation depends on the

A

Porosity of the formation

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14
Q

What is the main characteristic of raw water that enables blue-green algae to grow?

A

Presence of nutrients

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15
Q

A well screen must be installed for which of the following?

A

Unconsolidated materials

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16
Q

What is the recommended loading rate for copper sulfate for algae control at an alkalinity greater than 50 mg/L

A

5.4 lb of copper sulfate per acre of surface area

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17
Q

What is the primary origin of Coliform bacteria in water supplies?

A

Animal or human feces

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18
Q

Which of the following best defines the term specific capacity ?

A

Amount of water a well will produce for each foot of drawdown

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19
Q

The most common type of well used for public water supply systems is a

A

Drilled well

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20
Q

Which of the following terms is defined as the killing of inactivation of pathogenic organisms in water?

A

Disinfection

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21
Q

Free chlorine residual values are based on a contact time of at least

A

10 minutes

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22
Q

What is the typical strength of calcium hypochlorite, i.e, available chlorine range?

A

65 to 70%

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23
Q

Which of the following chemicals will raise pH?

A

Soda ash

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24
Q

As water temperatures increase, the disinfection action of chlorine will

A

Increase

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25
Q

What effect will caustic soda have on water?

A

Increase the pH of the water

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26
Q

In order to prevent freezing, what is the maximum chlorine usage per day from a 150-lb cylinder?

A

42 lbs

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27
Q

Which of the following chemicals is used to soften water through chemical precipitation?

A

Calcium hydroxide

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28
Q

Mudballs are clumps of

A

Filter media and other material

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29
Q

Coagulation occurs during the first

A

1 to 5 seconds

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30
Q

A filter should be backwashed when it has high

A

Head loss

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31
Q

Which of the following chemicals decreases corrosion rates?

A

CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)

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32
Q

What is the most important test used to indicate proper sedimentation?

A

Turbidity

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33
Q

Which of the following is considered an excellent zeta potential?

A

-1 to -4

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34
Q

Which membrane type from the processes listed below has the smallest pore spaces?

A

Reverse osmosis

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35
Q

Which of the following should be used by an operator to test for residual chlorine?

A

DPD (N, N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine)

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36
Q

Which of the following is a major part of a turbidimeter?

A

Light source

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37
Q

Which of the following parameters is used to indicate the clarity of water?

A

Turbidity

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38
Q

pH is a measure of

A

Hydrogen ion concentration

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39
Q

After chlorination, the free chlorine residual includes

A

OCl- and HOCl

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40
Q

Alkalinity consists predominantly of which of the following?

A

Bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide

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41
Q

What is the log removal or inactivation required for viruses?

A

4.0 log

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42
Q

The highest concentration of hypochlorous acid occurs at what pH?

A

5

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43
Q

Which of the following will most accurately measure 500 mL of solution?

A

500-mL volumetric flask

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44
Q

Which of the following fluoride compounds comes in solution form?

A

Fluorosilicic acid

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45
Q

Four-log removal is

A

99.99%

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46
Q

What is the chemical formula for bicarbonate?

A

HCO-3

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47
Q

The capability of a water or chemical solution to resist a change is pH is called

A

Buffering capacity

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48
Q

In Coliform analyses using the presence-absence test, a sample should be incubated for

A

24 and 48 hours at 35*C

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49
Q

The optimal fluoride concentration in drinking water is set in relation to the

A

Annual average maximum daily air temperature

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50
Q

The optimum dosage for a polymer can be determined by which of the following tests?

A

Jar

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51
Q

In the multiple-tube fermentation method, what is the sequence of growth media?

A

LTB, BGB, and EMB

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52
Q

Giardia cysts range in size from

A

8 to 20 microns

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53
Q

The quality of oxygen that can remain dissolved in water is related to

A

Temperature

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54
Q

What is apparent color?

A

Color in a sample before it is filtered

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55
Q

After initial full-service operation, grease-lubricated bearings should be regreased at what frequency?

