Test - Part 6 - Hannah

Question 1

What is the direction of blood flow in the: Transverse sinus

Answer 1

Laterally - away from the confluence of sinuses to the sigmoid sinus

Question 2

What is the direction of blood flow in the: Occipital Sinus

Answer 2

Superiorly - to the confluence of sinuses

Question 3

What is the direction of blood flow in the: Superior Petrosal Sinus

Answer 3

Laterally and posteriorly to the confluence of sinuses

Question 4

What is the direction of blood flow in the: Sigmoid Sinus

Answer 4

Inferiorly and medially (S bend)

Question 5

Describe the location of the cavernous sinus

Answer 5

Either side of the sphenoid body

Question 6

Which sinuses meet at the confluence of sinuses?

Answer 6

Occipital; Superior sagittal; Inferior Sagittal; Straight Sinus (and 2 transverse sinuses)

Question 7

Describe the location of the Pyloric Sphincter internally?

Answer 7

The pylorus is at the right end of the stomach. The pyloric sphincter is between the pylorus of the stomach and the duodenum (first part of small intestine).

Question 8

Describe the location of the Pyloric Sphincter externally in terms of surface location?

Answer 8

1 inch right and 2 inches down from xipisternum

Question 9

Describe the location of the Ilio-caecal valve internally?

Answer 9

Between the ileum of the small intestine and the caecum of the large intestine.

Question 10

Describe the location of the ilio-caecal valve externally in terms of surface location?

Answer 10

Locate McBurneys point. Find the top of the iliac crest on the right and track one third of the way towards the umbilicus.

Question 11

What considerations do you think is important for a patient for tension and spasm in the ilio-caecal valve?

Answer 11

Whole person assessment
Sympathetic overstimulation of the system causing the valve to tighten and close.
Sympathetic supply from T8 to T12 - coeliac plexus.
Psycho-emotional factors.
Shock held in solar plexus, cardiac plexus.
Pathway of vagus nerve - parasympathetic
Link to appendicitis

Question 12

What underlying conditions would you think about in a patient who reported anal bleeding?

Answer 12

1) Haemorrhoids or anal fissure
2) Colon cancer
3) Duodenal ulcers

Question 13

How would you differentiate those conditions?

Answer 13

1) Haemorrhoids = bright red blood on tissue paper or a few spots in toilet
2) Colon cancer or ulcers = darker red blood coming from higher up, tends to be mixed with the stool.

Question 14

How would you approach the treatment of such a patient?

Answer 14

Whole person assessment
Suggest to see doctor if not haemorrhoids
If haemorrhoids - consider if person is under pressure/ strain in their life - emotional factors
Consider other factors like diet causing constipation and straining; pregnancy
Sympathetic supply - T10 to L2
Parasympathetic supply - Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves S234

Question 15

Where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 15

Posterior superior wall of the 3rd ventricle

Question 16

Where is the thymus gland located?

Answer 16

In front of the heart and behind the sternum. Located behind the manubrium and upper sternum, between the lungs, it’s 2 lobes extending into the upper part of the throat.

Question 17

How does the thymus in a young child differ from that of an adult?

Answer 17

It is much larger in a child to support growth and development, develop immunity but stops growing at puberty and turns to fat. The upper lobes extend high yp into the throat.

Question 18

What is the principle function of the thymus gland?

Answer 18

The primary function is to produce cells that move to your organs and defend you from antibodies and germs. Therefore immunity.