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A&P 2 > Test Prep 2 > Flashcards

Test Prep 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Smooth Muscle?

A
  • Non striated
  • Involuntary
  • Found in walls of hollow internal structures, such as blood vessels, airways, and most hollow organs
  • Function include peristalsis, blood pressure, pupil size, erect hairs
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2
Q

Skeletal Muscle?

A
  • Striated, multi nucleated, fibers run parallel
  • Voluntary
  • Found along skeleton
  • Functions include movement, heat generation, posture
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3
Q

Cardiac Muscle?

A
  • Striated, one central nucleus
  • Involuntary
  • Found in the heart
  • Pumps blood
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4
Q

General Functions of Muscle Tissue?

A
  • Body movements
  • Stabilizing body position- posture
  • storing and moving substances within the body
  • Generating Heat
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5
Q

Properties of Muscle Tissue?

A
  • Excitable
  • Contractibility
  • Extensibility
  • Elastisity
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6
Q

Plasma membrane of Muscle?

A

Sarcolemma

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7
Q

Within the Sarcolemma there is..

A

Sarcoplasm (fluid). Sarcoplasm contains myoglobin (red pigmented protein)

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8
Q

Layers of covering of a muscle?

A

From deep to superficial:

myofilaments: actin and myosin, make up the myofibril-inside sarcoplasm
sarcoplasm is inside the sarcolemma, covered by the endomysium. Makes up a fasicle, covered in the perimysium
muscles are covered by the epimysium

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9
Q

What is a compartment?

A

A functional group of skeletal muscles that work together and are wrapped together by a container
In limbs, a group of skeletal muscles, associated blood vessels, associated nerves all of which have a common function

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10
Q

Fascia Lata?

A

Thickening of epimysium to envelope the quads and hamstrings

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11
Q

Aponeurosis?

A

Thick fascia

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12
Q

What does Sarcoplasmic Reticulum do?

A

Adjacent to t-Tubules, stores calcium

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13
Q

Actin?

A

The thin filament. Has a myosin binding site

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14
Q

Titin?

A

Structural protein that connects Z disc to M line of sarcomere. Lets muscle return to original shape

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15
Q

What is the A Band?

A

Part of the sarcomere with the myosin

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16
Q

I Band?

A

Part of sarcomere without myosin, changeable in length

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17
Q

H Zone

A

Only myosin, no actin

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18
Q

What does “iso” mean?

A

Same

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19
Q

Isotonic muscle contraction?

A

The tension in the muscle remains constant while the muscle changes its length. Used for body movements and for moving objects. Two types of Isotonic contractions, eccentric and concentric

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20
Q

2 types of Isotonic Contraction?

A

Eccentric and Concentric

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21
Q

Concentric Contraction?

A

tension generated is great enough to overcome the resistance of the object to be moved, and the muscle shortens and pulls on another structure, such as a tendon, to produce movement and reduce the angle at a joint. Example is picking up a book- concentrated isotonic contraction of the biceps brachii

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22
Q

Eccentric Contraction?

A

Think the lowering part of a squat. The muscle lengthens in a controlled manner while it continues to contract. Lowering the book is a eccentric isotonic contraction

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23
Q

Isometric Contraction?

A

The tension generated is not enough to exceed the resistance of the object to be moved, and the muscle stays the same. No change in length, no movement.
Example is holding a book out. Energy is still being used, but no change in length or movement

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24
Q

What does hydrolyze mean?

A

ATP had water added to it

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25
Q

What is a motor unit comprised of?

A

The motor unit is comprised of the lower motor neuron plus all the muscle cells that it innervates.

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26
Q

Sequence of structures that AP follows?

A

Starts at Neuromuscular junction
follows axon to motor end plate
-acetylcholine is released
-sodium moves through ligand channels
-potassium is moved through voltage gated channels
-leak channels move both sodium and potassium
-threshold of -55 reached
-muscle AP follows through T tubules
-T tubules open voltage gated calcium channels
-Calcium binds to troponin on the thin actin filament
-Exposes myosin binding sites
-if myosin heads are ready, they attach, pull actin filaments toward m line
-ATP needed to release myosin heads
-ATP needed to open the calcium active transport pumps- restore calcium levels in sarcoplasm
-tropomyosin slides back, muscle relaxes

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27
Q

What is motor unit recruitment?

A

the process in which the number of active motor units increases is called motor unit recruitment. Responsible for smooth movements instead of jerks. Uses motor units to increase tension in a muscle.

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28
Q

Autorhythmic Muscle Fibers?

A

Myocardial muscle cells- form the conduction system of the heart

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29
Q

2 places ATP is used?

A
  • bring calcium back into Sarcoplasmic reticulum

- Bring myosin off tropomyosin heads

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30
Q

How are skeletal muscles classified?

A

By structure and function

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31
Q

Skeletal Muscles by Structure?