A

3 to 6 months

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56
Q

Check valves are used to prevent

A

Water from flowing in two directions

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57
Q

If only two rings of packing are used in the stuffing box, the joints should be

A

Staggered

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58
Q

Which of the following is a primary function of couplings?

A

Compensate for alignment changes

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59
Q

What is the correct formula for determining watts?

A

Watts = Amps x Volts

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60
Q

Centrifugal, positive displacement, and turbine are all

A

Types of pumps

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61
Q

A hypochlorinator is used to

A

Feed a liquid chlorine solution into a water supply

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62
Q

Water hammer is most likely to be caused by

A

Closing the valve too fast

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63
Q

Positive displacement pumps should be operated when

A

Suction and discharge line valves are open

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64
Q

A 1-ton cylinder filled with chlorine weighs approximately

A

3,700 lbs

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65
Q

Pump seals can be classified as

A

Packing ring or mechanical

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66
Q

What is the most probable cause of a pinging sound coming from a pump

A

Cavitation

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67
Q

Which of the following best describes the discharge rate of a piston-type pump?

A

Precise volume for each stroke

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68
Q

What is the main purpose for priming

A

Replace air with water inside the pump

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69
Q

What is the purpose of a vacuum regulator

A

Stop flow of chlorine gas if leak develops

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70
Q

Mechanical seals are more appropriate for pumps operating under which of the following conditions?

A

High suction head

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71
Q

Which of the following valves is most suitable for a throttling application?

A

Pressure reducing

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72
Q

The component of a centrifugal pump sometimes installed on the end of the suction pipe in order to hold the priming is the

A

Foot valve

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73
Q

What is the term for the combined efficiency of a pump and motor that is obtained by multiplying the pump efficiency by the motor efficiency

A

Wire-to-water efficiency

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74
Q

Opening the discharge valve one full turn on a chlorine cylinder will

A

Permit maximum discharge

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75
Q

What is the following best defined the term C value?

A

Number that describes the smoothness of the interior of a pipe

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76
Q

Tubercles can form on which of the following types of pipe

A

Ductile iron

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77
Q

Which of the following is a primary indicator of bearing failure

A

Noise from pump

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78
Q

Mechanical seals need replacement when leakage occurs from which of the following

A

Around the shaft

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79
Q

Which of the following parts in centrifugal pump restricts flow between the impeller discharge and suction areas

A

Wear rings

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80
Q

Small gaseous chlorine leaks in and around a chlorinator can be detected by the use of commercial strength

A

Ammonia

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81
Q

Packing should be replaced when tightening no longer controls the leakage from the

A

Packing gland

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82
Q

Air gap separation is measured from the flood level rim of the receiving vessel to the potable water supply pipe. What is the minimum separation of a correctly installed air gap?

A

2 times diameter if the pipe but not less that 1 inch

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83
Q

Which of the following causes air binding?

A

Release of dissolved gases in saturated cold water when pressure decreases in filter beds

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84
Q

Solids-contact units are most unstable under which of the following conditions?

A

Rapid increase in temperature

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85
Q

The least amount of head loss in a pipeline would be the result of a fully open

A

Gate valve

86
Q

During a routine inspection on a centrifugal pump, the operation notices that the bearings are excessively hot. Which of the following is the most likely caused?

A

Overlubercation

87
Q

Electric demand is

A

Amount of power in watts required during a certain time interval

88
Q

A chlorine evaporator maintains a water bath at

A

170-180* F

89
Q

Chlorine ton containers at room temperature will deliver gas at a maximum rate of

A

400 pounds per day

90
Q

At a pumping station equipped with a centrifugal pump, which of the following can cause the discharge pressure to suddenly increase and the discharge quantity to suddenly decrease?

A

Pump control valve malfunctioned

91
Q

Which of the following diseases is capable of being transmitted by water?

A

Typhoid

92
Q

When any piece of electrical equipment is being worked on, the circuit breaker should be

A

De-energized and locked out

93
Q

If ammonia vapor is passed over a chlorine leak in a cylinder valve, the presence of the leak is indicated by a

A

White cloud

94
Q

Which of the following directly impacts the treatment of drinking water?

A

Safe drinking water act

95
Q

Corrosive water acting in a customers plumbing may cause which of the following metals to enter their drinking water?

A

Lead

96
Q

Spontaneous combustion can occur when activated carbon is mixed with

A

Chlorine compounds

97
Q

What is the only acceptable breathing device to wear while handling chlorine leaks?

A

Self-contained breathing apparatus

98
Q

A foul, rotten-egg odor from an aeration treatment unit is an indication that the source water contains

A

Hydrogen sulfide

99
Q

Of the following types of extinguishers, which should be used on electrical fires?

A

Carbon dioxide

100
Q

Wear safety goggles when

A

Handling acid

101
Q

The proper emergency repair kit for a ton chlorine cylinder is an

A

Emergency kit B

102
Q

What is the only type of self-contained breathing apparatus that should be used at water plants?

A

Positive-pressure

103
Q

The use of ammonia solution on a chlorine gas leak from the disinfection assembly may cause which of the following?

A

Dense white smoke

104
Q

Which of the following substances pose an immediate health threat whenever standards are exceeded?

A

Coliform and nitrate

105
Q

Ozone contactors must have a system to collect ozone off-gas because ozone is

A

Toxic

106
Q

What is causative organism for cholera?

A

Vibrio

107
Q

Which health effect category refers to an organic chemical that is a known carcinogen?

A

Category 1

108
Q

One volume of liquid chlorine gas will expand, at room temperature and pressure, to occupy how many volumes of gas?

A

460 volumes

109
Q

What is the odor detection limit of chlorine gas?

A

0.3 ppm

110
Q

Which of the following is the most common water complaint?

A

Objectionable taste and/or odor

111
Q

According to the Surface Water Treatment Rule, water systems serving a population greater than 500 persons must sample the filtered water for turbidity every

A

4 hours

112
Q

For surface water systems without filtration, the Surface Water Treatment Rule requires public water systems to

A

Maintain a CxT value above the minimum value

113
Q

Surface water systems must treat, at a minimum, for

A

Coliform bacteria and turbidity

114
Q

What US agency establishes drinking water standards?

A

USEPA

115
Q

How is a public water system defined ?

A

Must have at least 15 service connections or serve at least 25 individuals daily at least 60 days per year

116
Q

According to the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, a public water system serving a population of 10,000 or more must maintain the combined effluent turbidity of direct or conventional filtration in 95% of all the measurements taken each month at

A

_< 0.3 ntu

117
Q

Because it is not possible to routinely test for the presence of specific microorganisms is drinking water, the US environmental Protection Agency requires, for surface water systems, the use of

A

Treatment techniques

118
Q

What does the abbreviation DBP stand for?

A

Disinfection by-product

119
Q

What is the maximum contaminant level goal for chloride?

A

250 mg/l

120
Q

What is the maximum contaminant level for nitrate (as nitrogen) in drinking water ?

A

10 mg/l

121
Q

Which of the following has both a primary and secondary standard?

A

Fluoride

122
Q

What is the maximum contaminant level goal for known or suspected carcinogens?

A

Zero

123
Q

Which of the following violations is considered the most serious?

A

Tier 1

124
Q

What is the maximum contaminant level goal for lead

A

Zero mg/l

125
Q

Records of chemical analyses should be kept for a minimum of

A

10 years

126
Q

A water system collects 180 samples for Coliform testing. What is the maximum number of samples that may test positive so that they system stays in compliance?

A

9

127
Q

The treatment technique required by the US Environmental Protection Agency and used by a surface water system must ensure a log removal for Giardia cysts of

A

3 log

128
Q

What is the ratio of lime to copper sulfate for controlling algae growth on basin walls?

A

1 part lime to 1 part copper sulfate

129
Q

Copper sulfate is used in surface water reservoirs to control

A

Algae

130
Q

Which is the correct order (on the average) from the smallest to largest for the microorganisms below?

A

Viruses, bacteria, Giardia cysts

131
Q

What is the usual strength of sodium hypochlorite, i.e, available chlorine?