A

by Structure:
Red- dark meat, have high myoglobin content, more mitochondia, more energy stores (glycogen) and more blood supply

White- Have less myoglobin, less mitochondria and less blood supply

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32
Q

Skeletal Muscle by Function?

A

Slow Oxidative Fibers: small, red fibers, least powerful, very fatigue resistant, used for endurance- like postural muscles

Fast Oxidative- glycolic Fibers: are intermediate in size, appear dark red, are moderately resistant to fatigue. Used for walking

Fast-glycolic fibers: are large, white and powerful. Suited to intense anaerobic activity for short duration

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33
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

too much change in the number of cells. Its an extra number of cells

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34
Q

Hypoplasia?

A

A decrease or loss of number of cells

35
Q

aplasia?

A

No cells. For example, in diabetes, no cells to produce insulin

36
Q

hypertrophic?

A

Same number of cells, but cells are bigger

37
Q

Hypotrophic?

A

each cell has shrunk. same number, but smaller

38
Q

atrophy?

A

Shrinking to a size of no longer functioning

39
Q

Explain Rigor Mortis?

A

At death, cellular membranes become leaky. Calcium ions leak out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm and allow myosin heads to attach to actin. ATP synthesis stops after you die, so the muscles are stuck in a state of rigidity. begins 3-4 hours and lasts about 24 hours, disappears as proteolytic enzymes from lysosomes digest the cross bridges

40
Q

What is a EMG?

A

Electromyography- measures muscle response or electrical activity in response to a nervous stimulation of the muscle

41
Q

muscle origin?

A

The attachment of a muscles tendon to the stationary bone is the origin

42
Q

Muscle Insertion?

A

The attachment of the muscles other tendon to the movable bone is the insertion

43
Q

Different arrangement of fasicles

A 
Parallel
Fusiform
Circular
Triangular
Pennate:  Unipennate, bipennate, mulipennate
44
Q

Parallel Fascicles?

A

Fascicles are parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle, terminate at either end in flat tendons.
Ex. Sternohyoid muscle

45
Q

Fusiform Fascicles?

A

Fascicles nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle, terminate in flat tendons. Thicker in the middle than the parallel fascicles
Ex. digastric muscle

46
Q

Circular?

A

Fascicles in concentric circular arrangements form sphincter muscles that enclose an orifice
Ex Orbicularis oculi

47
Q

Triangular?

A

Fascicles spread over broad area converge at thick central tendon; gives muscle a triangular appearance. Ex Pectoralis

48
Q

pennate

A

short fascicles in relation to total muscle length; tendon extends nearly entire length of muscle

49
Q

unipennate?

A

fascicles arranged on only one side of tendon

Ex Extensor digitorium longus muscle

50
Q

bipennate?

A

Fascicles arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons
Ex Rectus Femoris

51
Q

Multipennate?

A

Fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons
Ex Deltoid

52
Q

Muscle Naming:

Rectus?

A

parallel to midline

Ex rectus abdominus

53
Q

Trasverse?

A

perpendicular to midline

Ex Transverse abdominus

54
Q

Oblique?

A

Diagonal to midline

Ex. External oblique

55
Q

Maximus?

A

Largest in a group

Ex Gluteus maximus

56
Q

Minimus?

A

Smallest

Ex gluteus minimus

57
Q

Longus?

A

Long

Adductor Longus

58
Q

Brevis?

A

Short

Adductor Brevis

59
Q

Latissimus?

A

Widest

Latissimus dorsi

60
Q

Longissimus?

A

Longest

Longissimus capitis

61
Q

Magnus?

A

Large

Adductor Magnus

62
Q

Major

A

Larger

pectoralis Major

63
Q

Minor

A

Smaller

pectoralis minor

64
Q

vastus

A

huge

Vastus lateralis

65
Q

Deltoid

A

triangular

deltoid

66
Q

trapezius

A

Trapezoid

Trapezius

67
Q

Serratus

A

saw toothed

serratus anterior

68
Q

rhomboid

A

diamond shaped

rhomboids

69
Q

orbicularis

A

circular

orbicularis oculi

70
Q

pectinate

A

comblike

pectineus

71
Q

platys

A

flat- platypus beak

platysma

72
Q

Quadratus

A

square, four sided

quadratus femoris

73
Q

gracilis

A

slender

gracilis

74
Q

flexor

A

decreases joint angle

flexor carpi radialis

75
Q

extensor

A

increases joint angle

extensor carpi radialis

76
Q

abductor

A

moves bone away from midline

77
Q

adductor

A

moved bone toward the midline

78
Q

levator

A

raises or elevates body part

79
Q

depressor

A

lowers or depresses body part

80
Q

supinator

A

turns palm anteriorly

81
Q

pronator

A

turns palm posteriorly

82
Q

sphincter

A

decreases size of an opening

external anal sphincter

83
Q

tensor

A

makes body part rigid

tensor fasciae latae

84
Q

rotator

A

rotates bone around longitudinal axis

A&P 2 (2 decks)

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