A

5-15%

132
Q

Trihalomethanes are usually associated with

A

Water with organics that has been chlorinated

133
Q

Which of the following disinfectants has a long-lasting residual?

A

Chlorine dioxide

134
Q

Which of the following substances will reduce the effectiveness of chlorine disinfection?

A

Turbidity

135
Q

Which of the following forms of chlorine has no disinfecting capacity

A

Hydrochloride acid

136
Q

Red water may be caused by iron concentrations above

A

0.3 mg/l

137
Q

Which of the following best defined adsorption?

A

Adhesion of gas, liquid, or dissolved substance onto the surface or interface zone of another substance

138
Q

Hard water scale is usually caused by

A

Calcium carbonate

139
Q

About how many alkalinity is required for each milligram per liter of alum added to raw water?

A

0.5 mg/l

140
Q

A water treatment plant’s flocculation-coagulation and sedimentation professes should be checked if which of the following changes?

A

Turbidity

141
Q

Which of the following is an example of a weighting agent?

A

Bentonite clay

142
Q

Algae can shorten filter runs by

A

Clogging the filters

143
Q

Coagulation is a chemical and physical reaction that converts

A

Nonsettleable solids into settleable solids

144
Q

Water corrosion in metal piping will increase if

A

Total dissolved solid are high and the pH is below 7.0

145
Q

What is schmutzdecke?

A

Fine sand and sticky mat if suspended matter that forms on the surface of a sand filter.

146
Q

What is a cathode?

A

Negative pole of an electrolytic cell or system

147
Q

What metals are most likely to leach from household plumbing and cause a health hazard ?

A

Copper and lead

148
Q

The flow rate over conventional sedimentation basins is commonly designed not to exceed

A

20,000 gpd/sq ft

149
Q

If poorly formed floc is leaving the settling basin, which of the following should be done?

A

Increase the coagulant or add a coagulant aid

150
Q

Slow sand filters are cleaned by

A

Scraping about 1in. of sand off the top

151
Q

What is the most common filtration rate for slow sand filters?

A

0.05 gpm/sq ft

152
Q

Which of the following so long filter runs tend to cause?

A

Slime growths

153
Q

What type of corrosion in a water system is caused when two different metals come into contact with each other?

A

Galvanic corrosion

154
Q

When should ammonia be added to the water when making disinfectant chloramines to improve disinfection?

A

After the chlorine is added

155
Q

Alum and ferric sulfate may have poor coagulation due to

A

Low alkalinity in the water

156
Q

The process of catholic protection can be used to reduce or prevent corrosion by protecting metal parts exposed to

A

Soil

157
Q

Which of the following disinfectants is usually generated on-site?

A

Chlorine dioxide

158
Q

If too much potassium permanganate is used to treat water

A

The water turns pink

159
Q

Which of the following chemicals can be activated for use as a coagulant aid with alum?

A

Sodium silicate

160
Q

In conventional coagulation, the average time to develop heavy floc particles is

A

30 minutes

161
Q

Which of the following is a difference between conventional filters and greensand filters

A

Greensand filters remove iron and manganese by adsorption and oxidation

162
Q

Under heavy loading, head loss on a manganese greensand filter quickly becomes excessive because

A

Greensand grains are smaller than silica sand

163
Q

The filter medium in DE filters is

A

Diatomaceous earth

164
Q

Which of the following is a required treatment technique for the control of lead?

A

Corrosion control

165
Q

Bar screens are used to

A

Remove debris

166
Q

Which of the following factors affects the settling rate of particles?

A

Particle size

167
Q

Coagulation process rely on

A

The formation of large settleable particles

168
Q

Which of the following substances is the most effective disinfection residual?

A

Hypochlorous acid

169
Q

Which type of solution contains 1 gram equivalent weight of a reactant compound per liter of solution?

A

Normal solution

170
Q

What term describes a measure of the capacity of water to neutralize strong acids?

A

Alkalinity

171
Q

What piece of laboratory glassware is primarily used to mix chemicals and measures approximate volumes?

A

Beaker

172
Q

What laboratory device sterilizes laboratory apparatus and microbial media by using pressurized steam?

A

Autoclave

173
Q

Which of the following chemicals cause alkalinity in water ?

A

Calcium carbonate and calcium oxide

174
Q

What should the sample volume be when testing for total coliform bacteria?

A

100 Ml

175
Q

Primary drinking water standards require Giardia removal at

A

Three log (99.9%)

176
Q

Recarbonation basins are used to stabilize water after

A

Softening

177
Q

The least reactive metals are called

A

Catholic metals

178
Q

What precipitate is formed in alum coagulation?

A

Aluminum hydroxide

179
Q

Autocaving will sterilize

A

With steam at 121*C and 15 psi

180
Q

What is the most common method used to determine if water is close to the equilibrium point?

A

Langelier index

181
Q

Which of the following is used to determine compliance for total coliforms ?

A

Presence-absence method

182
Q

What is the percent potassium (K) by weight in potassium permanganate (KMnO4)?

A

24.742%

183
Q

Small and medium-size utilities are considered to have optimal corrosion control if they meet the lead and copper action levels for

A

Two consecutive sampling periods

184
Q

What is pressure head caused by?

A

Water elevation

185
Q

The flow of electrical current is measured in

A

Amperes

186
Q

Unless water cooled, the operating temperature of a mechanical seal in a pump should never exceed

A

160* F (71*C)

187
Q

What term describes the condition that exits when the source of the water supply is below the centerline of the pump?

A

Suction lift

188
Q

One horsepower is equal to how many foot-pounds per minute?

A

33,000

189
Q

What is the most common use today for a positive-displacement pump?

A

Chemical feed pump

190
Q

What is the purpose of a bypass valve on a larger size gate valve?

A

Reduce pressure across both sides to ease opening and closing

191
Q

A corrosion-resistant pipe is used to carry the chlorine gas solution from the chlorine injector to the point of application because the pH range of the solution is

A

2-4 standard units

192
Q

If a filter is operated so that the pressure in the bed is less than atmospheric, this can lead to short filter runs due to an operating condition known as

A

Air binding

193
Q

Lead contamination in drinking water will cause children to have

A

Altered mental and physical development

194
Q

Special care should be taken when using dry alum and quicklime because if mixed together

A

Explosive hydrogen gas may be released

195
Q

OSHA is an acronym for

A

Occupational safety and Health Administration

196
Q

Air scrubbers are

A

Used to neutralize chlorine leaks

197
Q

The device that chances AC to DC by allowing current flow in only one direction is the

A

Rectifier

198
Q

When handling fluoride chemicals, personnel should wear a respirator or mask approved by

A

NIOSH

199
Q

What information must be on a warning tag attached to a switch that has been locked out ?

A

Name of person who kicked out the switch

200
Q

Which of the following is colorless, odorless, lighter then air, highly flammable, and sometimes called swamp gas?

A

Methane

201
Q

Which of the following is colorless, odorless, found mainly in groundwater, and can cause cancer?

A

Radon

202
Q

What is the major health risk of nitrates ?

A

Methemoglobinemia

203
Q

Is it critical to have zero headspace in the sample container when collecting a sample for

A

Organic chemical contaminants

204
Q

According to the Surface Water Treatment Rule requirements, systems serving less than how many people may take grab samples to monitor disinfectant residual ?

A

3,300

205
Q

A household faucet must remain unused for how many hours before a first draw sample is collected for analyses of lead and copper ?

A

6 hours

206
Q

Public water systems using surface water as a source must continuously monitor the disinfection residual entering the distribution system if serving more than

A

3,300 people

207
Q

Under the National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations, what is the secondary maximum contaminant level for total dissolved solids?

A

500 mg/L

208
Q

Records for bacteriological analyses should be kept for a minimum of

A

5 years

209
Q

Which of the following is NOT an important factor in filter sand selection?

A

Color

210
Q

What is the threshold odor number (TON) that will begin to draw complaints from customers?

A

5 (TON)

Water Treatment Practice (1 decks)

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